73. This class contains: 1st, combinations of consonant + y ＜ e̯ or
i̯, cf. § 40, (2); 2d, consonant + g´ ＞ y (§ 55, G), the g´ having
been in some cases always contiguous to the preceding consonant, in
others originally separated from it by a vowel; 3d, consonant + g ＞
y, the g representing an original c or g between the last two vowels
of a proparoxytone, cf. § 65, G, (3). It does not include dy and gy,
which early became y: see § 65, Y. See § 63, (1). The groups will be
considered in alphabetical order:--
Bry ＞ bry in _ebriācum_ ＞ ebriac (_iure_ is probably French).
βy was early reduced to y in _habeo_ _habeam_ etc. and _dēbeo_ _dēbeam_
etc., partly, no doubt, through the proclitic use of these words,
partly under the influence of _audio_ ＞ ✱_auyo_ _audiam_ ＞ ✱_auya_ and
_video_ ＞ ✱_veyo_ _vĭdeam_ ＞ ✱_veya_; this y, like any other medial
y (§ 65, Y), became džy̆ or remained y: ai (for some reason there
seems to have been no form ✱_ach_), aia; dẹi dẹch, dẹia. Aside from
these words, βy ＞ udž and uy apparently in the north; elsewhere uy,
by, vy--uy prevailing in the west, by and vy in the south and east.
When the y became final, it changed to i, which, after a consonant,
was syllabic. Ex.: _abbrĕviat_ ＞ abręuia, ✱_aggrĕviat_ ＞ agrẹuia,
_allĕviat_ ＞ alęuia, _avĭŏ́lum_ ＞ aviǫl aiǫl, _cavĕa_ ＞ gabia cauia,
_labia_ ＞ lavia-s, ✱_leviarius_ ＞ leugięrs, ✱_rabiam_ (= _rabiem_) ＞
rabia rauia,[67] ✱_rabiāre_ ＞ rabiar, _rabiōsus_ ＞ rabiọs rauiọs,
_rŭbeum_ ＞ rọg rọi,[68] ✱_sabium_ ＞ savi sabi, _atavia_ ＞ tavia,
_vidŭvium_ ＞ vezọig bedọi.[68] In purely learned words, Latin _bi_,
_vi_, etc., are kept: _abiurament_, _fluvial_. _Brĕvio_ ＞ bręy: cf. §
65, β, 3.
Cc´y: see C´y.
Cly ＞ l´: _coclearium_ ＞ cuilhięr.
Cty ＞ is: _factiōnem_ ＞ faissọ, _lectiōnem_ ＞ leissọ, _suspectiōnem_
＞ sospeissọ. In purely learned words we find the spellings _cti_,
_cci_, which doubtless indicate ktsy or ksy: _electio_, _accio_. Cf.
Ssy.
C´y, cc´y, kwy ＞ ts; this ts, when it remained medial, was reduced,
before and during the literary period, to s: _bracchia_ ＞ brassa,
_bracchium_ ＞ bratz bras (§ 64), _faciam_ ＞ faza fassa, _faciem_ ＞ fatz
fas, _glaciem_ ＞ glatz glas[69], _laqueāre_ ＞ lassar, _laqueum_ ＞ latz
las, ✱_pĕcia_ ＞ pęssa, _placeam_ ＞ plassa. Learned words have _zi_ and
_ci_, doubtless pronounced at first dzi, tsi, later zi, si (cf. A.
Horning, _Zs._, XXIV, 545; XXV, 736): _iuzizi iudici, edifici, Grecia_.
Cf. Pty.
D-g ＞ dž: _jūdĭco_ ＞ iütge, _mĕdĭcum_ ＞ męge, ✱_sĕdĭcum_ ＞ sęie[70].
Dy: see § 55, Y and § 65, Y.
Gdy: see § 80, Gd.
Gy: see § 55, Y and § 65, Y.
Kwy: see Cy.
Lc´y ＞ lts ＞ uts ＞ us: _calceāre_ ＞ caussar. Cf. Lty. See § 74, (2).
Lg´ apparently became ldz ＞ udz ＞ uz in ✱_fŭlgĕrem_ (= _fŭlgur_) ＞
fọuzer.
