=Tämä=, _this_, is used of both persons and things. =Nämä talot ovat
minun=, _these houses are mine_. =Tällä miehellä ei ole rahaa=, _this man
has no money_. =Tuo=, _that_, is also used of both persons and things.
=Tuo tyttö on kaunis=, _that girl is good-looking_. =Tuo ei ole oikein=,
_that is not correct_.
=Se= is used of the third person if anything but a human being is spoken
of. =Missä on koira? Se ei ole huoneessa=, _where is the dog? He’s not
in the room_. =Ne kalat ovat pienet=, _these fish are small_. =Mitä
pidätte siitä=, _what do you think of it?_ In popular language and in the
Kalevala it is also used as the equivalent of =hän=. =Se puhuu totta=,
_he speaks the truth_. =Se mies joka paikkansa pitää= (proverb), _he is
a man who keeps his place_. It is also used adjectively to emphasize
a word, and often corresponds to our article. =Se koira vinkasi johon
kalikka kävi=, _the dog who is hit howls_ (proverb).
_Reflexive Pronouns._
The reflexive pronoun in Finnish is supplied by the oblique cases of
=Itse=, _self_, always with the addition of the proper possessive affix.
The genitive, however, is rarely used, and only with prepositions.
=Ostin itselleni hatun=, _I bought myself a hat_. =Itsestänsä paha
pappi saarnaa= (proverb), _a bad priest preaches about himself_. =Tunne
itsesi=, _know thyself_. =Auta itseäsi ja jumala sinua auttaa=, _help
yourself and God will help you_. _Vide_ below (p. 170) for other uses of
this word =itse=.
The genitive of the reflexive pronoun is supplied by the adjective =oma=,
_own_, corresponding to the Russian =свой=. The noun qualified by this
adjective takes the proper pronominal affix. =Minä otin oman osani, ja
hän ei sinun osaasi ottanut vaan oman osansa=, _I took my share, and he
did not take your share, but his own share_. =Oma= has not always the
reflexive meaning, but is used simply for emphasis as ‘my own,’ etc. in
English. =Tämä on minun oma taloni=, _this is my own cottage_. =Omat
on virret oppimani, omat saamani sanaiset.= It is also used without
reference to a definite subject to mean ‘one’s own.’
=Omat maat makuisimmat
Omat metsät mieluisimmat.=
_One’s own lands are more pleasant and one’s own forests sweeter_ (than
those of others).
_Interrogative Pronouns._
(1) =Kuka= is a substantive. The nominative singular and plural means
_who?_ and is only used of persons. The remaining cases =kussa=, =kusta=,
=kuhun= _or_ =kunne=, =kuin=, =kun=, etc., are mostly used as particles.
=Kuka luulisi häntä niin viekkaaksi?= _Who would have thought him so
clever?_ =Kutka tuolta tulevat?= _Who come from there?_
(2) =Ken= is identical in meaning with =kuka=, being also a substantive
and only used of persons. The nominative is rarely used, but the oblique
cases supply those of =kuka=. =Kenen kirja tämä on?= _Whose book is
this?_ =Kenellähän olisi rahaa?= _Who is likely to have any money?_
(3) =Mikä= has two uses: (1) when applied to persons it is always used
adjectively. =Mikä mies tuo on?= _what man is that?_ =Mi sinä olet
miehiäsi?= (Kal. ii. 134.) _what manner of man art thou?_ (2) When
applied to things it can be used either adjectively or substantively. It
will be noticed that this is exactly similar to the use of _what_ in
English. =Mikä on nimesi?= _what is your name?_ =Mitä maksoitte?= _what
did you pay?_ =Millä kadulla asutte?= _what street do you live in?_
(4) =Kumpi= is either a substantive or an adjective, and means _which of
two_. =Kumpi teistä= (_or_ =teitä=) =tulee?= _Which of you is coming?_
=Kumpaa viiniä paremmin rakastatte, punaistako vain valkoista?= _Which
wine do you prefer, red or white?_ =Hän saapui Turkuun, jossa kaupungissa
viipyi kaksi viikkoa=, _He arrived at Åbo, in which town he remained two
weeks_.
