146. The Provençal past participle comes from the Latin perfect
participle. It is to be noted that verbs which originally had no
perfect participle were obliged to create one in order to form their
compound tenses: see § 141, (1). Past participles in Provençal, when
inflected, were declined like bęl: §§ 102; 102, 1; 103, (1). See § 141,
(1).
147. In the first and fourth conjugations the endings were _-ātum_
and _-ītum_, which regularly became -at and -it: _cantātum_ ＞ cantát,
_finītum_ ＞ fenít. The first conjugation verbs which had a form in
_-ĭtum_ discarded it for _-ātum_: _crepāre_ _crĕpĭtum_ = crebár crebát.
On the other hand, _aperīre_ and _operīre_ preserved their participle
in _-ĕrtum_: cubrir (＜ _cooperīre_), cubęrt (also cubrít); ubrír (＜
_aperīre_ + _cooperīre_), ubęrt. By the analogy of these, sufrir (＜
_suffĕrre_) and ufrir (＜ _offĕrre_) have sufęrt (also sufrít), ufęrt.
Tenẹr tenir keeps its Provençal second conjugation ending, tengüt (see
§ 148); and venir, following the analogy of tenir, has vengüt.
148. (1) Most Latin verbs of the second and third conjugations
had no accented ending, but a few had an ending _-ūtum_, which
corresponded very well to the _-ātum_ and _-ītum_ of the first and
fourth: _arguĕre_, _argūtum_; _consuĕre_, _consūtum_; _sĕqui_,
_secūtum_; _solvĕre_, _solūtum_; _volvĕre_, _volūtum_. This ending was
considerably extended in Vulgar Latin, especially to verbs having a
perfect in _-ŭī_: _habēre_, _habŭī_, _habĭtum_ ✱_habūtum_. In Provençal
it spread still further: cazẹr, cazęc, cazegüt. Inasmuch as it was
closely associated with the perfect, it came to be attached, more and
more frequently, to the stem of that tense.
(2) Of the Provençal verbs of the second and third conjugations, about
half adopted the ending -üt. In some the -üt is added to the stem of
the infinitive: crezüt, defendüt, escondüt, molüt, perdüt, resemüt,
respondüt, rompüt, vendüt, vezüt veüt. Most of the verbs, however,
attach the -üt to the stem of the preterit: nasc, nascüt; pasc, pascüt;
tems, temsüt; tesc, tescüt, venc, vencüt (from vẹnser); visc, viscüt.
A few have both forms: agüt avüt; cazegüt cazüt; vengüt venüt. It
is to be noted, in the case of verbs that add -üt to the preterit,
that if the third person singular of the preterit ends in a voiceless
consonant preceded by a vowel or l or n, that consonant is voiced in
the participle: ac, agüt; bẹc, begüt; cazęc, cazegüt; conọc, conogüt;
crẹc, cregüt; dẹc, degüt; elęc, elegüt; mǫc, mogüt; nǫc, nogüt;
plac, plagüt, plǫc, plogüt; pǫc, pogüt; remas, remazüt; saup, saubüt;
sęc, següt; tẹnc, tengüt; tǫlc, tolgüt; valc, valgüt; vẹnc, vengüt
(from venir); vǫlc, volgüt. Exceptions are ceupüt, saupüt (beside
saubüt), and vencüt (from vẹnser): for ceupüt, saupüt, cf. § 65, P, 3;
in vencüt the c was perhaps kept to distinguish the word from vengüt
(venir).
(3) The other half of the second and third conjugation verbs generally
preserved the old participle with no accented ending: ars, cẹing,
claus, dich, düit, estrẹit, fach, iọinch, mẹs, ọnh, pǫst, prẹs,
trach, etc. Some of these have also forms in -üt: defẹs defendüt,
elig eslęit elegüt, escọs escondüt, mǫut molüt, nat nascüt, remas
remazüt, rọt rompüt, vis vezüt. A few verbs made up new forms without
a stressed ending: conquęrre, conquẹs conquis; redemer rezemer,
redems (rezemüt); sọrger, sọrs; tǫlre, tǫlt tǫut; vezẹr, vist (vis
vezüt veüt); vǫlvre, vǫut. _Mĭttĕre_ probably had beside _mĭssum_ a
form ✱_mīsum_ (cf. _mīsī_); hence mẹtre, mẹs mis. By the analogy of
this, prendre has beside prẹs a form pris. ęstre borrowed estát from
estar ＜ _stare_. Escriut, from escriure, is probably influenced by the
infinitive; escrich follows dich. So, probably, does elig = eslęit,
from elegir eslire eslir.
1. For sọi agütz (= ai estat), which is found not only in some
Provençal dialects, but also in southeastern France, French
Switzerland, and parts of northern Italy, see § 141, (1),
footnote 1.