The gay Lemminkäinen
Turned himself to see,
Looked under the boat, 115
Spoke a word, thus spoke:
‘The boat is not on a stone,
Not on a stone, not on timber,
The boat is on the neck of a pike,
On the hip bones of a water dog.’ 120
The prudent old Väinämöinen,
Spoke a word, thus said:
‘There are all sorts of things in a river,
Timber, pikes:
If it be on the neck of a pike, 125
On the hips of a water-dog,
Smite with the sword into the water,
Cut the fish in two.’
The gay Lemminkäinen,
The bright lively youth, 130
Draws the sword from his girdle,
The bone biter from his side;
Struck the sea with the sword,
Stirs under the side (of the ship).
Himself rolled into the water, 135
Fell splash into the billow hands foremost.
Then the smith Ilmarinen,
Clung on to the hair of the hero,
Raised the man from the sea.
Himself spoke this in words: 140
‘Every-one is formed to be a man,
Made to be a bearer of a beard,
To be a supplement to the number of a hundred,
To complete a thousand[23].’
He draws the sword from his girdle, 145
The cruel iron from his sheath,
With which he smote the fish,
Struck below the side (of the ship).
The sword broke into pieces,
The pike did not even perceive. 150
Prudent old Väinämöinen
On this spoke this in words:
‘There is not in you half a man,
Not the third part of a hero,
When need comes, 155
The mind of a man is wanted,
Then (your) mind fails,
All (your) sense is away.’
He himself drew his sword,
Seized the sharp iron 160
Struck his sword into the sea,
Smote below the side (of the ship)
On-to the neck of the pike fish,
On to the hip bones of the water dog.
The sword was driven home into the firm (flesh), 165
Fixed in the gills;
Then old Väinämöinen
Brought up that fish,
Drew the pike from the water;
The pike fell in two; 170
The tail dropped to the bottom of the sea,
The head rolled into the boat.
Now the boat began to run,
The vessel got free from the impediment.
Prudent old Väinämöinen 175
Brought the vessel near to shore,
Drove her on to the strand,
Looked at and turned
That head-piece of the pike.
Himself spoke this in words: 180
‘Who is the oldest of the youths,
(Let him come) to cut up the pike,
Divide the fish into pieces,
Split the head into bits.’
The men speak from the ship, 185
The women cry from the shore:
‘The hands of the catcher are the purest,
The fingers of the seeker are the holiest.’
The prudent old Väinämöinen
Drew a knife from his sheath, 190
The cold iron from his side,
With which he cuts up the pike,
Splits the fish into pieces.
Himself spoke this in words:—
‘Who is the youngest of the women, 195
(Let her come) to cook the pike,
Into morsels for dinner,
Into a fish midday meal.’
The women went to cook,
Ten went in rivalry; 200
Then the pike is cooked,
Pieces for dinner;
The bones remained on the shore,
The fish bones on the edge of the sea.
The prudent old Väinämöinen 205
Looked at them there,
Looked, turned,
Spoke a word, thus uttered:
‘What might come from this,
From these teeth of the pike, 210
From the broad jaw bone,
If it were in the smithy of a smith,
With a clever forger,
In the hands of a cunning man?’
Said the smith Ilmarinen:— 215
‘There comes not anything from nothingness,
No instrument from the mouth of a fish,
Not even in the smithy of a smith,
With a clever forger,
In the hands of a cunning man.’ 220
Prudent old Väinämöinen
Himself spoke this in words:
‘Yet from these might come
A fish-bone harp,
Were there but an artist, 225
A maker of bone playing-instruments.’
When there came no other,
(When there) was not any artist,
(No) maker of bone playing-instruments,
Prudent old Väinämöinen 230
Himself became a maker,
Appeared as a fabricator:
Made an instrument of pike-bone,
Made ready an eternal joy.
Of what is the body of the harp? 235
Of the jaw-bone of the great pike.
Of what are the pegs of the harp?
They are the teeth of the pike.
Of what are the strings of the harp?
Of the hairs of the courser of Hiisi. 240
Now the instrument was prepared,
The harp made ready,
A great instrument of pike-bone,
A harp of fish-fins.
[Note 1: 3rd sing. imperf. of =lähteä= (rule 40); =lähti= is also found.
The lit. meaning of this word is _to set out_, but it is used sometimes
with an object to mean _to go after_, _to fetch_.]
[Note 2: Ablative sing. of =tuoni=, _death_. =Mana= is a synonym.]
[Note 3: Part. plur. of =sana=, _word_ (rule 7), obj. of =läksi=.]
[Note 4: Ablative sing. of =Manala=, _abode of death_ (_v._ p. 47 for the
suffix).]
[Note 5: Part. plur. of =mahti=, _power_, obj. of =läksi=; for suffix
=loi=, _v._ p. 225.]
[Note 6: For constr. _v._ p. 188; =astua=, 1st infin., _to step_;
=taputtelevi=, 3rd pers. sing. pres. (p. 228) of =taputella=, _to tread
heavily or firmly_.]
[Note 7: 3rd sing. imperf. of =käydä= (rule 5, p. 9), _to go_ or
_traverse_.]
[Note 8: Accusative sing. of =wiikko=, _week_, denoting duration (_v._ p.
137).]
[Note 9: These three words are formed with the suffix =kko= (p. 47) from
the words =witsa=, _small tree_ or _shoot_; =tuomi=, _bird-cherry_,
Swedish =hägg=; and =kataja=, _juniper_.]
[Note 10: Accusative sing. of =toinen= (p. 35).]
[Note 11: Accusative sing. of =kolmas= (p. 35).]
[Note 12: Adv. _now_ or _already_.]
[Note 13: 3rd. sing. imperf. of =näkyä=, neut. form of =nähdä=, _to see_
(p. 109).]
[Note 14: Nominative sing. of stem =saari=, _an island_.]
[Note 15: Nominative sing. _a hill_.]
[Note 16: 3rd sing. pres. of =kuumottaa=, _to loom_ or _be seen
indistinctly_.]
[Note 17: This is a constant epithet of =Wäinämöinen=, meaning literally
_firm_, and then used to denote a kind of steady prudence, which is
a natural characteristic of the Finns, and (like Scotch canniness)
untranslatable, though more frivolous nations might render it by stolid.]
[Note 18: Adj. _old_, also a constant epithet.]