_Relative Pronouns._
=Joka=, _who_ or _which_, is a substantive, and sometimes an adjective.
=Joka myllyyn menee se tomuun tulee=, _he who goes to the mill gets
dusty_ (proverb). =Poika, jolle annoitte kirjan, on veljeni=, _the boy to
whom you gave the book is my brother_.
=Jompi=, _which of two_, is not frequently used: =Ota näistä kirjoista
jomman tahdot=, _take which of these books you like_. =Pata kattilata
soimaa: musta kylki kummallakin=, _the pot abuses the kettle; but both
are black_. =Kuka=, =kumpi=, and =mikä=, are also used as relatives. =En
tiedä kuka se on=, _I do not know what is_. =Jos tietäisin mitä tahdotte,
niin antaisin=, _if I knew what you wanted I would give it you_. N.B. The
word =kuin=, meaning _as_, is sometimes used as a relative pronoun.
_Indefinite Pronouns._
I. One kind of indefinite pronoun is formed by the union of the relative
and interrogative in their shortened form. =Joku=, _some one_, _some
one or other_; =jompikumpi=, _one or other of two_. =Joku kolkuttaa=,
_some one is knocking_. =Tuli joitakuita miehiä=, _some men came_. =Sano
jommalle kummalle=, _tell one or other of them_.
II. The relative and interrogative pronouns when combined with the suffix
=kin=—=jokin=, =kukin=, =mikin=, =kumpikin= _or_ =kumpainenkin=—are
used as indefinite pronouns in affirmative sentences. The same pronouns
combined with =kaan=—=kukaan=, =kenkään=, =mikään=, =kumpikaan=—are used
only in negative phrases or dubitative questions, and then mean, _no
one_, _none_, _nothing_, and _neither_. =Menköön jokin hänen jälkeen=,
_let some one go after him_. =Ei kukaan tiedä mihin hän meni=, _no one
knows where he went_. =Oletteko kuulleet jotakin uutta?= _have you
heard something new?_ =En mitäkään=, _nothing_. =Ei johtunut kenenkään
mieleen=, _no one remembered_ (_it came into nobody’s mind_). =Kelpaako
näistä kumpikaan?= _will either of these do?_
Under many circumstances the interogative and relative pronouns are used
as indefinite.
(1) In sentences meaning ‘some do one thing, some another.’ Cf. the use
of =кто= in Russian. =Mikä itkee, mikä nauraa=, _one weeps and another
laughs_. =Kuka uskoo, kuka ei=, _some believe, and some don’t_. =Ketä
nälättää, ketä janottaa=, _one is hungry, and another thirsty_.
(2) When two interrogatives or relatives are combined together and
one takes the suffix =kin= in such expressions as =vieraita tuli mikä
mistäkin=, _strangers come some from one side some from another_
(Lat. _alii aliunde_). =Haastelivat minkän mitäkin=, _they talked of
different subjects_. =Tekivät tuttavuutta kuka kunkin kanssa=, _they made
acquaintances one with another_.
(3) Interrogatives and relatives are turned into indefinite pronouns by
the addition of the words =hyvänsä=, =tahtonsa=, =tahansa=, =ikänänsä=,
=ikinä=, corresponding to the Latin _cumque_, _libet_, _vis_, and such
English expressions as _who you like_, _who you will_, or _ever_. =Sen
taitaa kuka hyvänsä tehdä=, _anyone can do that_; =missä ikänänsä
olette=, _wherever you are_; =tulkoon kuka tahtonsa= _or_ =tahansa=,
_whoever comes_; =kuka ikinä sen löytää=, _whoever finds it_.
