162. The following verbs have individual peculiarities that call for
special mention:--
(1) Anar (＜ _annāre_), ‘to go’, takes most of its present
from _vadĕre_: indicative, _vau_ _vauc_ (analogy of _estau_
_estauc_), _vas_, _va_ _vai_ (analogy of _fai_), _anám_,
_anátz_, _van_ _vaun_ (analogy of _estan_ _estaun_);
subjunctive, _an_ or _vaza_ (＜ _vadam_) _vaia_ (analogy of
_vai_ and of _traia_), _vaga_ (analogy of _traga_), etc.;
imperative, _vai_ (analogy of _fai_), _anátz_.
(2) Aucire (＜ _occīidĕre_: § 43) has in the pres. indicative
3d sg. _auci_ (＜ _occīdit_) and _aucis_ (analogy of _aucizém_,
_aucizétz_). Cf. _auzir_, _caire_, _rire_, _traire_, _vezér_.
These forms were doubtless helped by the analogy of _ditz_ (＜
_dīcit_), _dütz_, _fatz_, _iatz_, _letz_ (＜ _lĭcet_), _platz_,
_tatz_.
(3) Auzir (＜ _audīre_) has in the pres. indicative 3d sg. _au_
(＜ _audit_) and _aus_ (analogy of _auzém_, _auzétz_). Cf.
_aucire_, _caire_, _rire_, _traire_, _vezér_. See also § 160.
(4) Aver (＜ _habēre_) has in the pres. indicative: _ai_ (＜
_habeo_: § 73, βy), _as_, _a_, _avém_, _avétz_ (see §§ 167,
168), _an_ _aun_; see § 137, (1). There is no trace of ✱_ho_.
Instead of _ai_, the dialects of Aude, Tarn, Tarn et Garonne,
and Haute-Garonne have _ei_ (cf. _Gram._, II, p. 304), which
probably developed first in the future (§ 152, 1) through the
analogy of the preterit ending _-ei_ which took the place of
_-ai_: _amāvi_ ✱_amai_ ＞ ✱_amai_ _amei_ (§ 175), then _amarai_
＞ _amarei_, then _ai_ ＞ _ei_. The pres. subjunctive is _aia_ (＜
_habeam_: § 73, βy). For the imperative, see § 156.
(5) Caire cazér (＜ _cadĕre_ ✱_cadēre_) has in the pres.
indicative 3d sg. _ca_ (＜ _cadit_) _cai_ (analogy of _brai_ ＜
✱_bragit_, _fai_, _trai_ ＜ ✱_tragit_, _vai_) _cas_ (analogy of
_cazém_, _cazétz_: cf. _aucire_, _auzir_, _rire_, _traire_,
_vezér_).
(6) Conóisser (＜ _cognōscĕre_) has in the pres. indicative 1st
sg. _conosc_ (＜ _cognōsco_) and _conóis_ (analogy of 2d and 3d
sg., _conóisses_, _conóis_).
(7) Creire (＜ _crēdĕre_): pres. subjunctive _creza_ (＜
_crēdam_) and _crega_ (analogy of _diga_, _sega_, _traga_). See
also § 160.
(8) Créisser (＜ _crēscĕre_): pres. subjunctive _cresca_ (＜
_crēscam_) and _crega_ (analogy of _diga_, _sega_, _traga_, and
of the imperfect subjunctive _cregués_).
(9) Dar (＜ _dare_): _dau_ (＜ ✱_dao_), _daun_ (＜ ✱_daunt_); see
§ 137, (1).
(10) Destruire (＜ ✱_destrūgĕre_ = _destruĕre_): analogy of
_agĕre_, _tĕgĕre_, etc. Cf. _traire_. ✱_Destrūgit_ ＞ _destrüi_.
(11) Dever (＜ _debēre_) has in the pres. indicative 1st sg.,
beside _dech_ _dei_ (§ 160), _dec_ (analogy of _dic_, _prec_,
_sec_, _trac_, and perhaps of the preterit _dec_).
(12) Dire (＜ _dīcĕre_): _dic_ (＜ _dīco_) _diu_ (cf. § 51, 3; §
65, G, 1); _ditz_ (＜ _dīcit_) _di_ (analogy of _fai_, _trai_,
and of imperative _di_ ＜ _dīc_); _dízon_ (analogy of _ditz_,
_dizém_, _dizétz_); _diga_ _dia_ (both ＜ _dīcam_: § 65, G). For
the imperative, see § 156.