[Note 19: 1st infin.; for constr. _v._ p. 188.]
[Note 20: 3rd sing. imperf. of =huikahuttaa=. Like the last word this is
onomatopœic.]
[Note 21: Genitive sing. of =Tuonela=, _place of Tuoni_ (_v._ p. 47).]
[Note 22: Inessive sing. of =joki=, _a river_ (rule 28).]
[Note 23: Inessive sing. of =alanne=, _lowland_ or _depth_ (stem
=alantehe=).]
[Note 24: 2nd sing. imper. of =tuoda= (p. 80).]
[Note 25: Part. sing. of =vene=, _a boat_; stem =venehe= (cf. =terve=, p.
39), obj. of =tuo=.]
[Note 26: = =tyttö=, diminutive, nom. sing.]
[Note 27: = =lauttaa= (p. 225), part. sing. of =lautta=, _ship_.]
[Note 28: Nominative sing. of stem =lapsi=, _child_.]
[Note 29: Preposition with gen. (_v._ p. 217) _across_.]
[Note 30: Genitive sing. of =salmi=, _creek_, depending on =yli= (p.
217).]
[Note 31: = =saadakseni=, longer form of 1st infin. of root =saa= (here
used intransitively) with suffix of 1st pers. pron. For constr. _v._ p.
185.]
[Note 32: Postposition (p. 204) governing the genitive =joen=.]
[Note 33: Longer form of =päästä= (root =pääse=) with suffix of 1st pers.]
[Note 34: Nominative sing. dimin. adj. from =lyhyt= (p. 48).]
[Note 35: Nominative sing. _low_, _dwarfish_.]
[Note 36: Nominative sing. _a maiden_.]
[Note 37: Genitive plur. of =poukku=, _dirty linen_.]
[Note 38: = =pesijä=, _washer_, _v._ p. 196.]
[Note 39: Genitive plur. of =räväs= (stem =räpähä=), _rag_.]
[Note 40: Nominative sing. _a beater_; cf. =räimätä=, _to beat_.]
[Note 41: Inessive sing. of =musta=, _black_.]
[Note 42: Inessive sing. of compound noun =alusvesi= (p. 34).]
[Note 43: 3rd sing. imperf. (the form varies between =virkki= and
=virkkoi=) from =virkkaa=, _to speak_.]
[Note 44: Instr. plur. of =tuo=, _thus_.]
[Note 45: 3rd sing. imperf. of =nimetä=, literally _to name_.]
[Note 46: 3rd sing. imperf. of =lausua=, _to call_.]
[Note 47: 3rd sing. imperf. of =pakista=, _to talk_ or _speak_.]
[Note 48: Adv. _thence_; abl. of =tämä=, _this_; =täällä=, =täältä= are
written with two =ä=’s when used adverbially.]
[Note 49: = =tuotaneen=, concessive passive of =tuoda=, _to bear_. The
final =n= of the passive is omitted. For constr. _v._ pp. 177 and 182.]
[Note 50: = =kun=, _when_.]
[Note 51: Nominative sing. _a cause_.]
[Note 52: Conditional passive of =sanoa=, _to speak_ (= =sanottaneen=).]
[Note 53: = =mikä=.]
[Note 54: 3rd sing. imperf. of =saattaa=, causative form of =saada= (p.
110), _to cause to come_ or _bring_; for form _v._ rule 7.]
[Note 55: Prep. with the abessive (p. 203): used also as adverb.
Apparently genitive of =ilma=, _air_, but connection of meaning is
obscure.]
[Note 56: = =taudin=, gen. sing. of =tauti=, _disease_, constr. with
=tappamatta= (p. 184).]
[Note 57: Abessive of the 3rd infin. of =tappaa=, _to kill_ (p. 193).]
[Note 58: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =ottaa=, _to take_.]
[Note 59: Genitive sing. of =oiva=, _right_ or _proper_.]
[Note 60: Genitive sing. of =surma=, _fate_; _a right fate_ is a natural
death. For constr. _v._ p. 184.]
[Note 61: Genitive sing. of =muu=, _other_; _another fate_ means one
other than a natural death.]
[Note 62: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =musertaa=, _to break_.]
[Note 63: Adv. _hither_, _v._ p. 24.]
[Note 64: 3rd sing. imperf. from =tuottaa=, causal of =tuoda=, _to bear_.]
[Note 65: Ablative plur. of =maa=, _land_, with affix of 1st person.]
[Note 66: 3rd sing. imperf. from =vedellä=, formed from =vetää=, _to
carry_.]
[Note 67: Accusative sing. of pron. =tuo=, with adverbial suffix =pa=.]
[Note 68: Transl. plur. of =sana= after =virkki=, _spoke this into words_
(p. 158).]
[Note 69: 1st sing. pres. of =keksiä=, _to find_ or _detect_.]
[Note 70: Accusative sing. of =kielastaja= (from =kieli=, _tongue_). One
who is ready with his tongue, hence _a liar_. The Finns are a silent
race.]
[Note 71: =kun=, _if_, with adv. suffix =pa=.]
[Note 72: =On=, a particle of emphasis, not the verb substantive.]
[Note 73: 3rd sing. conditional of =tuoda=, _to bring_.]
[Note 74: 3rd sing. conditional of =siirtellä=, deriv. verb from
=siirtää=.]
[Note 75: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =tulla=, _to come_, with pron. affix
of 3rd person.]
[Note 76: Adjectival form from =Manala= (_v._ p. 46).]
[Note 77: Inessive of =matka=, _a journey_.]
[Note 78: Nominative sing. _a hat_. For the constr. of nominative
absolute _v._ p. 134.]
[Note 79: Adessive plur. of =hartia=, _neck_ or _shoulders_.]
[Note 80: Nominative plur. of =kinnas=, _a glove_, stem =kintaha= (p.
38).]
[Note 81: = =kädessä=, inessive of =käsi=, _a hand_ (stem =käte=), for
use _v._ p. 141.]
[Note 82: 2nd sing. imper. of =sanoa=, _to speak_.]
[Note 83: Part. sing. of =tosi=, _truth_ (stem =tote=, _v._ p. 34).]
[Note 84: Inessive of =tuo=, _there_ or _thereupon_.]
[Note 85: Nominative sing. (gen. =raudan=, =rauan=), _iron_.]
[Note 86: = =minun=, _me_.]
