London Labour

London Labour and the London Poor, Vol. 2

Name: London Labour and the London Poor, Vol. 2
Author: Mayhew, Henry, 1812-1887

作者：Mayhew, Henry, 1812-1887
体例：题　章数：558
字数：2,410,878　来源：Project Gutenberg

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Transcriber's Note
A Cyclopædia of the Condition and Earnings
OF
THE LONDON STREET-FOLK
COMPRISING
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS
VOLUME TWO
CONTENTS
OF
VOLUME II.
THE STREET-FOLK.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
VOL. II.
INTRODUCTION.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND ARTICLES.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND METAL ARTICLES.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND CURTAINS.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND GLASS AND CROCKERY.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.
OF THE MUSIC “DUFFERS.”
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND WEAPONS.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND CURIOSITIES.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND TELESCOPES AND POCKET GLASSES.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF OTHER MISCELLANEOUS SECOND-HAND ARTICLES.
OF SECOND-HAND STORE SHOPS.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND APPAREL.
OF THE OLD CLOTHES EXCHANGE.
OF THE WHOLESALE BUSINESS AT THE OLD CLOTHES EXCHANGE.
OF THE USES OF SECOND-HAND GARMENTS.
Of Monmouth-street the same author says:--
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF PETTICOAT AND ROSEMARY-LANES.
ROSEMARY-LANE.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF MEN’S SECOND-HAND CLOTHES.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND BOOTS AND SHOES.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF OLD HATS.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF WOMEN’S SECOND-HAND APPAREL.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND FURS.
OF THE SECOND-HAND SELLERS OF SMITHFIELD-MARKET.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF LIVE ANIMALS.
OF A DOG-“FINDER”.--A “LURKER’S” CAREER.
OF THE PRESENT STREET-SELLERS OF DOGS.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SPORTING DOGS.
A FERRET MATCH.
Under the Management of ----
OF THE STREET SELLERS OF LIVE BIRDS.
OF THE BIRD-CATCHERS WHO ARE STREET-SELLERS.
OF THE CRIPPLED STREET BIRD-SELLER.
OF THE TRICKS OF THE BIRD-DUFFERS.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF FOREIGN BIRDS.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF BIRDS’-NESTS.
LIFE OF A BIRD’S-NEST SELLER.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SQUIRRELS.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF LEVERETS, WILD RABBITS, ETC.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF GOLD AND SILVER FISH.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF TORTOISES.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SNAILS, FROGS, WORMS, SNAKES, HEDGEHOGS, ETC.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF MINERAL PRODUCTIONS AND NATURAL CURIOSITIES.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF COALS.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF COKE.
To this must be added
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF TAN-TURF.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SALT.
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SAND.
One street sand-seller gave the following account of his calling:--
OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SHELLS.
OF THE RIVER BEER-SELLERS, OR PURL-MEN.
The following is the form of licence issued by the Watermen’s Company:--
INCORPORATED 1827.
BUMBOAT.
Stock-money for 20 sellers, at 5_s._ 5 0 0
Stock-money for 30 vendors, at 5_s._ per head 7 10 0
Stock-money for 80 vendors, at 10_s._ each 40 0 0
Stock-money for 30 sellers, at 5_s._ each 7 10 0
Stock-money for 30 sellers, at 6_s._ each 9 0 0
Stock-money for 30 sellers, at 4_s._ each 6 0 0
Stock-money for 5 vendors, at 15_s._ each 3 15 0
Stock-money for 25 sellers, at 1_l._ each 25 0 0
Stock-money for 6 vendors, at 1_l._ each 6 0 0
Stock-money for 6 vendors, at 4_l._ each 24 0 0
STREET-SELLERS OF LIVE ANIMALS.
3 hamper baskets, at 6_d._ each 1 6
Stock-money for 20 vendors, at 10_s._ each 10 0 0
Stock-money for 20 vendors, at 10_s._ each 25 0 0
STREET-SELLERS OF MINERAL PRODUCTIONS AND NATURAL CURIOSITIES.
Ditto street-sellers of green-stuff 149 0 0
Ditto street-sellers of live animals 798 10 0
INCOME, OR “TAKINGS,” OF THE STREET-SELLERS OF SECOND-HAND ARTICLES.
STREET-SELLERS OF LIVE ANIMALS.
OF THE STREET-BUYERS.
OF THE STREET-BUYERS OF RAGS, BROKEN METAL, BOTTLES, GLASS, AND BONES.
