60. B, d, l, m, n, p, r, s, t underwent no change: ben, dọn, lǫc, mẹ,
nau, pauc, rius, si, tü.
1. For _cremetar_ ＜ ✱_tremitāre_, see Meyer-Lübke, _Einf._, §
194. For _granolha_ ＜ ✱_ranŭcŭla_, see Körting, _ranuculus_.
61. C, c´, f, g, g´, β, y suffered some change. C, g must be
distinguished from c´, g´: § 55, C, G.
C, g before o, u remained unchanged: _colōrem_ ＞ colọr, _cūra_ ＞ cüra;
_gŭla_ ＞ gọla, _gŭtta_ ＞ gọta. Before a they changed only in the
north and northeast, where they became (perhaps from the 7th to the 9th
century) respectively tš and dž: _campus_ ＞ camps champs; _gaudēre_ ＞
gauzir iauzir.
C´ ＞ ts, which just before and during the literary period was reduced
to s: cælum ＞ cęl sęl, _cīvitātem_ ＞ ciutat ciptat siptat. For g´, see
Y.
Y, comprising Latin dy, g´, gy, j, and z, became dž (except in Béarn,
where it remained y): _diurnālem_ ＞ iornal (yornal), _deō(r)sum_ ＞
iọs; _gĕlus_ ＞ gęls, _gentīlem_ ＞ gentil (yentil), _gȳrāre_ ＞ girar;
_jam_ ＞ ia, _jŏcum_ ＞ iǫc (yǫc), _jŭvĕnem_ ＞ iọve; ✱_zelōsus_ ＞ gelọs.
F remained unchanged, except in Béarn and a part of Gascony, where it
became h: _famem_ ＞ fam ham, _fĭdem_ ＞ fẹ hẹ, _fŏcum_ ＞ fǫc hüc,
_fŏlia_ ＞ fuelha huelha.
β ＞ v (the dentilabial spirant), except in Béarn, Gascony, and parts of
Languedoc, where it became b: _vĕnit_ ＞ ven be, _vĕntum_ ＞ vent bent,
_vĕrsus_ (§ 55, R) ＞ vęs bęs, _vōs_ ＞ vọs bọs.
1. In a few words β, owing to Germanic influence, was replaced
by w ＞ gw: _vadum_ + _watan_ ＞ _gua_, _vastare_ + _wôst_ ＞
_guastar_. So _vagīna_ ＞ _guaína_, _Vascŏnia_ ＞ _Gasconha_. Cf.
gw below.