[Note 87: Nominative sing. of stem =teräkse=, _steel_.]
[Note 88: 3rd sing. imperf. of =tempoa=, cf. =temmata=.]
[Note 89: Elative sing. of =tuo=, _from this_.]
[Note 90: 1st sing. pres. of =tuntea=.]
[Note 91: 3rd sing. conditional of =saada=, meaning here _to convey_ (cf.
reflex. =saapua=). N.B. Pres. cond. used here with past signif.]
[Note 92: Instr. plur. of =veri= (stem =vere=), blood.]
[Note 93: Nominative plur. of =vaate= (stem =vaattehe=), _garment_.]
[Note 94: 3rd pers. sing. cond. (though with plur. subject) of =valua=,
_to drip_.]
[Note 95: Instr. plur. of =hurme=, _gore_ (stem =hurmehe=).]
[Note 96: 3rd sing. (for plural) cond. of =hurahdella=.]
[Note 97: Nom. sing. (gen. =kerran=) _time_; for use of nom. _v._ p. 137.
In l. 224 the accusative is used in same constr.]
[Note 98: Nominative sing. of stem =vete=, p. 34.]
[Note 99: Nominative sing. (gen. =aallon=), _billow_.]
[Note 100: 1st pers. sing. pres. of =ymmärtää=, p. 93.]
[Note 101: Accusative sing. of =valehtelia= (or =valhetelija=), _a liar_,
_v._ No. 129.]
[Note 102: Conj. _if_.]
[Note 103: Nominative sing. with affix of 2nd person.]
[Note 104: 3rd pers. sing. (for plur.) of =herahdella=, identical with
=hurahdella= above.]
[Note 105: Part. plur. of =tarkka=, _exact_.]
[Note 106: Part. plur. of stem =tote= (nom. =tosia=), _truth_.]
[Note 107: Adv. _once more_.]
[Note 108: Accusative sing. of =kerta=, cf. No. 97.]
[Note 109: 3rd sing. pres. of =kielestaa=, _v._ No. 70.]
[Note 110: Nominative sing. of =tule=, _fire_.]
[Note 111: Nominative sing.; has two meanings, (1) _white_ or _bright_,
(2) _flame_; so here.]
[Note 112: = =arvaan=, 1st sing. pres. of =arvata=, _to think_ or
_perceive_, conjugated like =luvata=.]
[Note 113: Adj. from =valkea= (p. 47), _the flaming one_, i.e. _fire_.]
[Note 114: = =olisi=, here used for =olisivat=.]
[Note 115: Nominative plur. of =kutri=, _a lock_.]
[Note 116: = =kärventyneenä=, essive sing. of past part, act of
=kärventyä=, neuter form of =kärventää=, _to burn_.]
[Note 117: Nominative =parta=, _beard_ (gen. =parran=), with adverbial
affix =ki=.]
[Note 118: Instrum. plur. of =paha=, _bad_, used adverbially (p. 161).]
[Note 119: Nominative sing. past part. act. of palaa, _to burn_
(intrans.).]
[Note 120: An interjection.]
[Note 121: = =sinä=.]
[Note 122: = =tahdot=, 2nd pers. sing. pres. of =tahtoa=, _to wish_.]
[Note 123: Part. plur. of =walhe=, _a lie_ (the cases and derivatives of
this word are written either =walhe= or =waleh=).]
[Note 124: Part. plur. of =viimeinen= (stem =sen=), _last_, often
employed in indeclinable form =viime=.]
[Note 125: Adv. fr. pron. stem =mi=.]
[Note 126: 2nd sing. imperf. of =tulla=, _to come_.]
[Note 127: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =murentaa=, _to crush_ or _break_.]
[Note 128: Instr. of =vähä=, _little_, used adverbially.]
[Note 129: 1st sing. imperf. of =valehdella=, with suffix =ki=.]
[Note 130: Adv. _yet_.]
[Note 131: = =minä=.]
[Note 132: = =todet=, accusative plur. of stem =tote=, nominative =tosi=,
_truth_.]
[Note 133: 1st sing. imperf. of =tehdä=, stem =teke=.]
[Note 134: = =tiedolla=, adessive sing. of =tieto=, _knowledge_, used
instrumentally, _v._ p. 152.]
[Note 135: = =laadin=, 1st pers. imperf. of =laatia=, _to fashion_.]
[Note 136: Part. sing. of =pursi= (stem =purte=), _ship_; part. is used
because action was not completed, _v._ p. 127.]
[Note 137: Adessive of 3rd infin. of =laulaa=, _to sing_ (p. 193).]
[Note 138: 1st sing. imperf. of same verb (p. 85).]
[Note 139: Accusative sing. of =päivä=, _day_ (p. 137).]
[Note 140: Instr. plur. of =se=, used adverbially.]
[Note 141: Adessive sing. of =kolmas= (p. 35); the essive would be more
usual as a definite date is mentioned (p. 150).]
[Note 142: 3rd sing. imperf. of =rikkoa=, _to break_ (_v._ p. 227).]
[Note 143: Nominative sing. _sledge_ (p. 33).]
[Note 144: Ablative plur. of =runo=, _verse_ (p. 154).]
[Note 145: Nominative sing. of stem =jalakse= (fr. =jala=, _foot_), _the
foot_ or _end of a sledge_.]
[Note 146: 3rd sing. imperf. from =taittua=, _to bend_, reflex. form of
=taittaa= (p. 109).]
[Note 147: Ablative plur. of =lause= (stem =lausehe=).]
[Note 148: = =oraa=, part. sing, of =ora=, _a gimlet_.]
[Note 149: Part. sing. of =vääntiä=, _an auger_.]
[Note 150: Accusative sing. of =rekonen=, dim. fr. =reke=, _a sledge_.]
[Note 151: = =rakentaa= (p. 93) 1st infin. with affix of 1st person (p.
187).]
[Note 152: Accusative sing. compound word formed from =laulu=, _song_,
and =korja=, _a basket sledge_ (Swedish =korgsläde=).]
[Note 153: _v._ No. 135, 1st infin. with suffix of 1st person.]
[Note 154: Adv. _now_.]
[Note 155: Part. sing. of =venoinen=, _dim._ of =vene=, _boat_.]
[Note 156: 2nd sing. imperf. of =laittaa=, _to make ready_.]
[Note 157: = =minulle=.]