(13) Düire (＜ _dūcĕre_): _dütz_ (＜ _dūcit_) _düi_ (analogy of
_destrüi_, _trai_).
(14) Eissir (＜ _exīre_): _iesc_, _iescon_, _iesca_, analogy of
_conosc_, _florisc_, etc.; for vowel, see § 159, (2).
(15) Ésser estre (＜ ✱_ĕssĕre_ = _ĕsse_). Pres. indicative:
_sŭm_ ＞ sọn sọ (§ 82, M), then, by the analogy of _ai_ and
_füi_, sọi süi; _ĕs_ became ęst ięst, perhaps through _ĕs tu_
＞ ęs-t-u ＞ ęst-tü, supported by the analogy of the preterit
ending of the 2d sg. (vọs vendętz, tü vendęst or vendięst, so,
to match vọs ętz, a form tü ęst or ięst); _ĕst_ became ẹs,
probably through such combinations as quẹ’s (understood as
qu’ẹs); _sīmu’_, which existed in Latin beside _sŭmus_ (Rom.,
XXI, 347), gave sẹm, while from _ĕstis_ there was constructed
an ✱_ĕsmus_ ＞ ęsmes (rare), and from ętz a form ẹm (very
common); _ĕstis_ ＞ ęstz ętz (§ 78, 2); _sŭnt_ ＞ sọn sǫ (§
83, Nt). Pres. subjunctive: _sĭm_, _sīs_, etc., were replaced
in V. L. by ✱_sĭam_, ✱_sĭas_, etc. (on the analogy of _fiam_,
_faciam_, etc.), which gave sía sías sía siám siátz, sían síon;
we find also sẹia, etc., formed apparently on _deia_, _veia_.
Imperative borrowed from subjunctive.
(16) Estar (＜ _stare_). Pres. indicative: _estáu_ (＜ ✱_stao_)
_estáuc_ (§ 161); _estás_ (＜ _stas_); _está_ (＜ _stat_) _estái_
(analogy of _fai_, _trai_); _estám_ (＜ _stamu’_); _estátz_
(＜ _statis_) _estáitz_ (after _faitz_); _están_ (＜ _stant_)
_estáun_ (＜ ✱_staunt_); see § 137 (1). Pres. subjunctive:
_estía_, etc., _estéia_, etc., patterned on _sia_, _seia_; also
_estéi_, perhaps a cross between _esteia_ and ✱_esté_ ＜ _stem_.
Imperative: _está_, _estáitz_.
(17) Faire far (＜ _facĕre_ ✱_fare_): § 137, (1). Pres.
indicative: _fatz_ (＜ _facio_) _fau_ (analogy of _dau_,
_estau_) _fac_ _fauc_ (§ 161); _fas_ (＜ ✱_fas_); _fatz_ (＜
_facit_) _fa_ (＜ ✱_fat_) _fai_ (influence of _faire_, _faim_,
_faitz_, and of _trai_); _faim_ (＜ _facĭmu’_: § 167, 1) _fam_
(＜ ✱_famu’_) _fazém_ (see _fazétz_); _faitz_ (＜ _facĭtis_)
_fatz_ (＜ ✱_fatis_) _fazétz_ (analogy of regular verbs,
_crezétz_, etc.); _fan_ (＜ ✱_fant_) _faun_ (analogy of _daun_,
_estaun_). Pres. subjunctive: _faça_ _fassa_, etc. (＜ _faciam_,
etc.). Imperative: _fai_ (＜ _fac_); _fatz_ _faitz_ (borrowed
from indicative) _fait_ (＜ _facĭte_).
(18) Iazér (＜ _jacēre_), also _iassér_ (influence of _ias_
＜ _iatz_ ＜ _jacet_, and of _iassa_?): _iatz_ (＜ _jacet_)
_iai_ (analogy of _fai_, _trai_); _iassa_ (＜ _jaceam_) _iaia_
(analogy of _traia_, _vaia_).
(19) Movér móure (＜ _movēre_ ✱_mŏvĕre_): _mova_ (＜ ✱_mŏvam_ =
_mŏveam_) _moga_ (analogy of _traga_).
(20) Partir (＜ _partīre_): _part_ (＜ ✱_parto_ = _partio_)
_parc_ (§ 161); so _parta_ _parga_.
