Finnish Grammar
章节目录
共 183 题- London
- HENRY FROWDE
- PREFACE.
- C. N. E. ELIOT.
- HÄNEN KUNINKAALLISEN MAJESTETINSA
- LÄHETTILÄÄLLE PIETARISSA
- HÄNEN YLHÄISYYDELLENSÄ SIR R. MORIERILLE
- KUNNIOITUKSELLA
- OMISTAA
- TEKIJÄ
- INTRODUCTION.
- We have thus for terminations indicative of person the following:—
- 1. =n= (=me=) =m + me=
- 2. =t= (=te=) =t + te=
- This classification may be represented thus in a table:—
- Finno-Ugrian Languages
- A FINNISH GRAMMAR.
- OF THE FORMATION OF SYLLABLES AND WORDS.
- CHANGES OF SOUNDS.
- A. _Changes of Vowels._
- I. THE LONG VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS.
- II. SHORT VOWELS.
- B. _Changes of Consonants._
- THE SOFTENING OF THE HARD CONSONANTS =K=, =T=, =P=.
- OTHER CHANGES OF CONSONANTS.
- CONTRACTION.
- This contraction is of two kinds:—
- NOUNS.
- These fifteen cases are as follow:—
- This suffix is found in three forms:—
- We have:—
- It has the following characteristics:—
- Example of a noun of first declension with a hard vowel. Puu, _a tree_:—
- The second declension has the following characteristics:—
- This declension comprises—
- Polysyllabic nouns are declined as follows:—
- The third declension has the following characteristics:—
- To this class belong—
- II. All words of more than one syllable ending in =-e=.
- E.g. =suurimpa=, _very large_:—
- THE ADJECTIVE.
- FORMATION OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES.
- SUBSTANTIVES.
- I. The following suffixes are used to form substantives from verbs.
- The following suffixes are used to form diminutives—
- The following terminations have a local significance—
- Suffixes denoting a collection of objects are—
- ADJECTIVAL TERMINATIONS.
- THE NUMERALS.
- PRONOUNS.
- These suffixes are:—
- Among pronouns may also be reckoned the following:—
- THE VERB.
- But the root =repi= makes—
- Or from the root =repi=—
- Similarly—
- The characteristics of this conjugation are as follow:—
- This conjugation includes:—
- The only forms used are—
- The second conjugation has the following characteristics:—
- To this conjugation belong:—
- C. All verbs ending in =i=.
- 1. =lienen repinyt= =lienemme repineet=
- 1. =en liene repinyt= =emme liene repineet=
- 1. =en repisi= =emme repisi=
- 1. =olisin repinyt= =olisimme repineet=
- 1. =lienen lukenut= =lienemme lukeneet=
- 1. =en liene lukenut= =emme liene lukeneet=
- 1. =en lukisi=, etc. =emme lukisi=, etc.
- 1. =olisin lukenut=, etc. =olisimme lukeneet=, etc.
- A. The root is closed—
- B. The root may then be further changed by assimilation—
- D. The final =e= is dropped in the imperfect.
- In these verbs the following changes occur:—
- 1. =olen tullut=, etc.
- 1. =en ole tullut=, etc.
- 1. =olin tullut=, etc.
- 1. =en ollut tullut=, etc.
- 1. =en tulle=, etc.
- 1. =lienen tullut=
- 1. =en liene tullut=
- 1. =en tulisi=, etc.
- 1. =olisin tullut=, etc.
- 1. =en olisi tullut=, etc.
- 1. =olen nousnut=, _or_ =noussut=, etc.
- 1. =en ole nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
- 1. =olin nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
- 1. =en ollut nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
- 1. =en nousne= _or_ =nousse=, etc.
- 1. =lienen nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
- 1. =en liene nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
- 1. =en nousisi=, etc.
- 1. =olisin nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
- 1. =en olisi nousnut= _or_ =noussut=, etc.
- 1. =en luvannut=, etc.
- 1. =en luvanne=, etc.
- 1. =olen luvannut=, etc.