[Note 158: =kyllä=, adv. _much_; originally a subst. meaning _plenty_.]
[Note 159: Nominative sing. of =tuonettare=, from stem =tuone=, with
affix =ttare= (p. 46).]
[Note 160: 3rd sing. pres. of =torua=, _to chide_.]
[Note 161: 3rd sing. pres. of =riidella= (stem =riitele=), _to quarrel_
or _be angry_.]
[Note 162: Nominative sing., _a fool_.]
[Note 163: Part. sing, with affix of 2nd pers. of stem =hulluute=,
_folly_, derived from =hullu= (p. 47); for use of part, after =oi=,
_v._ p. 136.]
[Note 164: Nominative sing. of stem =miehe=.]
[Note 165: Gen. sing. of =mieli=, with affix of 2nd pers. sing.]
[Note 166: Part. sing. of stem =vähyyte= (after =oi=), formed like
=hulluus=, above, from =vähä=, _little_.]
[Note 167: Abessive sing. of =syy=, _cause_; =tauitta= (from =tauti=) is
same case.]
[Note 168: Allative sing. (after =tulet=) from =maja=, _a habitation_.]
[Note 169: Nominative of stem =parempa=, comp. of =hyvä=, _good_.]
[Note 170: For constr. _v._ p. 138.]
[Note 171: 1st infin. and root _to return_, conjugated like =luvata=.]
[Note 172: Adessive plur. of =oma=, _own_.]
[Note 173: Adessive plur. of =maa=, _land_.]
[Note 174: Adv. and adj. _much_.]
[Note 175: Part. plur. of stem =tullehe= (nominative sing. =tullut=, p.
40), 2nd part. act. of =tulla=, _to come_.]
[Note 176: Adv. _much_.]
[Note 177: _v._ 175; this is corresponding form from =palata=, _to
return_.]
[Note 178: Nominative sing., _an old woman_.]
[Note 179: Ablative sing. =tie=, _a way_.]
[Note 180: = =kääntyköön=, 3rd sing. opt. of =kääntyä=, reflex. form of
=kääntää=, _to turn_.]
[Note 181: Nominative of compar. of =paha=, _bad_ (p. 42), with adv.
affix =kana=. N.B. As =ei= is indic. and not imper. the line must mean
‘the meanest man _will_ not.’]
[Note 182: Nominative sing. stem =uroho= (p. 38).]
[Note 183: Nominative of compar. of =untelo=, _sleepy_ or _dull_, from
=untua=, _to be sleepy_.]
[Note 184: 3rd sing. imperf. of =viedä= (rule 4).]
[Note 185: =saatella=, =päästellä= are derivative forms from =saada=,
=päästä= (p. 111).]
[Note 186: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =kuolla=, _to die_.]
[Note 187: Nominative sing. _good_.]
[Note 188: Nominative sing. (gen. =emännän=), _mistress_ or _hostess_.]
[Note 189: Adessive sing. of =tuoppi=. The inessive would seem more
natural.]
[Note 190: Part. sing. of =olut=, _beer_, stem =olue=; cf. =kevät=, p.
39; for part. _v._ p. 135.]
[Note 191: 3rd sing. of =kantaa=, _to bear_.]
[Note 192: Adessive sing. of =kaksikorvainen=, formed of =kaksi=, _two_;
=korva=, _ear_, with adj. ending =inen=, _two-eared_ or _two-handled_.]
[Note 193: 2nd sing. imperf. of =juoda=, _to drink_.]
[Note 194: 3rd sing. imperf. of =katsoa=, _to look_.]
[Note 195: Prep. governing partitive =tuoppiansa= (p. 204).]
[Note 196: Nominative plur. of =sammakko=, _frog_.]
[Note 197: 3rd sing. (for plural) imperf. of =kutea=.]
[Note 198: Adessive sing. of =sisä=, _interior_ (cf. p. 214).]
[Note 199: = =madot=, nominative plur. of =mato=, _worm_.]
[Note 200: = =laidoilla=, adessive plur. of =laita=, _side_.]
[Note 201: = =mateli= (which perhaps should be read), imperf. of
=madella= (sing. for plur.), _to creep_ (connected =mato=).]
[Note 202: Accusative plur. of =malja=, _a cup_.]
[Note 203: Illative of 3rd infin. of =lakkia=. For the construction of
this and of =juomahan=, _v._ p. 192.]
[Note 204: 3rd pers. plur. pres. of =juopua= (p. 111).]
[Note 205: Nominative plur. of =juoja= (p. 45).]
[Note 206: Genitive sing. of =kannu=, _a cup_, or _can_.]
[Note 207: Nominative plur. of =appaja=, formed from =appaa=, _to eat_ or
_drink greedily_.]
[Note 208: 3rd plur. pres. of stem =katota=, 1st infin. =kadota=,
conjugated like =koota= (p. 104).]
[Note 209: Part. of =mitä=, used adverbially, _why_.]
[Note 210: Part. of =kuka=, here used like =mikä=.]
[Note 211: Allative plur. (after =tulit=) of =tupa=, _house_.]
[Note 212: Adv. _before_.]
[Note 213: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =tahtoa=, _to wish_. There is here
a confusion of two ideas, _without the will of Tuoni_ and _before the
bidding of Tuoni_.]
[Note 214: Ablative plur. of =maa=, _land_.]
[Note 215: Abessive of 3rd infin. of =kutsua=, _to call_.]
[Note 216: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =veistää=, _to cut_, from =veitsi=,
_a knife_, _v._ p. 189.]
[Note 217: Part. sing. of =uusi= (stem =uute=), _new_; part. because
action was not complete.]
[Note 218: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =puuhata=, like =luvata=.]
[Note 219: 1st pers. sing. of =uupua=, _to fall asleep_, _to lose_; cf.
No. 243.]
[Note 220: Part. of =kolme=, _three_, followed by part. sing. of =sana=
(p. 172).]
[Note 221: = =peräpää=, lit. _end-head_, i.e. _extreme part_.]
[Note 222: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =päätellä=, derived from =päättää=,
_to finish_.]
[Note 223: = =kokkaa=, part. sing. of =kokka=, _prow_.]
[Note 224: Inessive of 2nd infin. of =kohottaa=, transitive form of
kohota, _to swell_ or _rise_.]
