Complete Grammar
章节目录
共 573 题- TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
- THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE
- TO
- DR. L. L. ZAMENHOF
- PREFACE.
- TABLE OF CONTENTS.
- ESPERANTO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
- ENGLISH-ESPERANTO VOCABULARY.
- INDEX.
- LESSON I.
- ALPHABET.
- VOWELS.
- 2. The vowels of the alphabet are pronounced as follows:
- CONSONANTS.
- NAMES OF THE LETTERS.
- DIPHTHONGS.
- COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS.
- SYLLABLES.
- ACCENT.
- WORDS FOR PRACTICE.
- LESSON II.
- NOUNS.
- THE ARTICLE.
- ADJECTIVES
- ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES.
- PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERB.
- VOCABULARY.
- READING LESSON.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON III.
- THE PLURAL NUMBER.
- PREDICATE ADJECTIVE AND NOUN.
- VOCABULARY
- READING LESSON.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON IV.
- TRANSITIVE VERBS.
- THE ACCUSATIVE CASE.
- THE CONJUNCTION "KAJ".
- THE NEGATIVE "NE".
- VOCABULARY
- READING LESSON.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON V.
- THE COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE.
- INTERROGATION.
- THE CONJUNCTION "NEK".
- VOCABULARY
- READING LESSON.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON VI.
- PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
- AGREEMENT WITH PRONOUNS.
- CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.
- VOCABULARY
- READING LESSON.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON VII.
- THE PAST TENSE.
- PREPOSITIONS.
- ACCUSATIVE CASE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
- VOCABULARY
- READING LESSON.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON VIII.
- REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
- REFLEXIVE VERBS.
- VOCABULARY
- READING LESSON.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON IX.
- LIMITATION OF THE THIRD PERSONAL PRONOUN.
- POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
- PRONOMINAL USE OF POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
- VOCABULARY
- READING LESSON.
- LA KATO KAJ LA PASERO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON X.
- THE ACCUSATIVE OF DIRECTION.
- THE ARTICLE FOR THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.
- APPOSITION.
- VOCABULARY
- LA ARABO KAJ LA KAMELO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XI.
- POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS.
- 49. The preposition "de" is used to express possession or connection:
- IMPERSONAL VERBS.
- VERBS PRECEDING THEIR SUBJECTS.
- COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS.
- VOCABULARY
- LA ARABO EN LA DEZERTO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XII.
- INDIRECT STATEMENTS.
- THE INDEFINITE PERSONAL PRONOUN "ONI".
- THE FUTURE TENSE.
- VOCABULARY
- LA VENTOFLAGO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XIII.
- THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN "TIU".
- TENSES IN INDIRECT QUOTATIONS.
- FORMATION OF FEMININE NOUNS.
- VOCABULARY
- EN LA PARKO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XIV.
- THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN "CXI TIU".
- POSSESSIVE FORM OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.
- THE SUFFIX "-IL-".
- THE EXPRESSION OF MEANS OR INSTRUMENTALITY.
- VOCABULARY
- LA MANGXO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XV.
- THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE.
- ADVERBS DEFINED AND CLASSIFIED.
- FORMATION OF OPPOSITES.
- VOCABULARY
- LA RUZA JUNA VIRO.
- LESSON XVI.
- THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.
- ACCOMPANIMENT.
- THE ADVERB "FOR".
- THE MEANING OF "POVI".
- VOCABULARY
- MALAMIKOJ EN LA DEZERTO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XVII.
- THE DEMONSTRATIVE TEMPORAL ADVERB.
- COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
- MANNER AND CHARACTERISTIC.
- VOCABULARY
- FREDERIKO GRANDA KAJ LA JUNA SERVISTO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XVIII.
- THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF MOTIVE OR REASON.
- DERIVATION OF ADVERBS.
- COMPARISON OF WORDS EXPRESSING QUANTITY.
- COMPARISONS CONTAINING "OL".
- CAUSAL CLAUSES.
- VOCABULARY
- PRI LA SEZONOJ.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XIX.
- THE PREPOSITION "INTER".
- THE PREPOSITION "PRO".
