Bc ＞ (✱pc), ptš (before a): ✱_reprŏb(ĭ)cat_ ＞ reprǫpcha.
Brg ＞ rg or urg in _fabrĭca_ ✱_fabrĭga_ ＞ farga faurga. Cf. § 70, Br.
Bs ＞ bs in the learned words _absens_, _absensa_.
Bsc ＞ sc: _obscūrus_ ＞ escürs.
Bst ＞ st: _sŭbstat_ ＞ sọsta.
Bt ＞ bt, t: _subtīlem_ ＞ sobtil sotil. See also βt below.
Bts ＞ ts: _sŭbtus_ ＞ sọtz.
βc ＞ uc: ✱_avĭca_ ✱_aβca_ ＞ auca.
βc´ ＞ udz or uts, later uz, us: _avicĕllum_ ✱_aβcĕllu_ ＞ auzęl aucęl.
Cf. § 65, C´, 1.
βd ＞ ud, in the west bd: _dēbĭtum_ ✱_dēβĭdu_ ✱_deβdu_ ＞ dẹude,
_mal’habĭtum_ ✱_malaβĭdu_ ✱_malaβdu_ ＞ malaude; _cīvitātem_ ✱_cīβidāde_
✱_ciβdad_ ＞ cibdat. Cf. βt below.
βt ＞ ut, in the west pt: _dēbĭtum_ ✱_dēβtu_ ＞ dẹute dẹpte, _dŭbĭto_
✱_dŭβto_ ＞ dọute dọpte, _mal’habĭtum_ ✱_malaβtu_ ＞ malaute malapte;
_cīvitātem_ ✱_cīβtate_ ＞ ciutat (later cieutat: § 44, 2) ciptat,
✱_mŏvĭta_ ✱_mŏβta_ ＞ mǫuta, ✱_remōvĭtum_? ＞ remọute (_Girart_).
_Depte_, _malapte_ are not confined to the west (modern Limousin
_dete_, Dauphiné _malate_); they come also from Latin _dēb’tum_,
_mal’hab’tum_: cf. § 47, (3).
Cc´ ＞ its ＞ is; in the west and the extreme east itš or tš: _ecc’hīc_ ＞
eici eissi eichi achi.
Cm ＞ cm, m: ✱_Jácomus_ ＞ Iacmes Iames (also, perhaps borrowed, Iaimes,
Iaumes).
C´m ＞ im or sm: _dĕcĭmum_ ＞ dęime dęsme, _facĭmu(s)_ ＞ faim. Cf. § 52,
(4).
Ct ＞ tš in most of the territory; but in the north and northeast, and
in the southwest, it became, as in French, it: _coctāre_ ＞ cochar
coitar, _dīctum_ ＞ dig dit, _factum_ ＞ fag fait, _lacte_ ＞ lag
lait, _lĕctum_ ＞ lięg lęit, _lūcta_ ＞ lücha, _nŏctem_ ＞ nuęg nuęit,
_pactum-a_ ＞ pacha, _pĕctus_ ＞ pięg pęitz, _ŏcto_ ＞ uęich[78] uęit. The
ct of _(e-)jectāre_ ＞ getar does not show popular treatment; the word
is similarly irregular in most of the other languages.
C´t seems to give the same results as ct, namely tš and it: _dīcĭtis_
＞ ditz, ✱_explĭcitāre_ ＞ esplechar espleitar, _facĭtis_ ＞ faitz,
_placĭtum_ ＞ plach plait, (hence _plaieiamen_, _plaideiar_), ✱_vŏcĭtum_
(= _vacuum_) ＞ vuęch vǫig[79] vǫh (hence _voiar_; _voidar_ would appear
to presuppose a form ✱vǫit).
DC, dg: see § 73, D-g.
DC´, in the greater part of the territory, became dz, later z; but
in Auvergne and some western dialects it became ts, and in parts of
the southeast and southwest it gave dž: _duŏdĕcim_ ✱_dōdĕcim_ ＞ dọze
dọtze dọge, _jūdĭcem_ ＞ iütge, _radicīna_ ＞ razina, _sēdĕcim_ ＞ sẹze
sẹtze sẹtge. _Iütge_ may have been influenced by iütiar.
Dn developed peculiarly in _consuetūdĭnem_ ✱_costūmen_ ＞ costüm,
_incūdĭnem_ ✱_inclūd-_? ＞ enclütge.
Gd ＞ dž and id, corresponding to the tš and it from ct: ✱_frĭgdum_ (=
_frīgdum_) ＞ frẹg frẹit (fem. frẹia frẹida).[80] The irregularity
in _amy̆gdăla_ ＞ amandola goes back to Vulgar Latin. _Frezir_ _freizir_
is perhaps from ✱_fre(i)zar_ (cf. Italian _frizzare_) ＜ ✱_frigdiare_.
G’d: see Yd.
