(1) After verbs, adjectives, and participles, which imply either
literally or figuratively motion to perform an action (_v._ the uses of
the illative given above). =Mies meni järvelle kalastamaan=, _the man has
gone to fish on the lake_. =Neuvon teitä kääntymään Herra V:n puoleen=,
_I advise you to apply to Mr. V._ =Ruvennee tulemaan lunta=, _it will
probably snow_. =Koko talo rupeaa palamaan=, _the whole house takes
fire_. =Hän ei ole tottunut säästelemään=, _he was not accustomed to live
economically_. =Minua käskettiin menemään pois=, _I was ordered to leave_.
(2) From such uses the illative passes naturally into an infinitive of
purpose. =Tulin kysymään=, _I have come to ask_. =Lähettivät palvelijat
häntä ottamaan kiini=, _they sent servants to take him_. =Meni
puhdistamaan itseänsä=, _he went to purify himself_. =Menemme puutarhaan
juomaan kahvia=, _let us go to take coffee in the garden_.
E. The adessive has two meanings, corresponding to the two uses of that
case in nouns.
(1) With the verb =olla= it denotes an action which one is on the point
of performing. The infinitive always takes a pronominal suffix in this
use. =Olen juuri lähtemälläni=, _I am just going_, literally, _I am on
my departing_. =Olin tekemälläni tuhmuuden=, _I was on the point of
committing a folly_.
(2) It expresses the means by which an action is performed. =Ostamalla
kaikkia saapi=, _one gets everything by buying_. =Hauskempaa on kalastaa
onkimalla kuin tarpomalla=, _it is more agreeable to catch fish by
angling than by netting_. =Pelasti henkensä uimalla=, _he saved his life
by swimming_. =Viittomalla osoiti hän meille tien=, _he showed us the way
by waving his hand_.
F. The abessive expresses an action without which the action of the
principal verb takes place. It is very largely used in Finnish to express
what is represented by negative sentences in other languages, on account
of the restrictions on the use of the negative words =en=, =et=, =ei=,
etc. It can take the pronominal suffixes. =Viivyttämättä=, _without
delay_. =Mies meni pois kenenkään huomaamatta=, _the man went away
without any one remarking it_. =Sen asian tunnen sanomattasikin=, _I know
that without your saying a word_. =Hänen hyväsydäminen isänsä ei voinut
olla hänelle antamatta tulevaa perintöösuutta=, _her good-natured father
could not help giving her the part of her inheritance due to her_.
In examples like this the abessive of this infinitive (often with
the verb =olla=) serves as a negative form of the other infinitives.
=Tahtoisin tulla=, _I should like to come_; but =Tahtoisin olla
tulematta=, _I should like not to come_ (_to be without coming_). =Hän
läksi minun nähteni=, _he went out while I was looking_. =Hän läksi minun
näkemättäni=, _he went out without my seeing_.
This infinitive is also used in a passive sense, though not in a passive
form. =Työ on vielä tekemättä=, _the work is not yet done_ (lit. _is
without doing_). In this sense it serves as a negative of the past
passive participle.
This case of the infinitive III is very common in the Kalevala. E.g. iv.
217, =Parempi minun olisi, Parempi olisi ollut Syntymättä, kasvamatta,
Suureksi sukeumatta=, which is equivalent to, _better had it been for me
not to have been born_, xliii. 417, =Vihoin päivän paistamatta, Vihoin
kuun kumottamatta=, etc.
_Infinitive IV._
The fourth infinitive, like the third, is used as a simple substantive.
=Se on parhain keino sen oppimiseen=, _that is the best means for the
study of it_. =Viipymisesi on sinua paljo vahingoitanut=, _your delay has
greatly injured you_.
There is also a use of this infinitive analogous to that of infinitive
I mentioned above, p. 188. In order to express a continued action the
verb is repeated in the partitive of infinitive IV with the pronominal
suffix. =Vähetä vähenemistään=, _to grow less and less_. =Äiti kiivastui
kiivastumistaan tyttärensä itsepintaisuudesta=, _the mother grew more and
more furious at her daughter’s obstinacy_. =Päivä alenee alenemistaan=,
_the sun sinks lower and lower_.