_c._ =ohella= (_or_ =ohilla=),
_d._ =ohelta=,
_e._ and =oheen=
in much the same sense, _by the side of_ or _with_. =Hän kulki minun
ohellani=, _he came with me_. =Ääni kuului tien ohelta=, _a noise was
heard from the road_. =Iso kivi on pellon ohella=, _there is a big stone
by the field_. =Istautui tien oheen=, _he sat down by the wayside_.
_f._ =Ohitse= _or_ =ohi= expresses motion along or by the side of
anything. =Kulkea jonkun ohitse=, _to pass a person_. =Me ajoimme heidän
ohitsensa= (_or_ =ohi=), _we drove by them_. =Ammuin linnun ohitse=, _I
missed (shot beside) the bird_.
(15) =Perä=, the _extreme_ or _hinder part_ of anything, forms
postpositions with the genitive.
_a._ =Perässä=, _behind_. =Lapsi käy isän perässä=, _the child walks
behind the father_. =Sairaswaunut kulkevat sotajoukon perässä=, _the
ambulance goes behind the army_.
_b._ =Perästä=, _behind_ or _after_, generally implying that the second
object depends on the first, which is thus a point of departure. =Sen
perästä=, _afterwards_. =Toinen toisensa perästä=, _one after another_.
=Kolmen wuoden perästä=, _after three years_.
_c._ =Perään=, _after_, implying motion. =Mennä jonkun perään=, _to go to
look for some one_. =Katsoa lapsen perään=, _to look after the children_.
=Miksi ette lähettäneet minun perääni?= _why did you not send for me?_
(16) The local cases of =Puoli=, _a half_ or _side_, are used as
postpositions with the genitive.
_a._ =Puolessa=, _at_ or _near_. =Turun puolessa=, _round Turku_ (_Åbo_).
=Pohjan=, =idän puolessa=, _in the North_, _in the East._
_b._ =Puolesta=, _from the side of_ or _for_, _on behalf of_. =Puhua
itsensä puolesta=, _to speak for oneself_. =Se tapahtukoon minun
puotestani=, _it can be done as far as I am concerned_. =Sen puolesta,
että....=, _for this reason, that...._ =Hän nousi maansa puolesta=, _he
rose up for his fatherland_.
_c._ =Puolella=, _on the side of_. =Tuuli on idän puolella=, _the wind is
in the East_. =Olla kuninkaan puolella=, _to be on the king’s side_. N.B.
=toisella puolella= followed by partitive. =Toisella puolella järveä=,
_on the other side of the lake_.
_d._ =Puolelta=, _from the side of_, _from_. =Tuli syttyi tuulen
puolelta=, _the fire burnt in the side when the wind blew_.
_e._ =Puolelle=, _to the side of_, _to_. =Mennä wihollisten puolelle=,
_to go over to the enemy_.
_f._ =Puoleen=, _to the side of_, _to_. =Katsoa jonkun puoleen=, _to look
towards a person_. =Kenenkä puoleen minun olisi käännyttävä?= _to whom
shall I turn?_
(17) =Pää=, _the head_ or _extremity_, forms postpositions with the
genitive.
_a._ =Päässä=
_b._ =Päästä=
_c._ =Päähän=
are used to express a distance or limit in space. =Kuula menee kahden
virstan päähän=, _the bullet carries two miles_. =Suomen raja on jonkun
penikulman päässä Pietarista=, _the Finnish frontier is some miles from
Petersburg_. =Minä tunsin tulijan viiden kymmenen sylen päästä=, _I
recognised the new comer from several yards’ distance_. =Vihollinen on
virstan päässä=, _the enemy is a mile off_. =Päästä= is also used of
time. =Viikon päästä=, _after a week_.
_d._ =Päällä=
_e._ =Päältä=
_f._ =Päälle=
express respectively rest on, motion from above or into the space above
an object. =Olla veden päällä=, _to float_. =Tuuli on meren päältä=, _the
wind comes from the sea_. =Lentää katon päälle=, _to fly on to the roof_.
=On sadekaapu palttoon päällä=, _there is a cape on the great coat_.
(18) =Rinta=, _breast_ or _side_, forms postpositions with the genitive.