- PREPOSITIONS WITH ADVERBS AND OTHER PREPOSITIONS.
- VOCABULARY
- LA AUXTUNO KAJ LA VINTRO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XX.
- THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF MANNER AND DEGREE.
- PREPOSITIONS EXPRESSING TIME-RELATIONS.
- VOCABULARY
- EN SEPTEMBRO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXI.
- THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME.
- ADVERBS AND THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME.
- THE PREPOSITION "POR".
- VOCABULARY
- LA SEZONOJ KAJ LA MONDO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXII.
- CLAUSES EXPRESSING DURATION OF TIME.
- CLAUSES EXPRESSING ANTICIPATION.
- THE INFINITIVE WITH "ANSTATAUX", "POR", "ANTAUX OL".
- THE EXPRESSION OF A PART OF THE WHOLE.
- VOCABULARY
- DIOGENO KAJ ALEKSANDRO GRANDA.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXIII.
- ADVERBS EXPRESSING A PART OF THE WHOLE.
- THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADVERB OF QUANTITY.
- RESULT CLAUSES.
- VOCABULARY
- EN LA BUTIKO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXIV.
- THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.
- THE PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.
- COMPOUND TENSES.
- THE PROGRESSIVE PRESENT TENSE.
- THE SUFFIX "-EJ-".
- VOCABULARY
- EN NIA DOMO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXV.
- THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE.
- THE IMPERFECT TENSE.
- THE PROGRESSIVE FUTURE TENSE.
- SALUTATIONS AND EXCLAMATIONS.
- WORD FORMATION.
- VERB. NOUN. ADJECTIVE. ADVERB.
- VOCABULARY
- LA NEPO VIZITAS LA AVINON.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXVI.
- THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.
- THE PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.
- ADVERB DERIVATION FROM PREPOSITIONS.
- ADVERBS EXPRESSING DIRECTION OF MOTION.
- THE SUFFIX "-EG-".
- VOCABULARY
- LA PLUVEGO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXVII.
- THE INTERROGATIVE TEMPORAL ADVERB
- THE PERFECT TENSE.
- THE PREPOSITION "CXE".
- THE SUFFIX "-AR-".
- THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF PROPER NOUNS.
- VOCABULARY
- ROBERTO BRUCE KAJ LA ARANEO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXVIII.
- THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF MOTIVE OR REASON.
- THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT.
- 130. The infinitive may be used as the subject of a verb.
- PRESENT ACTION WITH PAST INCEPTION.
- THE SUFFIX "-UL-".
- VOCABULARY
- PRI LA AVO KAJ LA AVINO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXIX.
- THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF MANNER AND DEGREE.
- THE PLUPERFECT TENSE.
- CARDINAL NUMERALS.
- THE ACCUSATIVE OF MEASURE.
- NIA FAMILIO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXX.
- THE INTERROGATIVE ADVERB OF QUANTITY.
- MODIFIERS OF IMPERSONALLY USED VERBS.
- FORMATION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS.
- THE SUFFIX "-AN-".
- VOCABULARY
- LECIONO PRI ARITMETIKO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXXI.
- THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.
- THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
- ORDINAL NUMERALS.
- VOCABULARY
- ALFREDO GRANDA KAJ LA LIBRO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXXII.
- THE FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.
- THE PERIPHRASTIC FUTURE TENSES.
- THE SUFFIX "-IND-".
- VOCABULARY
- ALFREDO GRANDA KAJ LA KUKOJ.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXXIII.
- NUMERAL NOUNS AND ADVERBS.
- WORD DERIVATION FROM PREPOSITIONS.
- VOCABULARY
- LA INVITO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXXIV.
- PREPOSITIONS AS PREFIXES.
- THE SUFFIX "-EBL-".
- EXPRESSION OF THE HIGHEST DEGREE POSSIBLE.
- TITLES AND TERMS OF ADDRESS.
- VOCABULARY
- CXE LA FESTO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXXV.
- THE PRESENT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.
- FRACTIONS.
- DESCRIPTIVE COMPOUNDS.
- VOCABULARY
- LA HXINOJ.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXXVI.
