Suffixes denoting a collection of objects are—

=-sto=, generally used of inanimate objects; =kirjasto=, _a library_;

=laivasto=, _a fleet_; =hongisto=, _pinewood_.

=-uee= (original form =uehe=, nominative =-ueʻ=), generally used of

animate objects; =matkue=, =laivue=, =seurue=.

III. Names of abstract qualities are formed from adjectives with the

suffix =-ute=, =-yte= (nominative =-us=, =-ys=). Before this suffix =a=,

=ä=, =e= are changed to =u= or =y=, and form a long vowel; =hyvyys=,

_virtue_ (=hyvä=); =rakkaus= (from stem =rakkaa=); =arkuus=, _cowardice_;

=turhuus=, _vanity_. If a root ends in =i= or =ii= this vowel generally

becomes =e= in dissyllabic roots, and =u= in polysyllabic. =Kalleus=, but

=naapuruus=, =kumppanuus=.

A Finnish Grammar · 第 47 / 183 题