[Note 225: 1st sing. imperf. neg. of =saada=, with adv. affix =kana=.]
[Note 226: Part. plur. of =tuo= used after negative.]
[Note 227: Ablative plur. of =ilma=, _air_. =maailma= (_earth_, _air_)
means _universe_, and the present expression, in which the two elements
are declined, has much the same force.]
[Note 228: Nominative sing. 2nd part. active of =tavata= (root =tapata=),
conjugated like =luvata=; =en= must be understood with this participle.]
[Note 229: 3rd sing. imperf. of =pitää= (here impersonal, _oportere_).]
[Note 230: Illative of 3rd infin. of =saada=. N.B. This infin. does not
depend on =piti=, but denotes the purpose of the action; _v._ p. 192.]
[Note 231: Part. plur. of =ongelmo= (derived from =onki=), _a crooked
saying_, _a riddle_.]
[Note 232: Illative of 3rd infin. of =oppia=, _to learn_.]
[Note 233: 3rd. sing. pres. neg. of =antaa=, _to give_ (p. 69).]
[Note 234: Negative form (understand =ei=) of =jaella=, derived from
=jakaa=, _to divide_ or _distribute_.]
[Note 235: 2nd pers. sing. concessive negative of =päästä= (like
=nousta=).]
[Note 236: Essive of =se=.]
[Note 237: Essive sing. of =ilmoinen=, derived from =ilma= (_the open
space_ or _air_) and apparently meaning _long_.]
[Note 238: Essive of =ikä=, _life_. For temporal meaning of essive, _v._
p. 157. The whole expression apparently means _in this long life_, i.e.
_as long as you live_.]
[Note 239: Illative plur. of =koti=, _home_, with affix of 2nd pers.
pron.]
[Note 240: Illative of 3rd infin. of =kulkea=, _to go_.]
[Note 241: Allative plur. of =maa=, _land_, with affix of 2nd pers.]
[Note 242: Illative of 3rd infin. of =madella=.]
[Note 243: 3rd sing. imperf. of =uuvuttaa=, _to tire_ or _throw to
sleep_.]
[Note 244: = =uneen=, illative sing. of =uni=, _sleep_; the illative is
used on account of the idea of change of state in =uuvutti=.]
[Note 245: 3rd sing. imp. of =panna= (like =tulla=), _to put_.]
[Note 246: 1st infin. of root =makata= (like =lupata=), _to sleep_. The
expression =panna maata= is generally used in an intransitive sense, _to
go to bed_.]
[Note 247: Acc. sing. of =matkalainen=, _a traveller_, deriv. from
=matka=, _journey_.]
[Note 248: Allative sing. (on account of motion in lying down _unto_) of
compound noun composed of =talja= and =vuode=, both meaning _skin_, or
_fur_.]
[Note 249: 3rd sing. pres. of =makaella=, derivative verb from =maata=.]
[Note 250: Part. sing. of =uni=.]
[Note 251: Derivative verb from =ottaa=, _to take_.]
[Note 251a: 3rd sing. imperf. of =valvoa=, _to watch_. The expression is
a proverb, and means _he slept with one eye open_.]
[Note 251b: Nominative sing. of compound adj. formed of =käykkä=,
_prominent_, and =leuka=, _chin_.]
[Note 251c: Genitive sing. of compound substantive formed of =rauta=,
_iron_, and =rihma=, _thread_.]
[Note 251d: Noun of agency formed with affix =ja= from =kehrätä=, _to
spin_.]
[Note 251e: Genitive plur. of =vaskilanka=, compound of =vaski=, _brass_,
and =lanka=, _twine_.]
[Note 252: Noun of agency from =valaa=, _to pour_ or _make by casting_.]
[Note 253: Accusative sing. of =satainen=, _hundred-fold_, here meaning
_complicated_ or _large_.]
[Note 254: Accusative sing. of =nuotta=, _a large net_.]
[Note 255: Accusative sing. of =tuhantinen=; _v._ =satainen=, _above_.]
[Note 256: 3rd sing. imperf. of =tuuritella=, _to knit_ (from
=tuurittaa=).]
[Note 257: Essive sing. of =yö=, _night_ (p. 157).]
[Note 258: Essive sing. of =yksi=.]
[Note 259: Essive sing. of =kesäinen=, adj. from =kesä=, _summer_;
=kesäisenä=, contracted to =kesäisnä=.]
[Note 260: = =yhdellä= (p. 51).]
[Note 261: Adessive sing. of compound subst. formed of =vesi=, _water_,
and =kivi=, _stone_.]
[Note 262: Nominative sing. _an old man_.]
[Note 263: Nominative sing. compound of =kolme=, _three_ (N.B. in
compounds the =e= becomes =i=), and =sormi=, _a finger_.]
[Note 264: Genitive plur. of =rautaverkko=, compound of =rauta=, _iron_,
and =verkko=, _a net_.]
[Note 265: Noun of agency from =kutoa=, _to weave_.]
[Note 266: Genitive sing. of =vaskinuotta=; _v._ Nos. 251 and 254.]
[Note 267: Noun of agency from =valmistaa=, _to make ready_.]
[Note 268: 3rd sing. imperf. of =kutoa=.]
[Note 269: 3rd sing. imperf. of =tuikutella=.]
[Note 270: Essive of =sama=, _the same_.]
[Note 271: Nominative sing. (gen. =pojan=), _a boy_.]
[Note 272: Compound adj. =koukku=, _a hook_, =sormi=, _a finger_.]
[Note 273: Compound adj. =rauta=, _iron_, =näppi=, _finger tip_.]
[Note 274: 3rd sing. imperf. of =vetää=, _to draw_ or _spread_.]
[Note 275: Elative sing. of =joki=, _river_; =alatse=, =läpi=, =poikki=,
=yli=, sometimes take the elative instead of partitive in the Kalevala.]
[Note 276: =sekä ... jotta= = _both ... and_, but the third =jotta=
introduces a final sentence with the verb in the indicative, not in the
subjunctive, as is more usual.]
[Note 277: Illative sing. of =vita=, _crosswise_.]
[Note 278: Negative pres. of =päästää=, _to let go_.]
[Note 279: Negative pres. of =selvittää=, _to liberate_ (from =selvä=,
_free_ or _clear_).]
[Note 280: Essive of =kuu=, _moon_.]
[Note 281: Genitive sing. of =kulta=, _gold_.]
