VOCABULARY

hxin-o = Chinaman. naci-o = nation.

jam = already. pagx-o = page.

kler-a = enlightened, learned. pres-i = to print.

komerc-o = trade, commerce. pulv-o = gunpowder.

lanc-o = spear, lance. sxangx-i = to change.

liber-a = free. te-o = tea.

metod-o = method, way. ted-a = tiresome, tedious.

[Footnote: The adverb "jam" indicates a change from some preceding

action or state to the different one expressed in the sentence, clause

or phrase containing "jam". It may often be translated "yet," "now,"

etc. "Mi jam vidis lin", I already saw (have already seen) him. "Cxu vi

jam trovis gxin? Ne, mi ankoraux ne trovis gxin". Have you yet (have you

already) found it? No, I have not yet (still not) found it. "Li jam ne

vivas", he no longer lives (he already is-not-alive). "Jam ne negxas",

it is not snowing now (already not snowing).]

A Complete Grammar of Esperanto · 第 275 / 573 题