(4) The use of the simple interrogative for the indefinite pronoun is
peculiarly frequent in phrases beginning with =vaikka=. =Tulkoon vaikka
kuka=, _come who may_. =Maksoi vaikka mitä=, _whatever it cost_. =Oli
hän waikka kuka=, _whoever he may be_. Cf. =vaikka koska=, _whenever_;
=vaikka missä=, _wherever_.
_Various Pronominal Adjectives._
I. =Eräs=, =muutama= and =muudan= _or_ =muuan=, all mean _some_, _a
certain_. =Eräänä aamuna=, _one morning_. =Muutamia miehiä astui
huoneesen=, _several men came into the room_. =Oli kerran muudan ukko=,
_there was once an old man_.
II. =Itse.= This word, which means _self_, is used as a reflexive
pronoun, as described above, p. 166. It is also used simply for emphasis.
=Minä itse=, _I myself_; =hän on itse hyvyys=, _he is goodness itself_.
When =itse= is used with a substantive it can either precede, in which
case it is not declined and takes no pronominal suffix, or else follow,
in which case it is put in the same case as the substantive and has a
suffix. =Itse asiassa se ei mitään tee=, _as a matter of fact that makes
no difference_. =Kuulin kerran, ukon itsensä puhuvan=, _I once heard the
old man himself say_.
When =itse= is used with postpositions it often remains unchanged
while the postposition takes the pronominal suffix. =Itse puolestani
olen tyytyväinen=, _for my part I am content_. =Hän on itse kauttansa
rikastunut=, _he has grown rich by his own exertions_ (_through
himself_). =En siitä huolisi itse tähteni=, _I should not trouble about
it on my own account_.
III. =Kaikki=, _all, every_, is the Latin _omnis_. =Koko=, _all_ or _the
whole_, is _totus_. This latter word is properly a substantive meaning
collection, and it is not declined when used as an adjective. =Kaikki= is
declined, but its accusative singular is either =kaikki= _or_ =kaiken=.
The nominative and accusative plural are also generally =kaikki=, but
=kaiket= is used in the sense of =koko=. N.B. =Hän on minulle kaikki
kaikessa=, _he is all in all to me_.
IV. =Moni= is generally used in the singular, =moni mies=, _many a man_.
When it is used as the subject of a sentence, the partitive =monta=
is generally employed. =Monta miestä, monta mieltä=, _many men, many
opinions_ (proverb).
The plural =monet= has generally the sense of various. =Monet venäjän
kansat elävät kalastuksella=, _many races in Russia live by fishing_.
V. The word =toinen=, _another_ or _second_, is used with the pronominal
suffixes as a reciprocal pronoun. In this case either the oblique case
may be used alone with the suffix, or the nominative, without the suffix
be added. =He rakastavat toisiansa=, _they love one another_, or =He
rakastavat toinen toisiansa=.
=Muu= means _other_ or _another_, whereas =toinen= usually means _the
other_, or at any rate refers to a definite person. Thus =Näistä miehestä
toinen on venäläinen, toinen saksalainen=, _one of these men is a
Russian, the other a German_. =Se ei ole kukaan muu kuin kuningas itse=,
_this is no other than the king himself_. =Ovatko toiset tulleet?= _are
the others come?_ =Onko ketään muita tullut?= _Has anyone else come?_
The adverbial forms =muualla=, =muualta=, =muualle= seem derived from a
stem =muuka=, which is not found in the nominative. =Miehet ovat muualta
tulleet=, _the men have come from another country_.[14]
VI. The indeclinable adjective =joka= has much the same meaning as
=jokainen=, namely _each_ or _every_. =Joka vuosi=, _every year_. =Se
nähdään joka aika=, _that is always seen_. =Annoin rahaa joka miehelle=,
_I gave every man some money_. =Joka toinen, kolmas, neljäs=, etc.,
_every second, third, fourth_, etc. =Joka toisena päivänä=, _every other
day._