(1) If it is the total object of an imperative. =Anna leipä pojalle=,
_give the boy the bread_. =Vie hevonen talliin=, _take the horse to the
stable_.
(2) If it is the total object of an infinitive, which depends on an
imperative, and sometimes in other cases (_vide_ p. 185). =Käske tuoda
ruoka pyötään=, _order the food to be put on the table_. =Antakaa
lähettää sähkösanoma=, _have a telegram sent_.
(3) If it is a cardinal number. =Maksoin kolme ruplaa=, _I paid three
rubles_.
(4) As has already been stated, the so-called passive is an impersonal
verb with its total object in the nominative and its partial object in
the partitive. For a detailed explanation, _vide_ p. 181.
An intransitive verb can sometimes take an accusative after it to express
the result of its action. =Äiti makasi lapsensa kuoliaaksi=, _the mother
lay on her child and killed it_ (lit. _slept her child dead_). =Juoksi
itsensä väsyksiin=, _he ran himself tired_. =Hän joi itsensä siaksi=, _he
drank himself silly_. =Puhui suunsa puhtaaksi=, _he spoke out his mind_.
_Of the Agreement of Substantives and Adjectives with one another._
As a rule, an adjective agrees with a noun in case and number.
=Hyvä mies=, _a good man_; =hyvät miehet=, _good men_. =Näissä suurissa
kaupungeissa=, _in these large towns_. =Köyhille lapsille=, _to the poor
children_.
There are, however, a considerable number of exceptions.
(1) Adjectives, as well as substantives, from which they can hardly be
distinguished, enter very readily into composition as the first member of
a compound word, and then are not declined, e.g. =mustameri=, _the Black
Sea_. =Isokyrö=, =Vähäkyrö=, names of villages. Cf. such expressions as
=mennyt vuonna=, =rankka sateella=, =tuiskusäällä=, =pakkasilmalla=.
(2) Some adjectives are never declined: =aika=, =kelpo=, =oiva=, =ensi=,
=viime=, =eri=, =joka=, =koko=, =nyky=, =pikku=.
=Ensi maanantaina=, _on next Monday_. =Kelpo miehelle=, _to the good
man_. =Eri osat=, _separate parts_. =Joka paikassa=, _in every place_.
(3) A certain number of adjectives and pronouns, instead of following
the regular construction, take after them an instructive plur. or a
partitive sing., e.g. =olla pahoilla mielin=, _to be in a good temper_;
=tulla hyville mielin=, _to get into a good temper_. =Samalla ajoin=, _at
the same time_. =Kaikissa paikoin=, _everywhere_. =Omilla korvin= _or_
=silmin=, _with one’s own eyes_ or _ears_. =Näillä seuduin=, _in this
part of the world_.
(4) The words =kulta=, _dear_; =parka=, =raiska=, =raukka=, =riepu=,
_poor_, _wretched_; =vaivainen=, _poor_; =vainaja=, _dead_; =paha=,
=pahanen=, =polo=, =polonen=, _poor_, though written separately, form
a sort of compound with a substantive, which they may either precede
or follow. Only the last of the two words is declined. Thus, =poika
polosella oli kiire=, _or_ =polo pojalla=, _the poor boy had to hurry_.
=Älä suututa äiti kultaani=, _or_ =kulta äitiäni=, _do not anger my
dear mother_. =Minä en nähnyt lapsi parkaani=, _I have not seen my poor
child_. =Woi minua mies parkaa=, _woe is me, poor man_.
As will be perceived from the rules given above (p. 124), an adjective
predicated of a substantive does not always agree with the latter, but
may be in the partitive, essive, or translative, when the substantive is
in the nominative.
A substantive in apposition to another is usually in the same case.
It is to be noted that in such expressions as _the town of Petersburg_,
_the Emperor Alexander_, the Finnish idiom conforms to the English
in this respect, that if the object is inanimate, the proper name is
put in the genitive. =Helsingin kaupunki=, _the town of Helsingfors_.
=Suomenmaa=, _Finland_. In the case of a river either the nominative or
genitive can be used. =Nevan joki= _or_ =Neva joki=, _the river Neva_.
But if the proper name denotes an animate object, or a ship, it is
put in the nominative, and remains in that case, even though the
word in apposition to it is inflected. =Keisari Suuriruhtinas Georg
Aleksandrovitschin kanssa=, _the Emperor with the Grand Duke George
Alexandrovitch_. =Professori Alquistin kuolema on suuri vahinko
Suomelle=, _the death of Professor Alquist is a great blow to Finland_.
When a word in apposition denotes the state of the subject at a given
time, and not a general characteristic, it is put in the essive case.
=Poikana hän oli sairas=, _as a boy he was ill_.
_The Article._
There is no article in Finnish. Sometimes =yksi= (_one_) is used to
represent the indefinite article, and in poetry the definite article is
frequently expressed by a pronoun, such as =tuo= _or_ =se=.
The rules given above will have made it clear, however, that under
some circumstances Finnish can mark by the use of the cases the same
distinction which we mark by the article. It may be said roughly that
the nominative generally represents a substantive with the definite
article in English (this would be still more true of French), and the
partitive a substantive without an article. Thus, =linnut ovat puussa=
means _the birds are in the tree_; but =lintuja on puussa=, _there
are birds in the tree_. =Ammuin lintuja= is _I shot some birds_;
=ammuin linnut=, _I shot the birds_. So, too, =kivet ovat kovat= means
_the stones are hard_; while =kivet ovat kovia= means rather _stones
are hard_. It would, however, be misleading to state such rules too
dogmatically, as doubtless many instances could be found where the use of
the nominative and partitive would not correspond to that of the article
in English. Naturally, a language which has no articles and no gender
is obliged to construct sentences differently from tongues which have
these distinctions, and Finnish sentences, particularly in the older and
simpler literature, are generally more precise than ours.