Ll-g´ ＞ l´ in _cŏllĭgit_ ＞ cuęlh. Cf. Ly.
Lly: see Ly.
Lny ＞ n´: _balneum_ ＞ banh.
Lty ＞ lts >uts ＞ us: ✱_altiāre_ ＞ auçar aussar. Cf. Lc´y. See § 74, (2).
Lvy ＞ lby ＞ uby in _salvia_ ＞ saubia (Gascon).
Ly, lly ＞ l´: _consĭlium_ ＞ cossẹlh, _fīlium_ ＞ filh, _fīlia_ ＞ filha,
_nūllī_ + vowel ＞ nülh. Learned words have _li_: _familiarmens_. _Lili_
_liri_ _lire_ ＜ _līlium_ are doubtless learned; _lis_ is French.
Mby ＞ mby, mdž, and ndž; mdž being the usual form in the literary
language: _cambiāre_ ＞ camiar caniar cambiar.
Mmy ＞ my, mdž, and ndž: _commeātus_ ＞ comiatz coniatz.
Mny ＞ n´ in Limousin and in the extreme east and southwest, elsewhere
ndž: _somniāre_ ＞ sonhar soniar. _Somni_, beside _suenh_ _songe_, is
learned.
Mply ＞ mply in _ampliāre_ ＞ ampliar, probably learned.
My ＞ my and n´: _sīmia_ ＞ simia, _vindēmia_ ＞ vendẹmia vendanha.
Nc´y ＞ nts ＞ ns: ✱_Francia_ ＞ Fransa. Cf. Nty.
Nd-g ＞ ndž: ✱_pĕndĭcat_ ＞ penia, _vĭndĭco_ ＞ vẹnie. Similarly
_mandūcāre_ ＞ ✱_mandugare_ _manduyare_ _mandyare_ ＞ maniar[71].
Ndy ＞ n´: ✱_Burgŭndia_ ＞ Borgọnha, _verecŭndia_ ＞ vergọnha.
N-g ＞ ndž: ✱_excommĭnĭco_ (= _excommūnĭco_) ＞ escomẹnie[71],
_mŏnăchum_ ＞ monie.
Ng´ ＞ n´ and ndž: _jŭngĕre_ ＞ iọnher iọnger, _ŭngĕre_ ＞ ọnher
ọnger, _plangĕre_ ＞ planher planger, _pŭngĕre_ ＞ pọnher pọnger.
_Angel_ is probably learned.
Ng´y ＞ ndž: _spŏngia_ ＞ esponia.
Nny ＞ n´: _stanneum_ ＞ estanh.
Nty ＞ nts ＞ us: _cantiōnem_ ＞ cansọ, _comĭn(i)tiāre_ ＞ comensar,
_sperantia_ ＞ esperansa. Purely learned words have _nti_: _essentia_.
Cf. Nc´y.
Ny ＞ n´: _extraneum_ ＞ estranh, _tĕneo_ ＞ tenh, _vĕniat_ ＞ venha.
Before or during the literary period final n´ or n´s lost its palatal
quality in many dialects: _ingĕnium_ ＞ genh gen. If _estraniar_ comes
from _extraneāre_ (and not from ✱_extranicāre_), it must be a word of
later adoption; so _estrangier_. In _sotran_ ＜ _subterraneum_ there is
probably a change of suffix.
Pry probably became regularly bry: _capreŏlum_ ＞ ✱cabriǫl cabirǫl
(cabrǫl seems to be a new formation from _cabra_). _Coyre_ ＜? _cŭpreum_
is unexplained.
Pty ＞ ts, which, when it remained medial, was reduced, before and
during the literary period, to s: ✱_captiāre_ ＞ cassar, ✱_corrŭptiāre_
＞ corrossar, _nĕptia_ ＞ nęssa, ✱_nŏptias_ (§ 38, 2) ＞ nǫssas. Cf. C´y.
