(1) As attributes or predicates.
(2) To form the compound tenses of verbs in conjunction with the verb
=olla=, after the manner already explained.
_Participle I—Active._
This participle denotes an action taking place or which is to take place
in the future, just as the present indicative represents both a present
and future tense. =Lentävä lintu saa jotakin, istuva ei mitään=, _the
bird who flies catches something: the bird who sits still nothing_. =Ei
työtä tekevä nälkään kuole=, _the man who works does not die of hunger_.
=Kysyvä ei tieltä eksy=, _he who asks does not lose his way_. =Hukkuva
oljen korteenkin tarttuu=, _a drowning man catches at a straw_ (provs.).
In the combination with the verb =olla= it has a future signification
(_v._ p. 176).
The essive of this participle is used with the verb =olla= to signify
something pretended by the subject. In this sense it is often in the
plural, though the subject itself is singular. =Hän on olevinansa= (_or_
=olevanansa=) =oppinut=, _he pretends to be learned_. =Hän on paljonkin
tietävinänsä=, _he thinks he knows a great deal_. =Hän oli lähtevänänsä
eilen, mutta ei mennyt=, _he pretended he was starting yesterday, but did
not go_. So also it is used in speaking of dreams and hallucinations.
=Minä olin näkevinäni=, _I thought I saw_. Gen. xxxvii. 7, =Katso, me
olimme sitovanamme jalallisia wainiolla= (_of a dream_); cf. Gen. xli.
17, =Unessani olin minä seisovana=.
Words ending in =ja= as a rule correspond to English forms in _er_. E.g.
=rakentaja=, _a builder_; that is to say they denote an action, like the
present participle, but do not define the time in any way. Sometimes,
however, they are used exactly like the present participle, e.g. Kal.
xvi. 169, =Se oli poukkujen pesiä Räpähien räimyttäjä=, which means, not
_she was a washerwoman_, but _she was washing clothes_. Similarly, =Pappi
oli ristijänä=, _the priest was christening a child_. Cf. Kal. x. 111,
=Miesten syöjille sioille=.
_Participle II—Active._
The past active participle expresses an action, which has taken place at
any past time. =Ei ole vuoksen voittanutta, Yli käynyttä Imatran= (Kal.
iii. 182), _there is no (waterfall) that has conquered the Vuoksa or
surpassed Imatra_. =Äijä on tänne tullehia, Ei paljo palannehia= (Kal.
xvi. 270), _there are many who have come down here, not many who have
gone back_. =Alkää häiritkö nukkunutta=, _wake not the sleeper_.
The translative singular of this participle is used in connection with
the verb =tulla= to denote an incidental or chance action. =Hän tuli
sanoneeksi, kertoneeksi ...=, _he happened to say in the course of
conversation ..._ =Mennessään kaupunkiin tuli nähneeksi ...=, _as he went
to the town he happened to see ..._ =Puodissa käydessään tuli ostaneeksi
uuden maton=, _in going round the shops he happened to buy a new carpet_.
Cf. Kal. ii. 149, =Sai toki sanoneheksi=, _scarce had he said it_.
=Olkoon menneeksi=, _it does not matter_, or _let that pass_.
_Participle I—Passive._
This participle has not a simple temporal signification, but has always
an idea of desirability, or necessity. =Kunnioitettava Herra=, _a man
to be honoured_. In combination with the verb =olla= it can be used
either as a simple adjective, e.g. =se on korjattava=, _that should
be corrected_, or as a part of the impersonal passive verb, =sitä on
korjattava=. It is sometimes used with a genitive of the agent like the
infinitive. =Sentähden oli etsittävä kahdenkeskistä yksinäisyyttä=, _on
this account it was necessary to seek for a tête-à-tête interview_.
=Sanokaa, mitä tietä minun on mentävä=, _tell me what road I should
take_. =Tämä asia on meidän mielessämme pidettävä=, _we must keep that in
mind_.