[Note 282: Essive of =walkea=, _bright_. The meaning of these three words
is clearly _as long as the moon shines_, but their exact relation to
each other is a little obscure. =Kullan= is apparently an attributive
genitive belonging to =kuun=, and the essive is to be taken in a
temporal sense. Literally, _in the moon of gold shining_. Cf. XLIX. 116.
=Päivä-kullan paistamahan.=]
[Note 283: Elative plur. of =koti=, _home_.]
[Note 284: Elative plur. of =ikimaja=, compound of =iki=, _always_, and
=maja=, _dwelling_.]
[Note 285: Compound concessive of =tulla=; =lie= = =lienee=. For use of
the concessive in questions, _v._ p. 177.]
[Note 286: Nominative sing. with affix of 1st person.]
[Note 287: Compound of =hätä=, _straits_ or _danger_, and =päivä=, _day_.]
[Note 288: Allative sing. of =pää=, _head_.]
[Note 289: Adessive plur. of =majanne= (stem =-tehe=) formed from =maja=
(p. 47), _a poor dwelling_.]
[Note 290: Genitive of =pika=, _swiftness_, used adverbially.]
[Note 291: Translative sing. of =muu=, _other_; for use of the case here
and in =toiseksi= after verbs denoting change (_v._ p. 158).]
[Note 292: 3rd pers. sing, imperf. (_v._ p. 109) of =muutella=, derived
from =muuttaa=, _to make other_ (=muu=), or _change_.]
[Note 293: Genitive of =rutto=, _rapid_, used adverbially.]
[Note 294: 3rd sing. imperf. of =ruveta=, _to begin_ or _become_.]
[Note 295: 3rd sing. imperf. of =mennä=, _to go_.]
[Note 296: Illative of =meri=, _sea_.]
[Note 297: Essive of =sarva= (or =saarva=), _an otter_. For the case of
this and =mustana=, etc., _v._ p. 157.]
[Note 298: Illative sing. of =saraikko=, formed from =sara=, _sedge_; cf.
No. 9.]
[Note 299: 3rd sing. imperf. of =matoa=, _to creep_.]
[Note 300: Essive sing. of =rautainen=, _iron_.]
[Note 301: Essive of =kyinen= (stem =se=) adj. from =kyy=, _a viper_.]
[Note 302: Essive of =käärme= (stem =käärmehe=), _a serpent_.]
[Note 303: Preposition with elat. _v._ No. 280.]
[Note 304: Part. plur. of =verkko=, _net_; cf. No. 5.]
[Note 305: Adessive of =aamu=, _morning_ (p. 150).]
[Note 306: = =varhain=, adv. _early_.]
[Note 307: = =sadan=, accusative of =sata=, _hundred_.]
[Note 308: 3rd sing. pres. of =saa=.]
[Note 309: Part. plur. of =taimen= (stem =taimene=), _a kind of fish_
(_salmo fario_ or _trutta_, Lönnrot).]
[Note 310: a thousand, p. 52.]
[Note 311: =Emon= is gen. of =emo= (= =emä=), _mother_; =alvehia=, part.
plur. of =alve= (stem =alpehe=, _a young fish_). The phrase seems to mean
_fry that follow their mother_.]
[Note 312: Part. cases of =Väinämöinen= and =Uvantolainen=, after
negative verb.]
[Note 313: Nominative sing. adj. originally _muddy_; thence _soft_ or
_light_; explained as meaning here =kevytmielinen=, _light-minded_.]
[Note 314: Also called =Ahti= and =Kaukomieli=. The most fascinating and
adventurous of the heroes of the Kalevala, but sadly deficient in moral
sense. He was much attached to female society, which led to his being
killed, apparently very thoroughly, in book xiv., but in xv. his mother
resuscitates him; he did not, however, learn wisdom. Books xxvi. and
xxvii. recount his struggle with the people of Pohjola, with whom he was
on bad terms owing to his not being invited to the marriage of Ilmarinen,
and in xxix. he had to fly to Saari, whence however he was expelled
(owing to his light conduct with a thousand brides and a hundred widows),
and has further adventures in xxx. In the rest of the Kalevala he plays
rather a secondary part.]
[Note 315: 3rd pers. sing. imperf. (p. 227) from =pyörähtää=, _to turn_
(=pyörä=, _wheel_ or _circle_).]
[Note 316: Postposition governing =venosen=; the allative is used because
motion is implied.]
[Note 317: Adessive sing. of =hako=, _timber floating in water_.]
[Note 318: Genitive sing. of =hauki=, _pike_.]
[Note 319: Genitive sing. of =koira=, _dog_.]
[Note 320: Adessive plur. of =konkka-luu=, compound noun.]
[Note 321: Part. plur. of =joki=, _various_.]
[Note 322: = =on=.]
[Note 323: Part. plur. of =hako=, _v._ 317.]
[Note 324: = =vedä=, 2nd pers. sing. imperat. of =vetää=, _to draw_.]
[Note 325: Adessive (p. 152) sing. of =miekka=, _sword_.]
[Note 326: 2nd sing. imperf. of =katkaista=, _to break_ or _sever_, stem
=katkaise=.]
[Note 327: Nominative sing. _a fish_, direct object of =katkaise= (p.
128).]
[Note 328: = =kahdeksi=, trans. of =kaksi=, _two_ (for case, _v._ p.
158).]
[Note 329: Nominative sing. adj. _merry_.]
[Note 330: Adj. formed from stem =vere=, _blood_, with suffix =va= (p.
48), _vigorous_ or _youthful_.]
[Note 331: Ablative sing. of =vyö=, _a girdle_, with affix of 3rd pers.]
[Note 332: Acc. sing. of compound subst. with first member (=luu=,
_bone_) in gen. and second noun of agency, formed from =purra=, _to
bite_.]
[Note 333: Ablative sing. of =puoli=, _side_, with affix of 3rd pers.]
[Note 334: Part. sing. of =meryt= (stem =merye=), dimin. of =meri=,
_sea_.]
[Note 335: Preposition governing =laian=, though generally a
postposition.]
[Note 336: 3rd sing. pres. of =laskettaa= (trans. form of =laskea=), _to
smite_.]
[Note 337: 3rd sing. imperf. of =vierähtää=, deriv. verb (p. 112) from
=vierrä=, _to roll down_.]