OF THE “RAG-AND-BOTTLE,” AND THE “MARINE-STORE,” SHOPS.
No. -- No. --
ESTABLISHED ----.
From the proprietor of this establishment I had the following account:--
OF THE BUYERS OF KITCHEN-STUFF, GREASE, AND DRIPPING.
OF THE STREET-BUYERS OF HARE AND RABBIT SKINS.
OF THE STREET-BUYERS OF WASTE (PAPER).
OF THE STREET-BUYERS OF UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS.
OF THE STREET-JEWS.
OF THE TRADES AND LOCALITIES OF THE STREET-JEWS.
OF THE JEW OLD-CLOTHES MEN.
CLO’, CLO’, CLO’.
OF A JEW STREET-SELLER.
OF THE JEW-BOY STREET-SELLERS.
OF THE STREET JEWESSES AND STREET JEW-GIRLS.
OF THE SYNAGOGUES AND THE RELIGION OF THE STREET AND OTHER JEWS.
OF THE POLITICS, LITERATURE, AND AMUSEMENTS OF THE JEWS.
OF THE CHARITIES, SCHOOLS, AND EDUCATION OF THE JEWS.
OF THE FUNERAL CEREMONIES, FASTS, AND CUSTOMS OF THE JEWS.
OF THE STREET-BUYERS OF HOGS’-WASH.
OF THE STREET-BUYERS OF TEA-LEAVES.
OF THE STREET-FINDERS OR COLLECTORS.
2. The dredgermen, the mud-larks, and the sewer-hunters.
3. The dustmen and nightmen, the sweeps and the scavengers.
BONE-GRUBBERS AND RAG-GATHERERS.
OF THE “PURE”-FINDERS.
OF THE CIGAR-END FINDERS.
OF THE OLD WOOD GATHERERS.
OF THE DREDGERS, OR RIVER FINDERS.
OF THE SEWER-HUNTERS.
OF THE MUD-LARKS.
OF THE LONDON DUSTMEN, NIGHTMEN, SWEEPS, AND SCAVENGERS.
These public cleansers are to be thus classified:--
2. Nightmen, or those who remove the contents of the cesspools.
3. Sweeps, or those who remove the soot from the chimneys.
OF THE DUSTMEN OF LONDON.
2. “Brieze,” or cinders, sold to brickmakers, for burning bricks.
3. Rags, bones, and old metal, sold to marine-store dealers.
6. Old boots and shoes, sold to Prussian-blue manufacturers.
7. Money and jewellery, kept, or sold to Jews.
They are as follows:--
I. LABOURERS PAID BY THE CONTRACTORS, OR,
3. _Loaders_ of carts in the dust-yard for shipment.
5. _Foreman_ or _forewoman_ of the heap.
II. LABOURERS PAID BY THE HILL-MAN OR HILL-WOMAN.
DUST HOI! DUST HOI!
CAPITAL OF THE LONDON DUST TRADE.
INCOME OF THE LONDON DUST TRADE.
EXPENDITURE OF THE LONDON DUST TRADE.
The above estimates give us the following aggregate results:--
OF THE LONDON SEWERAGE AND SCAVENGERY.
OF THE STREETS OF LONDON.
1. _The stone pavement_ (commonly composed of Aberdeen granite).
2. _The macadamized pavement_, or rather _road_.
3. _The wood pavement._
Macadamization prevails beyond the following boundaries:--
1. _The Cambridge Road_, from Shoreditch through Kingsland.
3. _The Barking Road_, along the Commercial Road past Limehouse.
4. _The Dover Road_, from the Elephant and Castle, across Blackheath.
5. _The Brighton Roads_, (_a_) through Croydon, (_b_) through Sutton.
9. _The St. Alban’s Road_, along the Edgeware Road through Elstree.
10. _The Oxford Road_, from Bayswater through Ealing.
OF THE TRAFFIC OF LONDON.
OF THE DUST AND DIRT OF THE STREETS OF LONDON.
OF THE STREET-DUST OF LONDON, AND THE LOSS AND INJURY OCCASIONED BY IT.
Profit of employers, say 550,000
TABLE SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE COST OF CLOTHES WORN IN TOWN AND COUNTRY.
AGGREGATE LOSS UPON CLOTHES WORN IN LONDON.
OF THE HORSE-DUNG OF THE STREETS OF LONDON.
FOOD CONSUMED BY AND EXCRETIONS OF A HORSE IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS.
