=-ja.= A factitive suffix, that is to say, denoting the doer of the
action denoted by the root. =Luoja=, _the creator_ (=luo=, _to create_).
=Kalastaja=, _a fisherman_. When a root ends in =e= this letter is
generally changed to =i= before the suffix =-ja=. =Teke=, _to make_,
=tekijä=, _a maker_; =luke=, _to read_, =lukija=, _a reader_. This suffix
is also found in the forms =-jame= (nominative =-jan= or =-jain=),
=-jaise= (=-jainen=), =-jaa=.
=-ri= has the same meaning as =-ja=: =mylläri=, _a miller_, =juomari=, _a
drunkard_, =petturi=, _a deceiver_. (This is really a foreign termination
from the Swedish =-re=.)
=-ma= (the termination of the third infinitive) expresses an action or
the result of an action. =Sanoma=, _report_ (“a speaking”), =elämä=,
_life_, =kuolema=, _death_.
=-mise= (nominative =minen=, the termination of the fourth infinitive)
expresses a continuous action, or an action in an abstract sense.
=Laulaminen=, _singing_, =eläminen=, _living_.
=-nto=, =-nta= (chiefly poetical), =-nti= (added to monosyllabic roots)
express an action or a state arising from an action. =Luonto=, _nature_
(from =luo=, _to create_), =uskonto=, _religion_ (“believing,” from
=uskoa=, _to believe_), =tuonti=, _bringing to_, or _importation_,
=vienti=, _bringing away from_, or _exportation_, =laulanta=, _singing_.
=o= (=ö=) and =u= (=y=) (before which the last vowel of the root is
rejected) form abstract nouns denoting action. =Muisto=, _memory_,
=makso=, _payment_, =tulo=, _arrival_, =lähtö=, _departure_, =luku=,
_reading_, =itku=, _weeping_, =maksu=, _payment_.
=-okse= or =-ukse= (nominative =-os= or =-us=) also form abstract nouns
expressing an action, and are specially added to trisyllabic verbs
ending in =-ta=. =Valmistus=, _preparation_, =harjoitus=, _practice_,
=vastaus=, _answer_. The same suffix is sometimes found in combination
with =-ma= (=-ma + ukse= = =mukse=) =juopumus=, _drunkenness_.
=-io= has the same meaning. =Huomio=, _attention_, =palkkio=, _a reward_.
=-ee= (original stem =ehe=, closed form =eʻ=) expresses action or the
product of action: =puhe=, _conversation_, =kanne=, _accusation_.
=-ime= (nominative =-in=) expresses the instrument with which an action
is performed. =Avain=, _a key_ (‘the opener’), =uistin=, _a fishhook_,
=viskain=, _anything used to throw things away_, e.g. _a bucket_;
=viskin= is also found.
II. The following suffixes are used to form derivative nouns from other
nouns.
=-se=, =-ise= (nominative =-nen=, =-inen=) are used to form family names,
like the Russian terminations =-овъ=, =-евъ=, =Peltonen=, =Koskinen=,
=Karhunen=, etc.
=-ttare= (nominative =-tar=) is a similar affix for feminine names.
=Karhutar=, =Ilmatar= (_daughter of the air_), =Manalatar= (_daughter of
death_).
=-laise= (nominative =-lainen=) is used to form designations of
nationality. =Suomalainen=, _a Finn_; =Ruotsalainen=, _a Swede_;
=Venäläinen=, _a Russian_; =Englantilainen=, _an Englishman_.