R remained: _amāra_ ＞ amara, _durāre_ ＞ dürar, _ĕrat_ ＞ ęra. Final
rs was reduced to s, in most dialects, during and after the literary
period: _priōres_ ＞ priọrs priọs (_Girart_); the reduction apparently
began in Limousin as early as the 12th century (Bertran de Born rhymes
iọs and flọrs).
1. Final r began to fall in many dialects in the 14th century.
At present it has disappeared all through the south and west:
_amōrem_ ＞ _amou_, _flōrem_ ＞ _flou_.
2. In some dialects (especially those of Gard and Hérault)
intervocalic r and z were confused, probably during the
literary period: _gyrāre_ ＞ _girar_ _gisar_; conversely
_audīre_ ＞ _auzir_ _aurir_. Cf. _Revue des langues romanes_,
XL, 49, 121.
S was voiced to z, probably from the 4th to the 6th century: _pausa_ ＞
pausa, _presĕntem_ ＞ presen; _rīsum_ ＞ ris (§ 63).
1. An s that became contiguous to n was changed, in a few
dialects, to r: _almosna_ _almorna_, _disnar_ _dirnar_.
In modern Limousin and some of the dialects of Dauphiné,
Languedoc, and Gascony, s has disappeared before nasals: _asne_
_ane_, _caresma_ _carema_, _disnar_ _dinar_ (so _blasmar_
_blamar_, _desma_ _dema_); the fall began during the literary
period. S before a consonant in many of the modern dialects,
and final s in some, has become i: _asne_ _aine_, _caresma_
_careima_ (so perhaps _desma_ _deima_, _pruesme_ _prueime_);
some traces of this change occur in texts of the literary
period. Cf. _Zs._, XXIII, 413. _Isla_, in Limousin, became
_ilha_ (perhaps through _iyla_): cf. _Zs._, XXIII, 414. Cf. §
78.
2. In some southeastern dialects intervocalic z after au has
changed to v: _causa_ _cauva_ (so _auzir_ _auvir_); possibly
the _auvent_ of the _Boeci_, v. 23, is to be connected with
this.
T, from the 4th to the 6th century, was voiced to d: _amāta_ ＞ amada,
_natālis_ ＞ nadals, _servitōrem_ ＞ servidọr; _habētis_ ＞ avętz avęs
avęt (§§ 63, 64), _latus_ ＞ latz las, _natum_ ＞ nat. For a t which
became contiguous to r (_amātor_ ＞ amaire), see § 52, (1), and § 70,
Tr.
1. In some dialects of the south and southeast, final t
fell shortly after the literary period: _amātum_ ＞ _amat_
_ama_.--_Appoestat_ is French.
2. _Tōtus_, in Gaul, became _tōttus_ as early as the 4th
century: hence Pr. _tota_ _totas_. For _meteis_ ＜ _met-ĭpse_
see § 131, (2).
3. _Espaza_ (beside _espada_) ＜ _spatha_, was perhaps
influenced in its pronunciation by the spelling of the Latin
word.[53] _Ez_, coming from _et_ before a vowel, shows the
influence of _az_ (＜ _ad_ + vowel) and _quez_ (＜ _quĭd_
+ vowel). _Grazal_, ‘grail’, is perhaps a cross between
✱_cratella_ ＜ _crater_ and _gradale_, ‘service-book’; so
_grazalet_. _Grazir_ _grazire_ (cf. _agradar_) is perhaps
altered from an earlier ✱_grazar_ ＜ ✱_gratiare_. _Mezeis_
＜ _met-ĭpse_, _mezesmes_, _meesmes_ (beside _medesmes_) ＜
✱_met-ĭpsĭmus_ have been subjected to the analogy of _ez_ ＜
_et_ and _quez_ ＜ _quĭd_ or of _ĭd ĭpsum_: § 131, (2).
4. In some dialects _tī_ became a sound written _h_: _peccatī_
＞ _peccah_. See § 51, 1.