- 1. =en ole luvannut=, etc.
- 1. =olin luvannut=, etc.
- 1. =en ollut luvannut=, etc.
- 1. =lienen luvannut=, etc.
- 1. =en liene luvannut=, etc.
- 1. =olisin luvannut=, etc.
- 1. =en olisi luvannut=, etc.
- 1. =en koonnut=, etc.
- 1. =en koonne=, etc.
- 1. =en kokoaisi= or en =kokoisi=, etc.
- 1. =olen koonnut= (=28=), etc.
- 1. =en ole koonnut=, etc.
- 1. =olin koonnut=, etc.
- 1. =en ollut koonnut=, etc.
- 1. =lienen koonnut=, etc.
- 1. =en liene koonnut=, etc.
- 1. =olisin koonnut=, etc.
- 1. =en olisi koonnut=, etc.
- Such are formed with the following terminations:—
- POSTPOSITIONS.
- In these words we may distinguish two classes:—
- THE ADVERB.
- These independent adverbs are formed in different ways:—
- C. Various cases of nouns are used as adverbs:—
- CONJUNCTIONS.
- According to their signification conjunctions may be divided into—
- INTERJECTIONS.
- 1. _Of joy_—=aha=, =ahaa=, =hei=.
- 2. _Laughter_—=haha=, =hihi=.
- 3. _Grief_—=ai=, =aiai=, =voi=, =oi=, =voivoi=.
- 4. _Mockery_—=ähä=, =kutti=, =piti=, =piti-piti=.
- 5. _Astonishment_—=no=, =noh=, =ha=, =kah=, =kas=.
- 6. _Disgust_—=hyi=, =hyihyi=, =ui=, =uiui=.
- SYNTAX.
- It is to be noticed—
- It is noticeable that—
- The object may be put—
- III. The object is also put in the nominative—
- THE USE OF THE CASES.
- I. The genitive in Finnish is used with nouns—
- III. The genitive is also used—
- THE INTERNAL CASES—INESSIVE, ELATIVE, AND ILLATIVE.
- II. The illative is used in two ways to denote time.
- THE EXTERNAL CASES—ADESSIVE, ABLATIVE, AND ALLATIVE.
- II. It is also used in various expressions denoting time.
- THE ADJECTIVE.
- PRONOUNS.
- The demonstrative pronouns are as follows:—
- NUMBERS.
- II. The day of the month is expressed in two ways.
- The names of the days of the week and months are as follows:—
- THE VERB.
- I. The present indicates—
- II. The imperfect is used in two senses:—
- It is used:—
- The imperative expresses:—
- INFINITIVES.
- The short form of the infinitive is used:—
- D. The illative is used:—
- The fourth infinitive is used verbally in two cases:—
- PARTICIPLES.
- All the participles can be used—
- PREPOSITIONS, POSTPOSITIONS, AND ADVERBS.
- I. Postpositions and Prepositions used in only one case.
- II. Postpositions and Prepositions which are declined in several cases.
- Similarly
- NEGATIVE SENTENCES.
- INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
- OTHER SENTENCES.
- ORATIO OBLIQUA.
- ON THE DIALECT OF THE KALEVALA.
- The chief terminations found in these verbs are:—
- SELECTIONS FROM FINNISH LITERATURE
- PYHÄN JOHANNEKSEN EVANGELIUMI.
- 2. Tämä[8] oli[2] alussa[1] Jumalan[6] tykönä[7].
- THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST. JOHN, I. 1-14.
- 2. That was in-the-beginning with God.
- 4. In-Him was life, and the-life was the-light of-men.
- 6. A man was sent from-God whose name was John.
- 8. He was not that light, but He was sent to-bear-witness of-the-light.
- 9. That was the-true light which lighteth all men who come into-the-world.
- 11. He came to-His-own, and His own received Him not.
- KALEVALA, XXXVI. 319-346.
- THE INVENTION OF THE HARP.
- FINNISH POPULAR SONG.
- FOOTNOTES