[Note 338: Instr. plur. of =koura=, _palm of the hand_.]
[Note 339: 3rd pers. imperf. of =kohahtaa=, onomatopoeic verb
representing noise of bubbling water.]
[Note 340: Elative sing. of =se=, used adverbially, _then_.]
[Note 341: =seppo= or =seppä=, nominative sing. _a smith_.]
[Note 342: The magic smith of Kalevala and forger of the Sampo; after
many trials he married the maiden of Pohja (xix.), and the marriage is
described in xx-xxv., but in xxxiii. she is killed. Ilmarinen then forged
himself a wife of gold and silver (xxxvii.), who did not prove entirely
satisfactory in all respects.]
[Note 343: 3rd sing. imperf. of =tarttua=, _to stick_ or _cling to_.]
[Note 344: Illative sing. of =tukka=, _hair_.]
[Note 345: Part. sing. of =uros=, used as genitive. This use (which is
hardly found in prose) is chiefly used of things which form part of
something else.]
[Note 346: 3rd sing. of =nostaltaa=, deriv. verb from =nostaa=, _to
raise_.]
[Note 347: Nominative sing. _all_ (p. 170).]
[Note 348: 2nd part. passive of =kyhätä=, _to form_; this word and
=pantu= are followed by translatives to indicate the end for which a
thing is made (p. 159).]
[Note 349: Trans. sing. of =lisä=, _an addition_.]
[Note 350: Allative sing. of =sataluku=, _hundred number_ (=luvulle= is
now the usual orthography, p. 14).]
[Note 351: Allative sing. of =tuhat= (stem =tuhante=), _a thousand_.]
[Note 352: Trans. sing. of =täyte= (stem =täyttehe=), _a complement_ or
_supplement_ (=täysi=, _full_).]
[Note 353: Elative sing. of =tuppi=, _sheath_, with affix of 3rd person.]
[Note 354: Accusative sing. of =tuima=, _fierce_.]
[Note 355: Adessive (p. 152) of =joka=, here used in sense _and with it_.]
[Note 356: = =kolhaisti= or =kolkkaisti=, 3rd sing. imperf. of
=kalhaista=, _to strike_ or _split_.]
[Note 357: 3rd sing. imperf. of =läimähyttää= (deriv. of =läimätä=), _to
smite_.]
[Note 358: Trans. sing. of =murska=, _a fragment_ (p. 158). N.B. The word
is not in the plural and is almost adverbial, _piecemeal_.]
[Note 359: 3rd sing. imperf. of =mureta=, _to break_ (stem =murene=, p.
94 F and 107).]
[Note 360: = =tietänyt= (p. 226, ix), 2nd part. act. of =tietää=, _to
perceive_ or _know_, with adv. affix =kana=.]
[Note 361: _v._ p. 141, vii.]
[Note 362: Part. sing. of =puoli=, _half_ (p. 34); for use of part. _v._
p. 122.]
[Note 363: Part. sing. of =kolmannes= (stem =-ekse=), _a third part_.]
[Note 364: Adv. _when_, used with =kun= to mean _as soon as_.]
[Note 365: Nominative sing. (stem =tarpehe=), _need_.]
[Note 366: = =vaaditaan=, passive of =vaatia=, _to demand_.]
[Note 367: Adv. _then_.]
[Note 368: Inessive sing. of =melkeä=, _moderate_ (? Russian =мелкій=);
for use of inessive _v._ p. 140, iii. The expression seems ironical, _is
in a very moderate state_.]
[Note 369: Nominative sing. _business_, _duty_, _capacity_; cf. for use
here =ei ole hänellä tointa=.]
[Note 370: Adessive of =toisia=, _another place_; cf. =muualla=, and our
expression _to be all abroad_.]
[Note 371: 3rd sing. imperf. of =vedältää=, deriv. verb from =vetää=.]
[Note 372: 3rd sing. imperf. of =työntää=, _to thrust_ or _smite_.]
[Note 373: 3rd sing. imperf. of =langetella=, deriv. verb from
=langettaa=, which is the causative form of =langeta=, _to fall_.]
[Note 374: Compound of =kala=, _fish_, and =hauki=, _pike_. The usual
form would be =haukikala= (cf. =valaskala=, _a whale_).]
[Note 375: 3rd sing. imperf. reflexive (p. 227) of =luottaa=, _to send
through_ or _drive_, a factitive form from =luoda=, one of whose meanings
is _to cast_ (_v._ No. 496).]
[Note 376: Illative sing. of =luja=, _firm_.]
[Note 377: Illative plur. of =kitanen= (stem =-se=, diminutive of
=kita=), _the gills of a fish_.]
[Note 378: 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of =kiinnittää=, _to fix_, derived
from =kiinni=.]
[Note 379: 3rd sing. imperf. of =katketa=, _to break_ or _fall asunder_;
cf. 326.]
[Note 380: = =pyrstö=, nominative sing. _a tail_.]
[Note 381: Illative sing. of =pohja=, _bottom_ or _shore_.]
[Note 382: 3rd sing. imperf. of =pudota= (like =luvata=), _to fall_.]
[Note 383: 3rd sing. imperf. of =kavahtaa=, _to leap forth_ or _fall_.]
[Note 384: Illative sing. of =karvas= (cf. =oas=, p. 40), _a small boat_.]
[Note 385: 3rd sing. imperf. of =ottaa=, here used intransitively, _to
start_ or _begin_.]
[Note 386: 1st sing. of stem =juokse= (cf. =syökse=, p. 107), _to run_ or
_speed_.]
[Note 387: Elative sing. of =puutos=, _a hindrance_ (=puuttaa=, _to hold_
or _fasten_).]
[Note 388: 3rd sing. imperf. act. of =luottaa=, _v._ 375.]
[Note 389: Allative sing. of =luotonen=, dimin. of =luoto=, _island_ or
_shore_.]
[Note 390: 3rd sing. imperf. of =ravahuttaa=, fact. form of =ravahtaa=,
which is itself a deriv. of =ravata=, _to move quickly_; cf. =ravakka=,
_quick_.]
[Note 391: Illative sing. of =rantanen=, dimin. of =ranta=, _shore_.]
[Note 392: Part. sing. (p. 127) of =pääpala=, compound of =pää=, _head_,
and =pala=, _a piece_.]
[Note 393: Int. pron. (p. 60).]
