Steam, Its

Steam, Its Generation and Use

Name: Steam, Its Generation and Use
Author: Babcock & Wilcox Company

作者：Babcock & Wilcox Company
体例：题　章数：217
字数：724,065　来源：Project Gutenberg

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共 217 题

STEAM
ITS GENERATION AND USE
Thirty-fifth Edition
4th Issue
Bartlett Orr Press
New York
THE BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
85 LIBERTY STREET, NEW YORK, U. S. A.
BABCOCK & WILCOX Limited
BABCOCK & WILCOX
6 RUE LAFERRIÈRE, PARIS
WORKS: SEINE--LA COURNEUVE
REPRESENTATIVE FOR SWITZERLAND: SPOERRI & CIE, ZURICH
TELEGRAPHIC ADDRESS: "BABCOCK-PARIS"
THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE GENERATION AND USE OF STEAM
BRIEF HISTORY OF WATER-TUBE BOILERS[1]
REQUIREMENTS OF STEAM BOILERS
REQUIREMENTS OF A PERFECT STEAM BOILER
THE CIRCULATION OF WATER IN STEAM BOILERS
EVOLUTION OF THE BABCOCK & WILCOX WATER-TUBE BOILER
THE BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILER
Patented Side Dusting Doors]
ADVANTAGES OF THE BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILER
WATER-TUBE _VERSUS_ FIRE-TUBE BOILERS
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILERS AS COMPARED WITH OTHER WATER-TUBE DESIGNS
HEAT AND ITS MEASUREMENT
TABLE 3
COMPARISON OF THERMOMETER SCALES
F = 9/5C+32° = 9/4R+32°
C = 5/9(F-32°) = 5/4R
R = 4/9(F-32°) = 4/5C
Stem correction = 0.000085 × n (T-t)
1 Calorie = 3.968 B. t. u. 1 B. t. u. = 0.252 Calories.
TABLE 4
TABLE 5
BOILING POINTS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
TABLE 6
LINEAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS AT ORDINARY TEMPERATURES
TABLE 7
ACCURACY OF HIGH TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS[7]
TABLE 8
APPROXIMATE MELTING POINTS OF METALS[8]
TABLE 9
THE THEORY OF STEAM MAKING
PROPERTIES OF WATER
TABLE 10
TABLE 11
TABLE 12
BOILING POINT OF WATER AT VARIOUS ALTITUDES
TABLE 13
SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
BOILER FEED WATER
TABLE 14
TABLE 15
TABLE 16
FEED WATER HEATING AND METHODS OF FEEDING
TABLE 17
TABLE 18
STEAM
TABLE 19
TABLE 20
TABLE 21
TABLE 22
TABLE 23
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
TABLE 24
PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM
MOISTURE IN STEAM
H - h = xL + 0.47(t_{2} - t_{1})
X = x - x_{1}
Correction = 313 - 303 = 10 degrees
SUPERHEATED STEAM
TABLE 25
TABLE 26
PROPERTIES OF AIR
Pv = 53.33 T (9)
TABLE 27
P = 144 (14.7 + 60.3) = 10,800.
TABLE 28
TABLE 29
COMBUSTION
TABLE 30
KINDLING TEMPERATURE OF VARIOUS FUELS
TABLE 31
OXYGEN AND AIR REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION
AT 32 DEGREES AND 29.92 INCHES
BY VOLUME
TABLE 32
ANALYSIS OF FLUE GASES
153 × 1½ = 229.5 cubic feet of air per pound of carbon.
153 × 2 = 306 cubic feet of air per pound of carbon.
100 - (12.5 + 6.5 + 0.6) = 80.4 per cent.
Pounds of air required per pound of fuel =
Pounds of air supplied per pound of fuel =
The heat lost in the flue gases is L = 0.24 W (T - t) (15)
TABLE 33
CONVERSION OF A FLUE GAS ANALYSIS BY VOLUME TO ONE BY WEIGHT
TABLE 34
CLASSIFICATION OF FUELS
TABLE 35
TABLE 36
THE DETERMINATION OF HEATING VALUES OF FUELS
Heat units in B. t. u. per pound of dry fuel =