Py remained py in the west and a part of the south, and elsewhere
became ptš, later tš: _apium_ ＞ ache api, ✱_apprŏpiat_ (＜ _prŏpe_) ＞
aprǫpcha aprǫcha aprǫpia, _sapiam_ ＞ sapcha sacha sapia, _sapiĕntem_
＞ sachent sapient, _sēpia_ ＞ sẹpia. _Asabentar_ is from sabẹn.
_Piion_ ＜ _pipiōnem_ is French. Learned words have _pi_: _copia_; but
_mancĭpium_ ＞ _mancip massip_.
Rc´y ＞ rts (＞ rs?): _urceŏ́lum_ (_Zs._, XXVI, 668) ＞ orzǫl.
Rdy ＞ rdz: ✱_dis-tardiat_ ＞ destarza. Ordi = _hŏrdeum_ is perhaps from
the genitive _hŏrdeī_, as in _tres modii hordei_, etc.
R-g ＞ rdž: _clĕrĭcus_ ＞ clęries.
Rg´ ＞ rdž and rdz (＞ rz): _argĕntum_ ＞ argen, ✱_burgē(n)sis_ ＞ borgẹs
borzẹs (also _borgues_, under the influence of _borc_), ✱_dē-ērĭgit_
＞ dẹrs, ✱_dē-ē(i)gĕre_ ＞ dẹrzer (also _derdre_: § 71), _sŭrgĕre_ ＞
sọrger sọrzer, _sŭrgit_ ＞ sọrtz.
Rny ＞ rn´: ✱_Arvĕrnium_ ＞ Alvęrnhe.
Rr-g ＞ rdž: ✱_carrĭcat_ ＞ caria.
Rry ＞ ir: _porrum_ ＞ ✱_porreum_ ＞ poyre; but ✱_horrearium_? ＞ orgięr
(cf. Körting).
Rt-g ＞ rdž and rts (＞ rs): ✱_excŏrtĭcat_ ＞ escǫria escǫrsa.
Rty ＞ rts ＞ rs ✱_fortiāre_ ＞ forsar, _tĕrtium_ ＞ tęrz tęrs. _Convercio_
is learned.
Rvy ＞ rvy rby: ✱_cĕrvia_ ＞ cervia cerbia.
Ry ＞ r´, which developed into ir when it remained medial, but became
r at the end of a word[72]: ✱_exclariāre_ ＞ esclairar, ✱_donatōria_
＞ donadọira, ✱_fĕria_ ＞ fęira fięira, _fĕriat_ ＞ fęira, _matĕria_
＞ madęira, ✱_mŏriat_ ＞ mǫira, _primaria_ ＞ premęira premięira (§
23, 1), ✱_punitōria_ ＞ punidọira, _varia_ ＞ vaira, _variāre_ ＞
vairar; ✱_a(u)gūrium_ ＞ aür, _cŏrium_ ＞ cuęr, ✱_donatōrium_ ＞
donadọr, _impĕrium_ ＞ empięr, _mĭnistĕrium_ ＞ mestięr, ✱_mŏrio_ ＞
mǫr muęr, _monastĕrium_ ＞ mostięr (§ 45, 3), _primarius_ ＞ premięrs,
✱_punitōrius_ ＞ punidọrs. If the ry is preceded by au, it apparently
remains unchanged: _Auriācum_ ＞ Auriac (_Zs._, XXVII, 559). Learned
words have _ri_: _bori_ ＜ _ebŏreum_, _contrari_.
1. Adjectives in _-er_ (_-ier_) and _-or_, coming from _-arium_
and _-ōrium_, regularly have feminines in _-eira_ (_-ieira_)
and _-oira_. By the analogy of the masculine, there is a
feminine in _-era_ in parts of the west; by the analogy of the
feminine, there is a masculine in _-eir_ in Auvergne. The i of
_vair_ probably comes from the feminine _vaira_ and from the
verb _vairar_. The noun _feira_ sometimes becomes _fiera_ like
a feminine adjective.
Sc´y: see Ssy.
Ssy, sc´y, sty ＞ s´, which in most of the territory became is, but
in the west and the extreme east developed into i(t)š and (t)š:
✱_bassiāre_ ＞ baissar baichar bachar, ✱_angŭstia_ ＞ engọissa,
✱_ingrŏssiat_ ＞ engruęissa, _fascia_ ＞ faissa, ✱_grassiāre_ ＞ graissar,
_pŏstea_ ＞ puęissas pueih püch, _ūstium_ ＞ üis.
