(1) The following words, usually considered as cases of a nominative
=ali= which is not found, are used as postpositions with the genitive to
express rest or motion under an object.
_a._ =Alla=, rest under. =Pöydän alla=, _under the table_. =Paljaan
taiwaan alla=, _under the open heaven_. Also metaphorically, =Hänellä on
suuret maat allansa=, _large countries are under his dominion_. =Johdon
alla=, _under the direction of_. =Oven suussa orren alla=, Kal.
_b._ =Alta=, motion from under. =Koira tuli pöydän alta=, _the dog came
from under the table_. =Itse altansa=, _of oneself_. =Hän on mies itse
altansa=, _he is a self-made man_. =Karhu nousi petäjän alta=, _the bear
got up from under the fir tree_.
_c._ =Alle=, motion to the place under an object. =Koira juoksi pöydän
alle=, _the dog ran under the table_. =Antaa asia toisten tuomion alle=,
_to leave a thing to another person’s discretion_. =Kala ui sillan alle=,
_the fish swam under the bridge_.
_d._ =Alitse= _or_ =alatse=, expressing motion across a space under an
object. =Lintu lensi auringon alatse=, _a bird flew under_ (or _across_)
_the sun_. =Yli kuun, alitse päivän=, _above the moon, but below the sun_.
(2) From the nominative =asen=, _place_, come =asemessa= and =asemesta=,
postpositions with genitive, _in the place of_, _instead of_. =Miehen
asemesta=, =leivän asemesta=, _instead of a man_, _bread_, etc. =Talon
pojat suorittavat veronsa rahan asemesta viljassa=, _the peasants pay
their taxes in corn instead of money_.
(3) From =esi=, the space before an object, are formed the following
postpositions which require the genitive before them.
_a._ =Edessä=, rest before. =Hevonen on reen edessä=, _the horse is
(harnessed) in front of the sledge_. =Älä seiso edessäni=, _do not stand
before me_. =Pilvet ovat kuun edessä=, _there are clouds over the moon_.
_b._ =Edestä=, motion from before. =Siirtyä jonkun edestä=, _to move from
before some one_, _to get out of the way_. =Edestä= is also used somewhat
loosely to express _for_, _instead of_, etc.; e.g. =Kristus kuoli meidän
synteimme edestä=, _Christ died for our sins_. =Tee se minun edestäni=,
_do it instead of me_, _for me_.
_c._ =Eteen=, the illative, expresses motion into the space before an
object. =Wiholliset seisahtuivat leirin eteen=, _the enemy marched up
to the camp and halted_. When used metaphorically, like =edestä=, it
means _for_. =Isä tekee työtä lastensa eteen=, _the father works for his
children_. =Katsoa eteensä=, _to look before_ or _take care_.
_d._ =Edellä= expresses rest on a space before an object, and is nearly
the same as =edessä=, the only difference being that between the inessive
and adessive cases. =He kävivät minun edelläni=, _they walked before
me_. =Prepositionit käytetään partitivin edellä=, _prepositions are used
before the partitive_.
_e._ =Edelle= expresses motion into a place before anything. =Hän ajoi
hevosensa koko joukon edelle=, _he drove his horse on to a place before
all the people_. =Kuningas asetti johtajat kansan edelle=, _the king
appointed leaders for the people_.
_f._ Similarly =edeltä= expresses motion from a place in front of
anything. =Mies läksi toisten edeltä=, _he went from before the others._
(3) =Joukko=, _a crowd_, _number_.
_a._ =Joukossa=, _in the crowd_ or _among_. Postposition with the
genitive. =Elää ihmisten joukossa=, _to live among men_. =Älä istu
pilkkaajain joukossa=, _be not among the scornful_.
_b._ =Joukkoon= expresses motion into or with. =Katosi kansan joukkoon=,
_he was lost in this crowd_.
(4) =Jälki=, _footstep_ or _trace_, is used in several cases to mean
_behind_, chiefly of motion.
_a._ =Jälessä=, _behind_. =Mennä jonkun jälessä=, _to walk behind
anyone_. =Paimen kulkee laumansa jälessä=, _the shepherd goes behind his
flock_. =Tuli minun jälessäni=, _he walked behind me_.
_b._ =Jälestä=, _behind_ or _after_, with the idea of motion from.
