Outline of
An Outline of the Phonology and Morphology of Old Provençal
作者：Grandgent, C. H. (Charles Hall), 1862-1939
体例：题 章数：139
字数：247,436 来源：Project Gutenberg
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章节目录
共 139 题- Heath’s Modern Language Series
- Revised Edition
- PREFACE.
- C. H. GRANDGENT.
- CAMBRIDGE, MASS., NOVEMBER, 1904.
- ABBREVIATIONS AND TECHNICAL TERMS.
- SIGNS AND PHONETIC SYMBOLS.
- TABLE OF CONTENTS.
- AN OUTLINE OF THE PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF OLD PROVENÇAL.
- I. INTRODUCTION.
- VOWELS.
- SOUND. SPELLINGS. EXAMPLES.
- CONSONANTS.
- SOUND. SPELLING. EXAMPLES.
- II. PHONOLOGY.
- 1. ACCENT.
- 2. VOWELS.
- QUANTITY.
- ACCENTED VOWELS.
- 1. Some words have ę instead of ẹ:--
- 2. Many words have i instead of ẹ:--
- 26. An ẹ in hiatus became i: _lĭgat_ ＞ lia, _vĭa_ ＞ via.
- 2. _Anta_ ＜ _hauniþa_ is unexplained.
- UNACCENTED VOWELS.
- INITIAL SYLLABLE.
- 3. In such forms as _tresanar_, the prefix _tres-_ is French.
- INTERTONIC SYLLABLE.
- PENULT.[28]
- FINAL SYLLABLE.
- 3. CONSONANTS.
- 56. Germanic b, ð, h, k, þ, w call for special mention:--
- INITIAL CONSONANTS.
- SINGLE INITIAL CONSONANTS.
- INITIAL GROUPS.
- MEDIAL CONSONANTS.
- SINGLE MEDIAL CONSONANTS.
- 3. For _desma_ _deima_, see S, 1.
- 4. In purely learned words, c´ ＞ ts: _acĭdum_ ＞ aci.
- 3. In purely learned words, d remained: _odi_ ＜ _ŏdium_.
- 1. For Gascon l ＞ r, see § 10.
- 2. _Orifan_, beside _olifan_ ＜ _elephantem_, is probably French.
- M remained: _amāre_ ＞ amar, _hŏmo_ ＞ om, _timōrem_ ＞ temọr.
- 4. In purely learned words, p remains: _epifania_.
- 5. In purely learned words, t remains: _eternal_.
- X is a symbol for ks: see Groups, § 79, Ks.
- MEDIAL GROUPS.
- 1. DOUBLE CONSONANTS.
- 2. GROUPS ENDING IN L.
- 3. GROUPS ENDING IN R.
- 4. GROUPS ENDING IN W.
- 5. GROUPS ENDING IN Y.
- 6. GROUPS BEGINNING WITH L, M, N, R, OR S.
- 3. _Pallĭdus_ ＞ _palles_ (through the feminine ✱_páleza_).
- 4. _Fouzer_ is from _fŭlger_ or ✱_fŭlgerem_ = _fŭlgur_.
- 7. MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS.
- 80. The groups will now be discussed in alphabetical order:--
- FINAL CONSONANTS.
- SINGLE FINAL CONSONANTS.
- FINAL GROUPS.
- SPORADIC CHANGE.
- INSERTION.
- METATHESIS.
- DISSIMILATION.
- III. MORPHOLOGY.
- 1. DECLENSION.
- NOUNS.
- FIRST DECLENSION.
- SECOND DECLENSION.
- 3. _Mas_, being usually feminine, has a nom. pl. _mas_.
- THIRD DECLENSION.
- 97. This declension absorbed a part of the fifth: cf. § 90.
- 1. _Gĕnus_ also became _ges_, which was used as an adverb.
- MASCULINE
- FEMININE
- MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER
- NAMES OF PERSONS
- 1. For other neuter types, see § 100.
- 2. _Om_ later developed an inflection _oms_ _om_ _om_ _oms_.
- MASCULINE FEMININE
- NAMES OF PERSONS IN -ANS, -ENS
- NAMES OF PERSONS NOT IN -ANS, -ENS
- ADJECTIVES.
- 1. For _es mestier_, see § 91, (3).
- 1. For the adverbial ending -s, see § 82, S, 3.
- COMPARISON.
- 1. ‘Than’ is expressed by _que_ and _de_.
- POSITIVE COMPARATIVE
- NUMERALS.
- 110. The cardinal numerals are:--
- 111. The first two numbers were inflected as follows:--
- PRONOUNS.
- ARTICLES.
- PERSONAL PRONOUNS.[95]
- CONJUNCTIVE FORMS.
- MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER
- DISJUNCTIVE FORMS.
- POSSESSIVES.
- SINGULAR POSSESSIVE.
- FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON
- FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON
- PLURAL POSSESSOR.
- FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON
- DEMONSTRATIVES.
- MASCULINE FEMININE
- MASCULINE FEMININE
- INTERROGATIVES AND RELATIVES.
- MASCULINE AND FEMININE NEUTER
- Pl. _nom._: _quī_ ＞ qui _quæ_ ＞ que
- INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.
- 136. The following words call for special mention:--
- MASCULINE FEMININE
- 2. CONJUGATION.
- THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
- FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES IN INFLECTION.
- INFINITIVE, PRESENT PARTICIPLE, AND GERUND.
- PAST PARTICIPLE.
- FUTURE AND NEW CONDITIONAL.
- FUTURE ENDINGS.
- CONDITIONAL ENDINGS.
- PRESENT.
- 154. The personal endings will be discussed separately in §§ 164-169.
- DOUBLE STEMS.
- PECULIAR FORMS.
- PERSONAL ENDINGS[122].
- IMPERFECT INDICATIVE.
- 3. For the personal endings, see §§ 164-169.
- 4. _Esser_ has: ęra, ęras, ęra, erám, erátz erás, ęran ęron ęro.
- PRETERIT, OLD CONDITIONAL, AND IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.
- PRETERIT.
- WEAK PRETERITS.
- 177. Some strong preterits occasionally assumed weak endings:--
- STRONG PRETERITS.
- 182. The three -ī perfects developed in Provençal as follows:--
- OLD CONDITIONAL.
- 1. _Faire_ has _féra_ (cf. _feron_) beside _féira_.
- 2. For _sáupra_, cf. § 148, (2), and § 184, (4), 1, and § 192.
- IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.
- FOOTNOTES
- INDEX