Sty: see Ssy.
Sy ＞ z´, which in most of the territory became iz, but in parts of the
northeast, north, and west developed into i(d)ž and (d)ž, and in some
scattered dialects gave y and z: _basium_ ＞ bais bai (§ 63), _basiare_
＞ baisar baiiar baiar bayar basar, _quasi_ + vowel ＞ cais quaish,
_camisia_ (cf. _Archiv für lateinische Lexikographie_, XII, 265) ＞
camiza, _cerĕsea_ (_Einf._, § 103) ＞ ciręiza cirięiia cerięya cerięza,
_ma(n)siōnem_ ＞ maisọn maiiọn maiọn mayọ, _occasiōnem_ ＞ ochaizọ,
_pre(hen)siōnem_ ＞ preisọ (cf. enpreyọna, ‘imprisons’), _quĭd se_ +
vowel ＞ quẹis, Ger. _sazjan_ ＞ saisir, _to(n)siōnem_ ＞ toisọ.
T-g ＞ dž: ✱_coratĭcum_ ＞ corage, ✱_paratĭcum_ ＞ parage, _viaticum_ ＞
viatie. For _messatgue_, etc., see § 65, (3).
Try apparently became ir: _atrium_? ＞ aire, _arbĭtrium_ ＞ albire.
Tty ＞ ts ＞ s: ✱_plattĕa_ ＞ plassa.
Ty ＞ apparently t´ ＞ d´ ＞ generally d´z´,[73] which in most of the west
and north became dz, but in the south and east developed into idz; dz
and idz, when they remained medial, were reduced, before and during
the literary period, to z and iz: ✱_altĭtia_ ＞ altẹza, ✱_bellĭtia_
＞ belẹza, _malĭtia_ ＞ malẹza, _pigrĭtia_ ＞ perẹza, ✱_prĕtiat_ ＞
pręza, ✱_rikĭtia_ ＞ riquẹza; _palatium_ ＞ palatz palaitz palais (§
64), _pŭteum_ ＞ pọtz püis, _prĕtium_ ＞ prętz pręs, _solatium_ ＞ solatz
solas; _potiōnem_ ＞ pozọn poizọn, ✱_pretiāre_ ＞ prezar, _ratiōnem_
＞ razọ raizọn, _s(t)atiōnem_ ＞ sazọ saizọn. The forms without i
prevail in the literary language, and in words in which the dz comes
after the accent (especially in the ending -ẹza) they seem to have
encroached largely upon the ground of the others.[74] According to
some philologists, the development of ty differed according to its
position before or after the accent: for a brief bibliography of the
discussion, see _Zs._, XXVII, 689. In learned words we find _zi_,
_ci_, _çi_, _ti_: _estimatio_, _iustizia_ _-icia_ _-ecia_ _-eçia_,
_natio_ _nacio_, _negoci_, _servizi_ _-ici_ (cf. A. Horning, Zs., XXIV,
545, XXV, 736, XXXI, 200).
1. _Palai_ (beside _palatz_ _-aitz_ _-ais_) may have been made
from _palais_ (used by Bertran de Born and in _Flamenca_) by
dropping the s which was regarded as an inflectional ending.
It was perhaps influenced by such words as _bais_ _bai_: cf.
Sy. A clerical Latin ✱_palasium_, however, would account, not
only for _palai_ _palais_, but also for French _palais_ and for
Italian _palagio_.
2. Modern _poijon_ (Alps) and _rajo_ (Limousin) have perhaps
followed the analogy of such words as _maison_ _maijon_
_majon_: cf. Sy.
3. _Escoisson_ ＜ _excŭtiunt_ seems to follow ✱_escois_
＜ _excŭtio_. It was perhaps influenced by _conoisson_ ＜
_co(g)nōscunt_.
4. Some of the modern western dialects have d in _radon_,
_sadon_, etc. = _razo_, _sazo_, etc.