The following is the estimate made by Mr. Cochrane:--
OF STREET “MAC” AND OTHER MUD.
PROPORTION OF “MAC” IN THE ABOVE.
PROPORTION OF “MAC.”
OF THE MUD OF THE STREETS.
OF THE SURFACE-WATER OF THE STREETS OF LONDON.
DAILY MECHANICAL SUPPLY OF WATER TO METROPOLIS.
YEARLY MECHANICAL SUPPLY OF WATER.
OF THE MASTER SCAVENGERS IN FORMER TIMES.
OF THE SEVERAL MODES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF STREET-CLEANSING.
1. That which consists in cleaning the streets when dirtied.
2. That which consists in cleaning them and _keeping_ them clean.
OF THE CONTRACTORS FOR SCAVENGERY.
CAPITAL OF THE MASTER SCAVENGERS.
The following appears to be the
YEARLY EXPENDITURE OF THE MASTER SCAVENGERS.
YEARLY RECEIPTS OF MASTER SCAVENGERS.
OF THE CONTRACTORS’ (OR EMPLOYERS’) PREMISES, &C.
OF THE WORKING SCAVENGERS UNDER THE CONTRACTORS.
1. _Nominal Wages._--Those said to be paid in a trade.
OF THE “CASUAL HANDS” AMONG THE SCAVAGERS.
The other causes of the present amount of surplus labour are--
STATEMENT OF A “REGULAR SCAVAGER.”
OF THE INFLUENCE OF FREE TRADE ON THE EARNINGS OF THE SCAVAGERS.
OF THE WORSE PAID SCAVAGERS, OR THOSE WORKING FOR SCURF[18] EMPLOYERS.
1. _Driving_, or being compelled to do more work for the _same pay_.
A more specific and later return is as follows:--
The saving by this scurf system, then, is:--
CAPITAL OF STREET-SWEEPING MACHINE TRADE.
YEARLY EXPENDITURE.
YEARLY RECEIPTS.
OF THE CLEANSING OF THE STREETS BY PAUPER LABOUR.
The whole matter seems to hinge upon this one question--
The husband said:--
OF THE STREET-ORDERLIES.
The _direct_ remedies for low wages that have been propounded are:--
1. Fines for real or pretended misconduct.
2. Rents for tools, frames, gas, and sometimes lodgings.
4. Sale of food, drink, &c., at an exorbitant rate of profit.
C. _The institution of certain aids or additions to wages_; as--
2. Beer money, and other “allowances” to workmen.
4. Allotments of land, to be cultivated after the regular day’s labour.
D. _The increase of the money value of wages_; by--
1. Cheap food.
2. Emigration; as a means of draining off the surplus labourers.
1. The shortening the hours of labour, and abolition of Sunday-work.
1. Communism; or the abolition of all rights to individual property.
1. Home colonization, or the cultivation of waste lands by the poor.
EMPLOYMENT OF STREET-ORDERLIES.
The _division of labour_ among the street-orderlies is as follows:--
The system formerly adopted was as follows:--
Meat?--2_s._ 6_d._
Bread?---2_s._
Potatoes?--4_d._
Butter?--6_d._
Tea and sugar?--1_s._
What rent they pay?--2_s._
Do they ever save any money; how much, and where?--
Therefore, of 67 scavagers
These wages the scavagers laid out in the following manner:--
I now give two estimates, both relating to the same district:--
STREET-ORDERLIES.--CITY SURVEYOR’S REPORT.
OF THE “JET AND HOSE” SYSTEM OF SCAVAGING.
Other experiments are thus detailed:--
OF THE COST AND TRAFFIC OF THE STREETS OF LONDON.
Or, as a total for all London,--
Or, as a total for the entire streets and roads of London,--
OF THE RUBBISH CARTERS.
STREET TRAFFIC.
The following statement shows--
THE NUMBER OF HOUSES BUILT THROUGHOUT LONDON BETWEEN 1841 AND 1851.
There are--
The causes of casual labour may be grouped under two heads:--
II. _The Surplus Hands_ appertaining to the different trades.
C. The fashion of the day.
D. Commerce and accidents.
I shall deal with each of these causes _seriatim_.
C. Fashion.
D. Commerce and Accidents.
2. The increase of the hands themselves.
3. The decrease of the work.
1. By the undue increase of apprentices.
3. By the importation of labourers from abroad.
5. By the depression of other trades.
6. By the undue increase of the people themselves.
Of those who were occupied the following were the proportions:--
INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF ENGLAND AND WALES.
INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF SCOTLAND.
INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF IRELAND.
INCREASE IN THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
AMOUNT OF THE PROPERTY AND INCOME OF GREAT BRITAIN.
The above returns show the following results:--
TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PAUPERS IN ENGLAND AND WALES.[53]
We now come to the records of criminality:--
2. An increase of the hands.
OF THE CASUAL LABOURERS AMONG THE RUBBISH-CARTERS.
THE EFFECTS OF CASUAL LABOUR IN GENERAL.
OF THE SCURF TRADE AMONG THE RUBBISH-CARTERS.
1. By making the workmen do _more_ work for the _same_ pay.
2. By making them do the _same_ work for _less_ pay.
5. By the middleman system of labour.
6. By the prevalence of small masters.
In another place the same excellent gentleman says:--
OF THE LONDON CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS.
OF THE SWEEPERS OF OLD, AND THE CLIMBING BOYS.
The following cases were also submitted to the Committee:--
The following case was a subject of frequent comment at the time:--
EXPENDITURE OF MASTER CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS UNDER THE CLIMBING-BOY SYSTEM.
The following, then, may be taken as the--
YEARLY RECEIPTS OF THE MASTER SWEEPERS UNDER THE CLIMBING-BOY SYSTEM.
OF THE CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS OF THE PRESENT DAY.
There are three _modes of payment common_ among the sweepers:--
WAGES PAID TO THE OPERATIVE SWEEPERS OF LONDON.
The gains, then, of the master sweepers are as under:--
The capital of the trade is about 5000_l._
OF THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORKING CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS.
THE ORIGINAL OF THE SWEEP’S MAY-DAY EXHIBITION.]
Clown 3_s._ „
Drummer 4_s._ „
SWEEPING OF THE CHIMNEYS OF STEAM-VESSELS.
OF THE “RAMONEUR” COMPANY.
OF THE “LEEKS” AMONG THE CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS.
OF THE INFERIOR CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS--THE “KNULLERS” AND “QUERIERS.”
OF THE FIRES OF LONDON.
COMPILED BY W. BADDELEY.
BY W. BADDELEY, 29, ALFRED STREET, ISLINGTON.
OF THE SEWERMEN AND NIGHTMEN OF LONDON.
Of each of these kinds there are two species:--
OF THE WET HOUSE-REFUSE OF LONDON.
From the foregoing account, then, the following is shown to be
Thus, by this process of admeasurement, we find the
OF THE MEANS OF REMOVING THE WET HOUSE-REFUSE.
There are two ways:--
I shall first deal with the sewerage of the metropolis.
OF THE QUANTITY OF METROPOLITAN SEWAGE.
OF ANCIENT SEWERS.
OF THE KINDS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWERS.
The refuse conduits of the metropolis are of two kinds:--
OF THE SUBTERRANEAN CHARACTER OF THE SEWERS.
OF THE HOUSE-DRAINAGE OF THE METROPOLIS AS CONNECTED WITH THE SEWERS.
I will first show the mode and then the cost of the new system.
Mr. Lovick said:--
OF THE LONDON STREET-DRAINS.
OF THE LENGTH OF THE LONDON SEWERS AND DRAINS.
OF THE COST OF CONSTRUCTING THE SEWERS AND DRAINS OF THE METROPOLIS.
Hence, according to the above calculations, we have the following
OF THE USES OF SEWERS AS A MEANS OF SUBSOIL DRAINAGE.
OF THE CITY SEWERAGE.
OF THE OUTLETS, RAMIFICATIONS, ETC., OF THE SEWERS.
OF THE QUALITIES, ETC., OF THE SEWAGE.
This insoluble portion consisted of
OF THE NEW PLAN OF SEWERAGE.
The instructions given by the Court were to the following effect:--
I will now describe the course of each of these constructions.
OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SEWERS AND THE LATE COMMISSIONS.
The districts were as follows:--
OF THE POWERS AND AUTHORITY OF THE PRESENT COMMISSIONS OF SEWERS.
These are as follows:--
1. Fulham and Hammersmith, Counter’s Creek and Ranelagh districts.
2. Westminster (Eastern and Western), Regent-street, and Holborn.
3. Finsbury, Tower Hamlets, Poplar, and Blackwall.
4. Districts south of the Thames, Eastern and Western.
5. City.
The above statement may be analysed in the following manner:--
The expenditure, as returned under the general head, is--
OF THE SEWERS RATE.
Local taxes are of two classes:--
AUGUST, 1851.