_a._ =Rinnalla=
_b._ =Rinnalle=
expressing rest by, or motion to the side of. =Poika istuu isänsä
rinnalla=, _the boy sits by his father’s side_. =Laskea joku jonkun
rinnalle=, _to put some one by some one else_, i.e. _to compare_. =Älä
pyri hänen rinnallensa=, _strive not to be like him_.
=Jos arvossa mä oisin=
=Ja rikkahitten rinnalla.=—_Popular song._
(19) =Seka=, _a mixture_ or _collection_, forms postpositions with the
genitive.
_a._ =seassa=
_b._ =seasta=
_c._ =sekaan=
=Kiiltää kulta rikkojenkin seasta=, _gold glitters in what one throws
away_. =Panna wettä wiinin sekaan=, _to mix water with wine_. =Ihmisten
seassa=, _among men_. =Seassamme=, _between us_.
(20) =Sisä=, _the interior_, is used as a postposition in all the local
cases.
_a._ =Sisässä=
_b._ =Sisästä=
_c._ =Sisään=
_d._ =Sisällä=
_e._ =Sisältä=
_f._ =Sisälle=
=Oletko ollut tämän huoneen sisässä=, _have you been in this room?_
=Kärme tuli puun sisästä=, _the snake came out of the tree_. =Onko kirkon
sisällä paljo väkeä=, _are there many people in the church?_
(21) =Taka=, meaning _the space behind anything_, forms postpositions
with the genitive.
_a._ =Takaa= (partitive), _from behind_ or _after_. =Hän tuli oven
takaa=, _he came from behind the door_. =Iso honka näkyy koivujen takaa=,
_there is a great fir behind the beeches_. =Wuoden takaa=, _after a
year_. It means also _according to_. =Woimansa takaa=, _according to
one’s power; with all one’s might_.
_b._ =Takana= (essive), _behind_. =Käydä jonkun takana=, _to go behind_
or _follow any one_. =Seisoa seinän takana=, _to stand behind the wall_.
=Rahat on takanani=, _the money is in my keeping_. =Olla turvan takana=,
_to be under the protection of_.
_c._ Translative—=taaksi=, =taakse=, =taa=, _back_, _backwards_, or
_across_. =Katsoa taaksensa=, _to look backwards_. =Lähteä meren taaksi=
(_or_ =taa=), _to go across the sea_. =Aurinko laskeutuu vuorten taa=,
_the sun sets behind the mountains_.
(22) =Sisäpuoli=, _interior_, is used in the adessive, ablative, and
allative.
_a._ =Sisäpuolella Suomalaiset kanssaheimot eivät asu kaikki suomen
rajain sisäpuolella=, _all the Finnish tribes do not live within the
Finnish frontier_.
_b._ =Kuuluiko ääni huoneen sisäpuolelta?= _was the voice heard within
the room?_
_c._ =Paimen ajoi lampaat aitauksen sisäpuolelle=, _the shepherd drove
the sheep into the sheepfold_.
(23) =Tykö=, _nearness_, forms postpositions with the genitive which have
exactly the same meaning as the corresponding cases of =luo=. =Tyköä=,
_from_; =työ=, _to_ (e.g. =minä tulen miehen työ=); =tykönä=, _at_ or
_with_. The form =työ= is due to the fact that a termination, probably
that of the translative, has been lost. It is only used dialectically.
(24) =Ulkopuoli= (cf. =sisäpuoli=), _the exterior_, is used in the
adessive, allative, and ablative as either a preposition with the
partitive or a postposition with the genitive. =Kaupungin ulkopuolella=
or =ulkopuolella kaupunkia=, _outside the town_. Similarly are employed
the other cases to express motion to or from the outside of anything.
(25) =Vasta=, _the place opposite anything_.
_a._ =Vastassa=, postposition with the genitive, means _opposite_,
_facing_. =Hänen vastassansa=, _opposite him_. =Toistensa vastassa olevat
kaupungit=, _the cities lie facing each other_.
_b._ =Vastaan=, postposition with the genitive, has the same meaning
with the idea of motion towards added, which however seems to disappear
in many metaphorical uses. =Mennä isän vastaan=, _to meet one’s father_.
=Minä en ole sitä vastaan=, _I am not against that_. =Tehdä käskyä
vastaan=, _to disobey a command_. =Sitä vastaan=, _on the other hand_.