(21) Perdre (＜ _pĕdĕre_): _pert_ _perc_, _perda_ _perga_; see §
161.
(22) Plazér plaire (＜ _placēre_ ✱_placĕre_): _platz_ (＜
_placet_) _plai_ (analogy of _fai_, _trai_); _plassa_ (＜
_placeam_) _plaia_ (analogy of _traia_, _vaia_).
(23) Podér (＜ ✱_potēre_ = _pŏsse_): see § 137, (1). Pres.
indicative: _posc_ (＜ _pŏssum_ influenced by _cognōsco_)
_puosc_ _puesc_ (analogy of _puoc_ _puec_ ＜ _pŏtui_), _puecs_
(? ＜ ✱_pots_ ＜ ✱_pŏtsum_ + _puesc_), _pois_ (＜ ✱_pŏsseo_);
_potz_ (＜ _pŏtes_); _pot_ (＜ _pŏtet_ = _pŏtest_); _podém_ (＜
✱_potēmu’_); _podétz_ (＜ ✱_potētis_); _póden_ (＜ ✱_potent_)
_pódon_, _pon_ (analogy of _potz_, _pot_, and _son_ ＜ _sŭnt_).
Pres. subjunctive: _posca_ _puosca_ _puesca_ (like _posc_
_puosc_ _puesc_), etc.; _poissa_ (＜ ✱_pŏsseam_), etc.
(24) Prendre (_prĕndĕre_ = _prehĕndĕre_) penre (see § 71, end):
_pren_ (＜ _prĕndo_) _prenh_ (analogy of _tenh_, _venh_) _prenc_
(§ 161); so _prenda_ _prenha_ _prenga_.
(25) Rire (＜ ✱_rīdĕre_): _ri_ (＜ _rīdet_) _ritz_ (analogy of
_rizém_, _rizétz_: cf. _aucire_, _auzir_, _caire_, _traire_,
_vezér_); _ria_ (＜ _rīdeam_?).
(26) Sabér (＜ ✱_sapēre_): see § 137, 1. Pres. indicative:
_sai_ _sei_ (analogy of _ai_ _ei_ from _avér_); _saps_; _sap_;
_sabém_ (＜ ✱_sapēmu’_); _sabétz_ (＜ ✱_sapētis_); _sáben_ (＜
✱_sapent_) _sábon_. Pres. subjunctive: _sapcha_ (＜ _sapiam_).
Imperative from subjunctive.
(27) Tazér taire (＜ _tacēre_ ✱_tacĕre_): _tatz_ (＜ _tacet_)
_tai_ (analogy of _taire_ and of _fai_, _trai_).
(28) Tenér (＜ _tenēre_): _tenh_ (＜ _tĕneo_) _tenc_ (§ 161); so
_tenha_ _tenga_.
(29) Traire (＜ ✱_tragĕre_, perhaps also ✱_tracĕre_, =
_trahĕre_): _trac_ (＜ ✱_trago_ or ✱_traco_) _trai_ (§ 63,
6)[120]; _trai_ (＜ ✱_tragit_) _tra_ (analogy of _da_, _esta_,
_fa_, _va_) _tratz_ (＜ ✱_tracit_?: cf. _aucire_, _auzir_,
_caire_, _rire_, _vezér_); _trázon_ (analogy of _tratz_);
_traga_ _traia_ (both ＜ ✱_tragam_).
(30) Vezér (＜ _vidēre_): _vei_ (＜ _vĭdeo_) _vec_ (§ 161);
_ve_ (＜ _vĭdet_) _ves_ (analogy of _vezém_, _vezétz_: cf.
_aucire_, _auzir_, _caire_, _rire_, _traire_). Imperative from
subjunctive.
(31) Volér (＜ ✱_volēre_ = _vĕlle_): see § 137, (1). Pres.
indicative: _vuelh_ (＜ ✱_vŏleo_); _vols_ (＜ ✱_vŏles_); _vol_
(＜ ✱_vŏlet_); _volém_ (＜ ✱_volēmu’_)[121]; _volétz_ (＜
✱_volētis_); _vólon_ (＜ ✱_vŏlent_). Pres. subjunctive: _vuelha_
(＜ ✱_vŏleam_), _vuelhas_, _vuelha_, _vulhám_, _vulhátz_,
_vuelhan_. Imperative from subjunctive.
163. In verse the present subjunctive ending -ia sometimes counts as
one syllable: si͡atz. Cf. § 153, 1.