I. RATES.
A. RATES OF INDEPENDENT DISTRICTS.
1. _On the basis of the poor rate._
2. _Not on the basis of the poor rate._
B. RATES OF AGGREGATE DISTRICTS.
II. TOLLS, DUES, AND FEES.
AUGUST 7, 1851.
OF THE CLEANSING OF THE SEWERS--VENTILATION.
OF “FLUSHING” AND “PLONGING,” AND OTHER MODES OF WASHING THE SEWERS.
OF THE WORKING FLUSHERMEN.
The division of labour among the flushermen appears to be as follows:--
City „ 1 „ 9
OF THE RATS IN THE SEWERS.
The author then puts forth the following curious statement:--
OF THE CESSPOOLAGE AND NIGHTMEN OF THE METROPOLIS.
The number of nightmen may be summed up as follows:--
OF THE CESSPOOL SYSTEM OF LONDON.
OF THE CESSPOOL AND SEWER SYSTEM OF PARIS.
The Parisian cesspools are of two sorts:--
1. Fixed or excavated cesspools.
2. Movable cesspools.
OF THE EMPTYING OF THE LONDON CESSPOOLS BY PUMP AND HOSE.
There are two methods of removing the soil from the tanks:--
1. By pump and hose, or the hydraulic method;
2. By shovel and tube, or manual labour.
MODE OF CLEANSING CESSPOOLS BY PUMP AND HOSE.]
The _division of labour_ is as follows:--
1. The pumpmen, who, as their name implies, work the engine or pumps.
STATEMENT OF A CESSPOOL-SEWERMAN.
OF THE PRESENT DISPOSAL OF THE NIGHT-SOIL.
OF THE WORKING NIGHTMEN AND THE MODE OF WORK.
1. The _holeman_, who goes into the cesspool and fills the tub.
2. The _ropeman_, who raises the tub when filled.
DUST AND OTHER CONTRACTORS ENGAGED AS NIGHTMEN.
MASTER-BRICKLAYERS ENGAGED AS NIGHTMEN.
SUMMARY OF THE ABOVE TABLE.
CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
I.--OF THE ADULT CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
1. THE ABLE-BODIED MALE CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
THE “ARISTOCRATIC” CROSSING-SWEEPER.
THE BEARDED CROSSING-SWEEPER AT THE EXCHANGE.
THE SWEEPER IN PORTMAN SQUARE, WHO GOT PERMISSION FROM THE POLICE.
ANOTHER WHO GOT PERMISSION TO SWEEP.
In reply to our questions, the man said,--
A THIRD WHO ASKED LEAVE.
A REGENT-STREET CROSSING-SWEEPER.
A TRADESMAN’S CROSSING-SWEEPER.
2. THE ABLE-BODIED FEMALE CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
THE OLD WOMAN “OVER THE WATER.”
THE OLD WOMAN CROSSING-SWEEPER WHO HAD A PENSIONER.
THE CROSSING-SWEEPER WHO HAD BEEN A SERVANT-MAID.
The statement of this old sweeper is as follows:--
3. THE ABLE-BODIED IRISH CROSSING-SWEEPER.
THE OLD IRISH CROSSING-SWEEPER.
THE FEMALE IRISH CROSSING-SWEEPER.
4. THE OCCASIONAL CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
THE SUNDAY CROSSING-SWEEPER.
THE WOODEN-LEGGED SWEEPER.
ONE-LEGGED SWEEPER AT CHANCERY-LANE.
THE MOST SEVERELY-AFFLICTED OF ALL THE CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
THE NEGRO CROSSING-SWEEPER, WHO HAD LOST BOTH HIS LEGS.
EDWARD ALBERT!
HULL:
W. HOWE, PRINTER.”
The following will give an idea of the matter of which it is composed:--
KIND CHRISTIAN FRIENDS
THE UNFORTUNATE
EDWARD ALBERT
AS I HAVE NO OTHER MEANS TO GET A LIVELYHOOD BUT BY APPEALING TO
A GENEROUS PUBLIC
YOUR KIND DONATIONS WILL BE MOST THANKFULLY RECEIVED.
THE MAIMED IRISH CROSSING-SWEEPER.
II.--JUVENILE CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
BOY CROSSING-SWEEPERS AND TUMBLERS.
YOUNG MIKE’S STATEMENT.
GANDER--THE “CAPTAIN” OF THE BOY CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
He then continued his statement,--
THE “KING” OF THE TUMBLING-BOY CROSSING-SWEEPERS.