=Jumalten jälestä ovat ihmiset=, _men come next to gods_. =Hän tuli minun
jälestäni=, _he came later than I_. Also used in exactly the same sense
as =jälessä=. =Sen jälestä on iso joki=, _behind it is a big river_.
_c._ =Jälkeen= means simply _after_, the force of the illative case
having been lost. =Kristuksen syntymän jälkeen=, _after the birth of
Christ_. =Minun luuloni jälkeen=, _according to my opinion_. =Kello
kolmen jälkeen=, _after three o’clock_. =Minä kirjoitan sanainne
jälkeen=, _I write from your dictation_.
(5) =Kera=, meaning _company_ or _society_, is used as a postposition
with the genitive in the nominative, adessive, and allative, in the
signification of _with_, or _beside_.
_a._ =Kera=:—=Sen kera=, _therewith_. =Istuin isännän kera=, _I sat with
the master of the house_.
_b._ =Keralla=:—=Minä menin hänen kerallansa=, _I went with him_.
=Kenenkä keralla olette olleet?= _with whom were you?_
_c._ =Keralle=:—=Tule keralleni=, _come with me_.
(6) =Keski=, _the middle_. From this are formed the following:—
_a._ =Kesken.=
i. Preposition with the partitive, or rarely with the genitive, _in the
midst of_. =Hän pysähtyi kesken puhettansa=, _he stopped in the middle of
his speech_. =Poika itki kesken lauluansa=, _the boy wept in the midst of
his song_.
ii. More commonly as a postposition with the genitive. =Heidän kesken
syntyi riita=, _a controversy arose between them_. =Kahden keskan=,
_tête-à-tête_. =Olkoon se sanottu kahden kesken=, _let this be between
ourselves_. =Asia on sovittu miesten kesken=, _the matter has been
arranged among the men_.
_b._ =Keskenä=, literally, _in the midst_, is used with the pronominal
suffixes in a reflexive sense which closely resembles the Latin _inter
se_. =He pitävät vihaa keskenänsä=, _they hate one another_. =Me sovimme
keskenämme=, _we became reconciled_. =Pilatus ja Herodes tulivat
ystäviksi keskenänsä=, _Pilate and Herod were reconciled_.
_c._ =Keskellä= (dial. =Kesellä=). Preposition with the partitive, or
postposition with the genitive, _in the midst of_. =Keskellä kaupunkia=
_or_ =kaupungin keskellä=, _in the middle of the town_. =Keskellä
virtaa=, _in the middle of the stream_. =Keskellä kesää=, =alvea=,
=yötä=, =päivää=, _in the middle of summer_, _winter_, _the night_,
_the day_.
_d._ =Keskeltä=, _from the midst_. Preposition with the partitive, or,
more usually, postposition with the genitive. =Tulla keskeltä peltoa=
_or_ =pellon keskeltä=, _to come from the middle of the field_. =En
nähnyt miestä keskeltä huonetta=, _I did not see the man from the middle
of the room_.
(7) =Kohta=, _a place_ (_or_ =kohti=) gives the following forms:—
_a._ =Kohdalla=, =kohdalta=, and =kohdalle=, denote rest in, or
motion from and to a place in the vicinity of something else, and are
postpositions with the genitive. =Talo on kirkon kohdalla=, _the house is
near the church_. =Ota pois tuolit ikkunan kohdalta=, _take the chairs
away from the window_. =Katu on laaistu talon kohdalta=.
_b._ =Kohtaan=, the illative postposition with the partitive, means _for_
or _in respect of_. =Hän on hyvä ystäviänsä kohtaan=, _he is good to his
friends_. =Rakkaus Jumalaa kohtaan=, _love of God_. =Lapset ovat nöyrät
isäänsä kohtaan=, _the children are humble before their father_.
_c._ =Kohti=, _or_ =kohden=, postpositions with the partitive. =Tulla
kaupunkia kohti= _or_ =kohden=, _to come to the town_. =Hän kulki kotia
kohti.= =Maksetaan viisi markkaa päivässä miestä kohden.=
(8) =Liki.= The nominative, adessive, allative, and ablative are used to
mean _near_.
_a._ =Liki=, preposition with partitive. =Talo on liki kaupunkia=, _the
house is near the town_. =Reppänä on liki lakea=, _the smoke hole is near
the roof_.