The translative singular of this participle is used exactly like the
illative of the third infinitive, but with a passive signification.
=Setä toi kirjoja lasten luettavaksi=, _the uncle brought books for the
children to read_ (_for the reading of the children_). =Hän antoi veitsen
hiottavaksi=, _he gave the knife to be sharpened_.
_Participle II—Passive._
This participle is really a substantive expressing the result of the
verb’s action. From this it passes easily to an adjectival meaning. For
instance, =työ on tehty=, _the work is a thing done_, is much the same
as _the work is done_. In combination with =olla= it is used to form
tenses of the passive impersonal verb, and as such, can take an object,
otherwise it has the same signification as the past passive participle in
other languages. =Puhuttu puhe ammuttu nuoli=, _a word once spoken is an
arrow shot forth_. =Unhotettu maksettu velka=, _a debt paid is forgotten_
(proverbs). =Jos mun tuttuni tulisi=, _if one known by me were to come_.
It is noticeable that when used in this sense the past passive participle
does not as a rule take the pronominal suffix. Thus one says, =ostettu
kirja=, _the book that has been bought_, but by preference, =ostamani
kirja=, _the book that has been bought by me_.
Part. II passive is also used substantively in the partitive singular to
express an action antecedent to the action of the principal verb. As the
original meaning of the partitive is motion from, this is very analogous
to the use of the elative of infinitive III. Like other expressions of
the same nature (e.g. the inessive of infinitive II) this use is rendered
in English by a temporal sentence. The subject of that sentence is
represented in Finnish by a genitive, or by a pronominal suffix, if the
subjects of the principal and temporal sentence are the same.
=Jopa tuonne tultuansa, Matkan päähän päästyänsä= (Kal. xlii. 25), _after
he had come thither and reached the end of his journey_. =Muutaman päivän
kuluttua=, _after a few days_. =Luettuaan sanomalehtiä ja syötyään
aamiaisen=, _after he had read his paper and eaten his breakfast_.
=Kävelyltään palattuaan=, _after returning from his walk_. =Juotuaan
kolme, neljä lasia teetä=, _after drinking three or four glasses of tea_.
=Sotamiehen kotiin palattua=, _when the soldier had come home_. =Päivän
laskettua=, _when the sun had set_.
As however this participle denotes a completed rather than a past action,
it is sometimes used in cases where we have to translate it by a present
participle. Kal. xvii. 593, =Hyvin laait tultuasi=, _thou hast done
well in coming_. xlvi. 284, =Terve, terve tultuasi= (=terve tuloa= is a
common expression), _hail to thee in thy coming_. These two examples show
clearly the substantival character of the participle.
_Use of Participles in Oblique Oration._
The participles have another use in Finnish—viz. they correspond to the
construction known in Latin grammar as the accusative and infinitive in
subordinate sentences.
In other words, a subordinate sentence which in English begins with the
word _that_ (and some others), and which might in Finnish be represented
by a similar sentence beginning with =että=, can be put in a shorter
and more idiomatic form by: (1) omitting the word =että=; (2) replacing
the finite verb by the _genitive singular_ of the participle; (3)
representing the subject by a genitive, partitive, or pronominal affix.
Thus =se luulee että hän tekee Jumalalle palveluksen=, _he thinketh
that he doeth God service_ becomes =se luulee tekevänsä Jumalalle
palveluksen=.
The participle present is used in this construction when the action
of the subordinate sentence is coincident with that of the principal
sentence or future to it, and the past participle when the action of the
subordinate sentence is anterior. _He thinks he will receive the book_,
=luulee kirjan saavansa=. _He thinks he has received the book_, =luulee
kirjan saaneensa=. Notice that a past tense does not require necessarily
the past participle. =Hän luuli lintuja olevan metsässä=, _he thought
there were birds in the wood_. Here the present participle is used
because the action of the two verbs is contemporaneous.
