222. A participle may be equivalent not only to a clause describing or
determining the substantive modified, as in "la parolanta viro", the
man who-is-talking, "la sendota knabo", the boy who-will-be-sent, but
also to an "adverbial" clause.
[Footnote: An adverbial clause modifies a verb, as in "dum vi atendis,
li foriris", while you waited, he went away; "cxar mi gxojis, mi ridis",
because I was happy, I laughed.]
Such a participle has for its subject the subject of the verb in the
sentence (though not in attributive or predicate relation with it), and
indicates some relation of time, cause, manner, situation, etc., between
the action of the participle and that of the main verb in the sentence.
An adverbial participle is given the ending "-e":
Gxojante, mi ridis,
rejoicing, I laughed.
Forironte, ni adiauxis lin,
being about to depart, we bade him farewell.
Baninte la infaneton, sxi dormigis gxin,
after bathing (having bathed) the baby, she put it to sleep.
Estante ruzaj, ili falsis la oron,
being sly, they debased the gold.
Tiel helpate de vi, mi sukcesos,
thus helped by you, I shall succeed.
Silentigite de li, ili ne plendis,
(having been) silenced by him, they did not complain.
Punote, li ekkriis,
being about to be punished, he gave a cry.
Ne parolinte, li foriris,
without speaking (not having spoken), he left.
Li venis, ne vokite,
he came without being (came not-having-been) called.
[Footnote: The adverbial participle must not be used in rendering the
English "nominative absolute" construction of a participial clause
referring to something else than the subject. In such a sentence a
clause must be used: "The youth being young, everyone watched him", cxar
la junulo estis juna, cxiu rigardadis lin; "the work being finished, he
went away", kiam la lahoro estis finita, li foriris.]