_b._ =Likellä=
_c._ =Likelle=
_d._ =Likeltä=
are used either as prepositions with the partitive, or as postpositions
with the genitive. =Minä asun kaupungin likellä=, _or better_, =likellä
kaupunkia=, _I live near the town_. And similarly the other two cases are
used to express motion towards or from the neighbourhood of an object.
(9) =Lähi=, _neighbourhood_, is used in the adessive, allative, and
ablative in exactly the same sense as =liki=, either as a preposition
with the partitive, or as a postposition with the genitive. =Kirkon
lähellä= _or_ =lähellä kirkkoa=, _near the church_, etc. =Rannan lähellä=
(_or_ =lähellä rantaa=) =kasvavat kaihlat=. =Minä ammuin linnun aivan
läheltäni=, _I shot a bird quite near me_.
(10) =Luo=, which is not found as a substantive in the nominative, is
used in the essive, partitive, and translative as a postposition with the
genitive.
_a._ The essive, =luona=, means _with_ or _at the house of_ (French
_chez_). =Lapset asuivat setänsä luona=, _the children lived with their
uncle_.
_b._ The translative, =luoksi=, is used to express motion to the house
or presence of a person. =Milloin tulette minun luokseni?= _when are you
coming to see me?_ =Keisari käski ruhtinaan tulla hänen luoksensa=, _the
emperor ordered the prince to appear before him_.
_c._ There is a form =luo=, no doubt shortened from =luoksi= and really
a translative, which is used in the same sense as =luoksi=. =Minä menen
tuttujeni luo=, _I am going to see my acquaintances_.
_d._ The partitive =luota= denotes motion from the house or presence of a
person. =Lähettiläs tuli keisarin luota=, _the ambassador came from the
emperor_. =Milloin läksit hänen luotansa?= _when did you leave him?_
(11) =Läpi=, =lävitse= (=läpitse=), mean _across_. =Läpi= means literally
_a hole_.
_a._ =Läpi= is either a postposition with the genitive, or a preposition
with the same case. =Kuula meni ikkunan läpi=, _the bullet came through
the window_. =Aurinko paistaa läpi ikkunan=, _the sun shines through the
window_. =Katosi läpi käsien=, _it fell through his hands and was lost_.
_b._ =Läpitse= _or_ =lävitse=, the prolative, is used in much the same
sense, expressing a motion along and through an object. =Nuoli tunkesi
seinän läpitse=, _the arrow passed through the wall_. =Ei puhalla tuuli
turkin lävitse=, _the wind does not pierce through a fur_.
(12) =Muka=, _nearness_ or _likeness_.
_a._ =Muassa=, _with_. Postposition with genitive. =Kulkea muiden
muassa=, _to journey in company with others_. =Ei minulla ollut rahoja
muassani=, _I had no money about me_.
_b._ The essive =mukana= is also used in the same sense. =Kuka on sinun
mukanasi?= _who is with you?_
_c._ =Mukaan=, postposition with the genitive, means _with_, or
_according to_, _agreeably to_, _after_. =Lähteä toisten mukaan=, _to go
with the others_. =Tehkää käskyn mukaan=, _do as you are bid_. =Neuvon
mukaan=, _according to the advice_. =Luonnon mukaan=, _naturally_.
=Tapansa mukaan=, _according to his custom_. =Koetti hän kasvattaa
itsensä Turgenjevin naistyyppien mukaan=, _she tried to form herself
after Turgenieff’s female types_.
(13) _a._ =Myötä=, postposition with genitive, meaning _with_. =Onko
rahoja miesten myötä?= _have the men money with them?_ =Hän ei ottanut
aseita myötänsä=, _he did not take the arms with him_.
_b._ =Myöten=, postposition with partitive, meaning _along_ or _according
to_. =Käydä tietä myöten=, _to follow a road_. =Tahtoasi myöten=, _as you
wish_. =Virta paisui äyräitänsä myöten=, _the river flowed by its banks_.
(14) =Ohi=, _side_, forms the following postpositions with the genitive.
_a._ =Ohessa=, _at the side of_. =Istui tien ohessa=, _he sat by the
wayside_. =Muun ohessa puhui=, _among other things he said_.
_b._ =Ohesta=, _from the side_, rarely used. =Nousi tien ohesta=, _he
rose from the way side_.