The noun or pronoun which is the subject in the expanded sentence is
put in the genitive when total, in the partitive when partial, and
represented by the pronominal suffix when the subjects of the two
sentences are the same. The participle remains in the genitive sing.
whatever be the case or number of the subject.
This use is more frequent in affirmative than in negative sentences, but
there is no objection to such sentences as =En luule voivani tulla=, _I
do not think I can come_, where the _principal_ verb is negatived. It is
however very rarely used when the verb of the _subordinate_ sentence is
negatived (_vide_ p. 220 for some curious irregularities in this respect).
Examples:—=Kuin hän siis kuuli hänen sairastavan=, _when he heard he
was ill_. =Luuletteko olevan mitä vaaraa?= _do you think there is any
danger?_ =Minä päivänä toivotte saapuvanne perille?= _on what day do you
expect to arrive?_ =En usko häntä näkeväni=, _I don’t believe I shall
see him_. =Minä luulen sotamiesten jo saapuneen leiriin=, _I think the
soldiers have already gone to the camp_. =En usko palvelijan varastaneen
rahoja=, _I do not believe that the servant has stolen the money_.
=Tiedän vieraita tulevan=, _I know that some strangers have come_. =Näin
vettä satavan=, _I see that it is raining_. =Kuulin laivoja tulleen=, _I
heard that some ships had arrived_. When the verb =olla= is used in this
construction, its complement remains in the same case as it would be in
an expanded sentence, _if it is in any case but the nominative singular_.
{ =vesi on hyvää=,
=Luulen että= { =poika on terveenä=,
{ =syytetyt ovat tuomitut kuolemaan=.
become
{ =veden olevan hyvää=
=Luulen= { =pojan olevan terveenä=
{ =syytettyjen olevan tuomitut kuolemaan=.
But if the complement is a nominative singular it appears as a genitive
singular when the subject is put in that case.
=Luulen että poika on ahkera= becomes =Luulen pojan olevan ahkeran=.
It is possible to still more abridge the proposition by rejecting
=olevan= and putting the complement in the translative. =Luulen pojan
ahkeraksi=. =Tiesi hetkensä tulleeksi=, _he knew that his hour had come_.
=Huomasin hänen menneeksi=, _I noticed he was gone_. =Kertoi veneen
kaatuneeksi=, _he related that the boat had been upset_ (_v._ page 158).
If the predicate of the subordinate sentence in the expanded form is
a passive verb, the passive participle can be used in the genitive
singular. The subject of such a proposition is always in the partitive.
As a rule only part. I passive is used in the genitive, part. II being
generally in the translative according to the construction mentioned
above.
=Tiedän häntä odotettavan=, _I know they are waiting for him_. =Näin
karhua ammuttavan=, _I see the bear is being shot at_; but =Epäilen
karhua tappetuksi=, _I doubt if the bear has been killed_. =Uskon metsää
hakattavan=, _I think the forest is being cut down_; but =Uskon metsän
hakatuksi=, _I think the forest has been cut down_.
These participal constructions are also employed when the verb
introducing the subordinate sentence is in the passive form. Under such
circumstances the subject of the subordinate sentence may either remain
in the nominative or pass into the genitive.
=Siinä makasiinissa kuulutaan saatavan oikeata kiinalaista teetä=, _this
shop is said to receive real Chinese tea_. =Sanotaan varustettavan
sotaretkeä=, _it is said that an expedition is being armed_. =Luultiin
ihmisiä kuolleen=, _it was thought the men were dead_.
The intransitive verbs =näkyä=, _to be seen_; =näyttää=, _to appear_;
=tuntua=, _to feel_; =kuulua=, _to be heard_, also take the genitive of
the participle.
=Hän kuuluu eronneen miehestään ja lähteneen Pietariin=, _she is said to
be divorced from her husband and to have left for St. Petersburg_. =Et
näy tuntevan vanhaa ystävääsi=, _you don’t seem to know your old friend_.
=Ei kuulu saadun kaloja=, _it is said no fish have been caught_[16].