Heating value per pound of dry coal
TABLE 37
TABLE 38
APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND CALORIFIC VALUE OF CERTAIN TYPICAL AMERICAN COALS
TABLE 39
SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE ANALYSES OF COAL
Fig. 25. Graphic Method of Recording Bomb Calorimeter Results]
N = 6, R = 0, R' = .01, T = 20.29, T' = 22.83,
COMBUSTION OF COAL
TABLE 40
ANTHRACITE COAL SIZES
SOLID FUELS OTHER THAN COAL AND THEIR COMBUSTION
TABLE 41
ULTIMATE ANALYSES AND CALORIFIC VALUES OF DRY WOOD (GOTTLIEB)
TABLE 42
TABLE 43
TABLE 44
VALUE OF ONE POUND OF MILL BAGASSE AT DIFFERENT EXTRACTIONS
TABLE 45
LIQUID FUELS AND THEIR COMBUSTION
TABLE 46
COMPOSITION AND CALORIFIC VALUE OF VARIOUS OILS
TABLE 47
RELATIVE VALUE OF COAL AND OIL FUEL
TABLE 48
TESTS OF BABCOCK AND WILCOX BOILERS WITH OIL FUEL
GASEOUS FUELS AND THEIR COMBUSTION
TABLE 49
TYPICAL ANALYSES OF BLAST FURNACE GAS
TABLE 50
TABLE 51
UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT
TABLE 52
CHIMNEYS AND DRAFT
D = KH. (25)
TABLE 53
AVAILABLE DRAFT
FOR OTHER HEIGHTS OF STACK MULTIPLY DRAFT BY HEIGHT ÷ 100
Fig. 33. Diameter of Stacks and Horse Power they will Serve
For an unlined steel stack--
For a stack lined with masonry--
The coal per square foot of grate surface per hour at rating =
TABLE 54
TABLE 55
STACK SIZES BY KENT'S FORMULA
ASSUMING 5 POUNDS OF COAL PER HORSE POWER
TABLE 56
STACK SIZES FOR OIL FUEL
EFFICIENCY AND CAPACITY OF BOILERS
Efficiency of boiler and furnace[55]
Fig. 39. Efficiency Chart. Calculated from Marks and Davis Tables
Diagonal Lines Represent Per Cent Efficiency]
Loss in B. t. u. per pound = W(212-t+970.4+.47(T-212)) (33)
Loss in B. t. u. per pound = 9H((212-t)+970.4+.47(T-212)) (34)
C = per cent of carbon in coal by ultimate analysis,
TABLE 57
Therefore the loss of heat in the dry gases carried up the chimney =
TABLE 58
HEAT BALANCE
B. T. U. PER POUND DRY COAL 14,225
1. OBJECT
2. PREPARATIONS
3. FUEL
4. APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTS[63]
5. OPERATING CONDITIONS
6. DURATION
7. STARTING AND STOPPING
8. RECORDS
9. QUALITY OF STEAM[67]
10. SAMPLING AND DRYING COAL
11. ASHES AND REFUSE
12. CALORIFIC TESTS AND ANALYSES OF COAL
13. ANALYSES OF FLUE GASES
14. SMOKE OBSERVATIONS[71]
15. CALCULATION OF RESULTS
16. DATA AND RESULTS
17. CHART
18. TESTS WITH OIL AND GAS FUELS
AVERAGE PRESSURES, TEMPERATURES, ETC.
TOTAL QUANTITIES
HOURLY QUANTITIES AND RATES
CAPACITY
ECONOMY RESULTS
EFFICIENCY
COST OF EVAPORATION
TABLE 59
TESTS OF BABCOCK & WILCOX BOILERS WITH VARIOUS FUELS
TABLE 60
OPERATION AND CARE OF BOILERS
BRICKWORK BOILER SETTINGS
TABLE 61
APPROXIMATE CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE BRICK
BOILER ROOM PIPING
TABLE 62
TABLE 63
TUBE DATA, STANDARD OPEN HEARTH OR LAP WELDED STEEL TUBES
TABLE 64
RADIATION FROM COVERED AND UNCOVERED STEAM PIPES
CALCULATED FOR 160 POUNDS PRESSURE AND 60 DEGREES TEMPERATURE
TABLE 65
FLOW OF STEAM THROUGH PIPES AND ORIFICES
If h represents the loss of head in feet, then
Substituting this value and that of d in formula (42)
TABLE 66
Q_{1} = Ql^{½} (47)
TABLE 67
TABLE 68
W = 1.9AK ((P - d)d)^{½} (50)
HEAT TRANSFER
INDEX
PAGE
FOOTNOTES