[Note 394: Elative plur. of =sulho=, _a young man_; for use of case, _v._
p. 143, viii.]
[Note 395: Illative of 3rd infin. of =halkoa= (=halki=), _to cleave_. The
verb on which the infinitive depends is omitted, but some such words as
‘let him come’ must be understood.]
[Note 396: Instr. plur. of =vipla= (or =viipale=), _a strip_. For the
nom. =hauki=, _v._ p. 128, iii (2).]
[Note 397: Illative of 3rd infin. of =viiltää= (fact. of =viillä=), _to
split open_.]
[Note 398: Illative 3rd infin. of =pahkoa=, _to cleave_.]
[Note 399: 3rd plur. pres. of =puhua=, _to speak_ (original meaning _to
blow_).]
[Note 400: Ablative plur. of =laitanen= (stem =-se=), dimin. of =laita=,
_shore_.]
[Note 401: Genitive of =saaja=, noun of agency, from =saada=, _to take_
(p. 45).]
[Note 402: Nominative plur. of =sulin=, superlative of =sula=, _flowing_,
_active_, or _dexterous_.]
[Note 403: Genitive sing. of =pyytäjä= from =pyytää=, _to catch_; cf. No.
401.]
[Note 404: Nominative plur. of =pyhin=, superl. of =pyhä=, _holy_.]
[Note 405: Accusative sing. of =veitsi=, _knife_.]
[Note 406: Elative sing. of =huotra=, _a sheath_, with affix of 3rd
person.]
[Note 407: Ablative sing. of =kylki=, _side_, with affix of 3rd person.]
[Note 408: Accusative sing. of =kylmä=, _cold_.]
[Note 409: 3rd sing. pres. of =halkaista= (=halki=), _to split_.]
[Note 410: 3rd sing. pres. of No. 398.]
[Note 411: Nominative sing. superl. of =nuori=, _young_.]
[Note 412: Elative plur. of =neitonen= (stem =-se=), dimin. of =neito=,
_woman_.]
[Note 413: Illative of 3rd infin. of =keittää=, _to cook_; _v._ No. 395.]
[Note 414: Trans. plur. (p. 158) of =murkinainen=, adj. of =murkina=,
_the midday meal_.]
[Note 415: Trans. plur. of =muru=, _fragment_.]
[Note 416: Trans. plur. of =kalainen=, adj. formed from =kala=, _fish_.]
[Note 417: Trans. plur. of =lounas=, _midday meal_.]
[Note 418: Instr. sing. of =kilpa=, _strife_ or _rivalry_.]
[Note 419: =kymmen=, _ten_, with affix =ki=.]
[Note 420: Pres. passive of =keittää=.]
[Note 421: = =murkinoidaan=, pres. passive of =murkinoita= from
=murkina=, _breakfast_.]
[Note 422: Essive plur. from =muru=, _a bit_.]
[Note 423: 3rd sing. imperf. of =jäädä=, _to remain_, with affix =pä=,
followed by allative (p. 156).]
[Note 424: Part. plur. of =luu=, _bone_.]
[Note 425: Allative of =kallio=, _rock_.]
[Note 426: Elat. sing. of pron. =tuo=, with suffix =ki=.]
[Note 427: Elat. plur. of same.]
[Note 428: Elative plur. (p. 143, ix) of =hammas= (stem =hampaha=),
_tooth_.]
[Note 429: Elative of =leveä=, _broad_.]
[Note 430: Elative of =leuka-luu=, _jaw-bone_.]
[Note 431: Inessive of =paja=, _a smithy_.]
[Note 432: Essive of =luo= (p. 210), here prepos. with genitive.]
[Note 433: Genitive of 1st part. act. of =taitaa=, _to be able_ or
_skilful_.]
[Note 434: Genitive of =takoja=, _forger_, from =takoa=, _to forge_.]
[Note 435: Genitive of =mahtava=, _powerful_.]
[Note 436: Elative of =tyhjä=, _void_ or _emptiness_.]
[Note 437: = =mitään=, _v._ p. 219 and 122.]
[Note 438: Elative sing. of =ruotta=, _mouth_ (_of a fish_); =ruota= or
=ruoto= is the usual form.]
[Note 439: Part. sing. of =kalu=, _an instrument_ (p. 122).]
[Note 440: Dimin. of =kantelo= = =kantele=, _a kind of harp with five
strings_.]
[Note 441: = =osaajaa=, part. of =osaaja=, noun of agency, from =osata=,
_to know_ or _be skilful_.]
[Note 442: Genitive sing. of =soitto=, _a musical instrument_.]
[Note 443: Part. of =laatija=, noun of agency from =laatia=, _to make_.
The part. is used because the sentence is practically negative.]
[Note 444: 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of =luoda=, _to create_ or _make_.]
[Note 445: Translative (p. 158, iii) of =tekijä=, noun of agency, from
=tehdä=, _to make_.]
[Note 446: 3rd sing. imperf. reflex. of =teennellä=, deriv. of =tehdä=
(stem =teke=), _to make_.]
[Note 447: 3rd sing. imperf. of =suorittaa= (from =suora=), _to prepare_.]
[Note 448: Accusative sing. of =ilo=, _joy_.]
[Note 449: Accusative sing. of =ikuinen=, from =ikä=, _life_.]
[Note 450: Elative sing. of =kuka=, meaning here _from what_ (p. 144,
ix).]
[Note 451: Nominative sing., _the body_ or _frame_ (_of the harp_).]
[Note 452: Part. sing. of =kantele= (stem =-lehe=), _harp_; for use of
part. _v._ No. 345.]
[Note 453: Genitive sing. of =suuri=, _great_.]
[Note 454: Nominatives plur. of =kieli=, _tongue_ or _string_, and
=naula=, _a nail_.]
[Note 455: Elative plur. of =hivus= = =hius= (stem =hiukse=), _hair_.]
[Note 456: = =Hiiden=, genitive sing. of =Hiisi=, _the genius of evil_.]
[Note 457: Genitive sing. of =ruuna=, poetical word for _a horse_.]
[Note 458: Essive sing. of 2nd part. passive (= =suoritettuna=) of
=suorittaa=.]
[Note 459: Essive sing. of =valmis=, _ready_ (stem =valmihi=).]
[Note 460: Compound word; first member in genitive, second adj. formed
from =evä=, _a fin_.]