Gm ＞ m: _pigmĕntum_ ＞ pimen. _Fragment_ is learned. Greek γμ became um:
_phlĕgma_ ＞ flęuma, _sagma_ ＞ sauma.
Gn ＞ n´: _agnĕllum_ ＞ anhęl, _pŭgnum_ ＞ pọnh. According to the rhymes,
final n´ would seem to have become n in many dialects. _Stagnum_ ＞
estanc, _rēgnum_ ＞ rẹnc (also _reing_) show an early metathesis. When
_gnōsco_ lost its _g_, _cognōsco_ became ✱_conōsco_ in popular Latin.
Gnd ＞ n´d, later, in different dialects, ind, n´d, nd, ndž: _cŏgnĭtum_
✱_cŏn´ĭdu_ ＞ ✱cǫnhede ✱cǫnhde, then cǫinde, cuęnde, cǫnge. Cf. Gnt
below. See § 47, 1.
Gnt ＞ n´t, later, in different dialects, int, n´t, nt: _cŏgnĭtum_ ＞
✱_cŏn´ĭtu_ ＞ ✱cǫnhete (the t being due to clerical influence) ＞ cǫinte
cǫnte; _dĭgnitātem_ ✱_dĭn´tāte_ ＞ denhtat. Cf. Gnd above.
Ks ＞ is, in most of the territory; in Auvergne and in the extreme east
it became itš or tš: _ac sīc_ ＞ aissi, _exāmen_ ＞ eissam eicham echam,
_exĭlium_ ＞ eissilh, _exīre_ ＞ eissir eichir ichir, ✱_exorbāre_ ＞
eissorbar, _laxat_ ＞ laissa, _uxōrem_ ＞ oissọr, _tŏxĭcum_ ＞ tuęissec.
In _essaiar_, _essemple_, _essilh_, the prefix became es- through the
analogy of ex- before consonants: cf. § 55, X.
Ksc ＞ sc; before a, in the north and northeast, stš: ✱_laxicāre_ ＞
laschar, _toxicāre_ ＞ toscar.
Ksm ＞ s´m, later sm: _prŏxĭmum_ ＞ prǫsme pruęsme. For the later history
of the s (pruęime), see § 65, S, 1.
Kss ＞ is: ✱_exsanguinātum_ ＞ eissancnat, ✱_exsūcāre_ ＞ eissügar
(_essugar_ presupposes a Vulgar Latin es-: see § 55, X).
Pf ＞ f: _sapphīrum_ ＞ safir.
Ppc ＞ (✱pc), ptš (before a): ✱_cloppicāre_ ＞ clopchar.
Ps, in some dialects, remained unaltered; but in most of the territory
it changed (through χs: § 79) to is, iš, š, s, and us; iš and š
belonging especially to the west, us to the east: _capsa_ ＞ capsa
caissa caisha casha, _ĭpse_ ＞ ẹps ẹis, _ĭpsa mĕnte_ ＞ epsament
eissamen ichamens, _met-ĭpse_ ＞ medẹis mezẹish medẹs mezẹus,
_ne-ĭpse_ ＞ neẹps nẹis nẹus. The ps forms seem to have been crowded
out by the others, especially by those with is.
Pt ＞ pt, later t (except in parts of Languedoc and Gascony); in a few
words, ut, it: ✱_accaptāre_ (or ✱_accapitāre_?) ＞ acaptar achatar,
_aptum_ ＞ apte, _adaptāre_ ＞ azautar (hence _azaut_) through ✱aðaχtāre
(§ 79), _baptizāre_ ＞ baptegar (_g_ = dž) bateiar, _capitāle_ ＞ captal
catal chatal, _captīvum_ ＞ captiu catiu and more commonly caitiu
chaitiu (through ✱caχtīβu: § 79), _rŭpta_ ＞ rọta, _septimāna_ ＞
septmana setmana, _sĕptem_ ＞ sęt. _Escrich_ _escrit_ (= _scrīptum_) are
based on _dich_ _dit_.
Td ＞ t (through V. L. tt): _nĭtĭdum_ ＞ nẹt, _pūtĭdum_ ＞ püt. Cf. § 47,
(1).
Tm: _marĭtĭma_ ＞ marẹdma.
Tn: if _renha_, ‘rein’, is connected with _rĕtĭne_ (see Körting), it
must have been influenced by _renhar_ ＜ _regnāre_.
Ts: _et sīc_, under the influence of _ac sīc_, became ✱_ec sīc_ ＞ eissi
eichi ichi.
Yd ＞ dž and id: _cōgĭto_ ✱_cōyĭdo_ ＞ cüg cüit, _cōgitāre_ ✱_cōyidare_
＞ cüiar cüidar, _rĭgĭdum_ ✱_rĭyĭdu_ ＞ rẹide (§ 50, 1). _Rede_ and the
feminine _reza_ are peculiar. Cf. § 49, (1).