- THE PRESENT PASSIVE TENSE.
- THE USE OF "DE" TO EXPRESS AGENCY.
- THE GENERAL MEANING OF "DE".
- WORD DERIVATION FROM PRIMARY ADVERBS.
- THE SUFFIX "-IST-".
- VOCABULARY
- ANTIKVA RESPUBLIKO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXXVII.
- THE DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN.
- THE PREPOSITION "PO".
- DEPENDENT COMPOUNDS.
- VOCABULARY
- LA CXAPELO SUR LA STANGO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXXVIII.
- THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE.
- THE IMPERFECT PASSIVE TENSE.
- COMPOUND TENSES OF IMPERSONAL VERBS.
- RECIPROCAL EXPRESSIONS.
- THE SUFFIX "-UJ-".
- VOCABULARY
- VILHELMO TELL KAJ LA POMO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XXXIX.
- THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.
- THE FUTURE PASSIVE TENSE.
- POSSESSIVE COMPOUNDS.
- THE TIME OF DAY.
- THE SUFFIX "-OBL-".
- VOCABULARY
- EN LA STACIDOMO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XL.
- THE DISTRIBUTIVE TEMPORAL ADVERB.
- THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADVERB "CXIAL".
- THE PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.
- THE PERFECT PASSIVE TENSE.
- THE PREPOSITION "LAUX".
- THE SUFFIX "-EM-".
- VOCABULARY
- LA PERDITA INFANO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XLI.
- THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADVERB "CXIEL".
- THE DISTRIBUTIVE ADVERB "CXIOM".
- THE PLUPERFECT PASSIVE TENSE.
- THE FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE TENSE.
- THE EXPRESSION OF MATERIAL.
- THE SUFFIX "-ET-".
- VOCABULARY
- LA DONACO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XLII.
- THE FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.
- THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC FUTURE TENSES.
- THE GENERIC ARTICLE.
- THE SUFFIX "-EC-".
- VOCABULARY
- SUR LA VAPORSXIPO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XLIII.
- THE INDEFINITE PRONOUN.
- PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.
- THE PREFIX "EK-".
- THE SUFFIX "-ID-".
- VOCABULARY
- LA NESTO SUR LA TENDO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XLIV.
- THE INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE.
- THE INDEFINITE ADVERB OF PLACE.
- PREDICATE NOMINATIVES.
- VOCABULARY
- LA CXEVALO KAJ LA SONORILO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XLV.
- THE INDEFINITE TEMPORAL ADVERB.
- THE INDEFINITE ADVERB "IAL".
- CAUSATIVE VERBS.
- EMPHASIS BY MEANS OF "JA".
- VOCABULARY
- CXE LA MALNOVA PONTO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XLVI.
- THE INDEFINITE ADVERB "IEL".
- THE INDEFINITE ADVERB "IOM".
- THE SUFFIX "-AD-".
- THE USE OF "MEM".
- VOCABULARY
- ARHXIMEDO KAJ LA KRONOJ.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XLVII.
- THE NEGATIVE PRONOUN.
- THE ADVERBIAL PARTICIPLE.
- THE PREFIX "RE-".
- VOCABULARY
- LA FILOZOFO ARHXIMEDO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON XLVIII.
- THE NEGATIVE ADJECTIVE.
- THE NEGATIVE ADVERB OF PLACE.
- THE NEGATIVE TEMPORAL ADVERB.
- 226. The negative adverb of time is "neniam", never, at no time:
- THE SUFFIX "-AJX-".
- THE ADVERB "JEN".
- VOCABULARY
- DU ARTKONKURSOJ.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION
- LESSON XLIX.
- THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS "NENIAL", "NENIEL", "NENIOM".
- 230. The negative adverb of manner is "neniel", in no way.
- THE SUFFIX "-IGX-".
- VOCABULARY
- LA KREPUSKO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON L.
- THE PRONOUNS ENDING IN "-O".
- CORRELATIVE WORDS.
- THE USE OF "AJN".
- THE SUFFIX "-ING-".
- VOCABULARY
- LA GORDIA LIGAJXO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON LI.
- THE PRONOUN "AMBAUX".