_c._ =Vastoin= (instructive plural) is a preposition with the partitive,
meaning _against_ or _contrary to_. =Vastoin virtaa, tuulta=, _against
the river, the wind_. =Vastoin tahtoani=, _against my wish_. =Älkää
pakoittako tyttäriänne vastoin mieltä=, _do not compel your daughters
against their will_. =Vastoin lakia=, _against the law._
_d._ =Vasten=[17] (instructive singular from a form =vasti=), preposition
or postposition with the partitive, is used in much the same sense as
=vastoin=, but means also (1) _about, towards_. E.g. =älä lyö poikaa
vasten silmiä=, _don’t hit the boy about the eyes_. =Hän sai vasten
silmänsä=, _he got one in the eye_; (2) as a postposition with the
genitive it means _for_, _on account of_. =Moni tekee työtä ainoastansa
omaa hyötyänsä vasten=, _many work only for their own profit_. But
=varten= is better in this sense.
_e._ =Vastapäätä= is used in the meaning of _opposite_ or _vis-à-vis_,
as a preposition with the partitive. =Kirkko on rakennettu vastapäätä
raastupaa=, _the church is opposite the court-house_.
(26) =Väli=, _the midst_, forms postpositions with the genitive. All
the local cases are used: =Välissä=, =välistä=, =väliin=, =välillä=,
=välille=, =välitse=. =Kirkon ja pappilan välillä on maantie=, _there is
a road between the church and the parsonage_. =Kansan välitse=, _through
the midst of the people_. =Sano hänelle suoraan silmien väliin=, _tell
him to his face_.
(27) =Yli=, meaning the place above anything, is used in various forms as
a preposition or a postposition with the genitive.
_a._ =Yli= (1) as a preposition with the genitive expresses existence
above an object; e.g. =Pilvet liitävät yli meren, yli maan=, _the
clouds glide over land and sea_. =Yli päämme on kirkas taivas=, _the
bright heaven is above us_. We also find expressions like =kello on yli
viiden=, _it is after five o’clock_. It also expresses metaphorically
pre-eminence. =Hän on kunnioitettava yli muiden=, _he is more honourable
than the rest_. It is used metaphorically in such expressions as =yli
wuoden=, _more than a year_; =maata yli aikansa=, _to sleep too long_.
=Yli sen mitä ennen on maksettu=, _what has been paid in addition to
previous payments_.
(2) =Yli= is also used as a postposition with the genitive, and as
such expresses motion over a thing, so that the object moving remains
temporally above it. =Matto on levitetty koko lattian yli=, _the carpet
is spread over all the floor_. =Hän tuli wähän yli puoliwäliin matkaa=,
_he came a little over half way_. =Hän katseli olan yli=, _he looked over
his shoulders_.
_b._ =Ylitse= (prolative) expresses motion over and across an object.
=Purjehtia meren ylitse=, _to sail across the sea_. =Kun pääsisi tämän
raskaan ajan ylitse=, _when one has got over these hard times_.
_c._ =Yllä=
_d._ =Yltä=
_e._ =Ylle=
literally expressing rest on, and motion from or to the space above
an object, are used as postpositions with the genitive to express the
wearing, putting on or taking off of clothes. =Pojan yllä on uusi takki=,
_the boy has a new coat on_. =Hänellä on waatteet yllänsä=, _he has
clothes on_. =Riisua waatteet yltänsä=, _to take off one’s clothes_.
=Panna, pukea yllensä=; _to put on clothes_. Cf. =oli loassa yltä päältä=
(adverb), _to be dirty from head to foot_.
(28) =Ympäri=, the space surrounding, gives the following forms.
_a._ =Ympäri= is used as a postposition with the genitive. =Laiva purjehti
maan ympäri=, _the ship sailed round the land_. It is also used as a
preposition with the genitive or partitive in much the same sense.
=Riittikö oma leipä ympäri vuoden?= _is your own corn enough for the
year?_
_b._ =Ympärillä=
_c._ =Ympäriltä=
_d._ =Ympärille=
are postpositions with the genitive expressing rest in, motion from or to
the space round an object. =Kuori on puun ympärillä=, _the tree has bark
round it_. =Panna sontaa puun ympärille=, _to manure a tree_. =Metsät
ovat kadonneet kaupungin ympäriltä=, _the forests have been cut down
round the town_. =Miksi on kääre sormesi ympärillä?= _why have you a
bandage on your finger?_ =Ota huivi kaulan ymperiltä=, _take the
handkerchief from round your neck_.