- FORMATIONS WITH "-IG-" AND "-IGX-".
- FACTUAL CONDITIONS.
- VOCABULARY
- LA MONAHXOJ KAJ LA AZENO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON LII.
- THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.
- COMPOUND TENSES OF THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.
- LESS VIVID CONDITIONS.
- INDEPENDENT USE OF THE CONDITIONAL MOOD.
- THE PREFIX "DIS-".
- VOCABULARY
- PRI LA GRAVITADO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON LIII.
- CONDITIONS CONTRARY TO FACT.
- THE VERB "DEVI".
- THE PREPOSITION "SEN".
- VOCABULARY
- LA FILOZOFO SOKRATO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON LIV.
- SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS
- Name: Factual Less Vivid Contrary to Fact
- Subject Matter: facts suppositions opposite of facts
- Time: any (usually) future present or past
- Mood: indicative conditional conditional
- Tense: any (usually) aoristic (usually) compound
- CLAUSES OF IMAGINATIVE COMPARISON.
- THE USE OF "AL" TO EXPRESS REFERENCE.
- THE SUFFIX "-ESTR-".
- VOCABULARY
- LA OSTRACISMO DE ARISTEJDO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON LV.
- THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.
- RESOLVE AND EXHORTATION.
- COMMANDS AND PROHIBITIONS.
- LESS PEREMPTORY USES OF THE IMPERATIVE.
- THE USE OF "MOSXTO".
- VOCABULARY
- LA GLAVO DE DAMOKLO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON LVI.
- THE IMPERATIVE IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
- THE PREPOSITION "JE".
- THE SUFFIX "-OP-".
- 261. The suffix "-op-" is used to form "collective" numerals:
- VOCABULARY
- LA MARSXADO DE LA DEKMIL GREKOJ.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON LVII.
- CLAUSES EXPRESSING PURPOSE.
- FURTHER USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE.
- SYNOPSIS OF THE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.
- 267. vidi, to see.
- ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
- INDICATIVE.
- CONDITIONAL.
- IMPERATIVE.
- INFINITIVE.
- THE SUFFIX "-UM-".
- VOCABULARY
- LA REIRADO DE LA DEKMILO.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON LVIII.
- PERMISSION AND POSSIBILITY.
- THE PREFIX "GE-".
- 271. Words formed with the prefix "ge-" indicate the two sexes together:
- THE SUFFIX "-ACX-".
- 272. The suffix "-acx-" has a disparaging significance:
- INTERJECTIONS.
- VOCABULARY
- ALEKSANDRO GRANDA.
- SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
- LESSON LIX.
- THE POSITION OF UNEMPHATIC PRONOUNS.
- SOME INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
- THE SUFFIX "-ER-".
- THE PREFIXES "BO-" AND "DUON-".
- CORRESPONDENCE.
- 278. a. Letters should be dated as indicated in the following:
- VOCABULARY
- KELKAJ LETEROJ.
- LESSON LX.
- SOME TRANSITIVE VERBS.
- ELISION.
- THE PREFIX "EKS-".
- THE PREFIX "PRA-".
- THE SUFFIXES "-CXJ-" AND "-NJ-".
- WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
- THE INTERNATIONAL MONEY SYSTEM.
- ABBREVIATIONS.
- VOCABULARY.
- PRI LA KAMERO.
- ESPERANTO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
- A.
- B.
- C.
- CX.
- D.
- E.
- F.
- G.
- GX.
- H.
- HX.
- I.
- J.
- JX.
- K.
- L.
- M.
- N.
- O.
- P.
- R.
- S.
- SX.
- T.
- U.
- V.
- Z.
- ENGLISH-ESPERANTO VOCABULARY.
- B.
- C.
- D.
- E.
- F.
- G.
- H.
- I.
- J.
- K.
- L.
- M.
- N.
- O.
- P.
- Q.
- R.
- S.
- T.
- U.
- V.
- W.
- Y.
- Z.
- INDEX.
- A.
- C.
- D.
- E.
- F.
- G.
- H.
- I.
- L.
- M.
- N.
- O.
- P.
- Q.
- R.
- S.
- T.
- U.
- V.
- W.