THE STREET WHERE THE BOY-SWEEPERS LODGED.
THE BOY-SWEEPERS’ ROOM.
THE GIRL CROSSING-SWEEPER SENT OUT BY HER FATHER.
GIRL CROSSING-SWEEPER.
INDEX.
Articles for amusement, second-hand sellers of, 16
Bear-baiting, 54
Bedding, &c., second-hand sellers of, 15
Bird-catchers who are street sellers, 64
Birds’-nests, sellers of, 72
Birds, stuffed, sellers of, 23
Bone-grubbers, 139
Boots and shoes, second-hand, sellers of, 42
Boy crossing-sweepers’ room, 504
Brisk and slack seasons, 297
Brushes, second-hand, sellers of, 22
Burnt linen or calico, 13
Cabinet-ware, second-hand, sellers of, 22
Casual labour in general, 297
Carpeting, &c., second-hand, sellers of, 14
Cesspool emptying by trunk and hose, 447
Cesspool system of London, 437
Cesspool-sewerman, statement of a, 448
Cesspoolage and nightmen, 433
Chimney-sweepers, the London, 339
Cigar-end finders, 145
Clocks, second-hand, sellers of, 23
Coal, consumption of, 169
Coke, sellers of, 85
Commissioners of Sewers, powers of, 416
Criminals, number of, in England and Wales, 320
Crossing-sweeper, the aristocratic, 467
Crossing-sweepers, 465
Curiosities, second-hand, sellers of, 21
Curtains, second-hand, sellers of, 14
Dog “finder’s” career, a, 51
Dog-finders, stealers, and restorers, the former, 48
Dogs, sellers of, 52
Dredgers, the, or river-finders, 147
Dust-contractors, 168
Dust-heap, composition of a, 171
Dustmen, the, 166
Dustmen, sweeps, and nightmen, 159
Employers, “cutting,” varieties of, 232
Fires of London, 378
Flushermen, the working, 428
Furs, second-hand, sellers of, 45
Gander, the “captain” of the boy sweepers, 499
Garret workmen, labour of, 302
Glass and crockery, second-hand, sellers of, 15
Gold and silver fish, sellers of, 78
Hare and rabbit-skins, buyers of, 111
Harness, second-hand, sellers of, 23
Hill men and women, 173
Hogs’-wash, buyers of, 132
Home work, 313
Horse, food consumed by, and excretions in twenty-four hours, 194
Horse-dung of the streets of London, 193
House-drainage, as connected with the sewers, 395
Iron Jack, 11
Jew old clothes-men, 119
Jews, the street, 115
Jewesses, street, the, 124
Kitchen-stuff, grease, and dripping, buyers of, 111
Knullers and queriers, 376
Labour, economy of, 307
Lasts, second-hand, sellers of, 23
Leverets, wild rabbits, &c., sellers of, 77
Linen, second-hand, sellers of, 13
Live animals, sellers of, 47
London street drains, 398
Low wages, remedies for, 254
Marine-store shops, 108
May-day, 370
May-day, sweeps’ festival, 371
Men’s second-hand clothes, sellers of, 40
Metal trays, second-hand, sellers of, 12
Metropolitan police district, the, 159
Monmouth-street, Dickens’s description of, 36
Mud-larks, 155
Mineral productions and natural curiosities, sellers of, 81
Music “duffers”, 19
Musical instruments, second-hand, sellers of, 18
Night-soil, present disposal of, 448
Nightmen, the, working and mode of work, 450
Offal, how disposed of, 7
Old Clothes Exchange, the, 26
Old clothes-men, 119
Old hats, sellers of, 43
Old John, the waterman, statement of, 480
Old woman “over the water,” the, 477
Old wood gatherers, 146
Paris, cesspool and sewer system of, 439
Paupers, street-sweeping, narratives of, 245
Petticoat-lane, street-sellers of, 36
Purl-men, the, 93
Rag-gatherers, 139
Rags, broken metal, bottles, glass, and bone, buyers of, 106
Rat-killing, 56
River beer-sellers, 93
River finders, 147
Rosemary-lane, street sellers of, 39
Rubbish-carters, the, 281, 289
Salt, sellers of, 89
Sand, sellers of, 90
Scavenger, statement of a “regular”, 224
Scavengers, master, of former times, 205
Scavengery, contractors for, 210
Scavenging, jet and hose system of, 275
Scurf-labourers, 236
Second-hand apparel, sellers of, 25
Seven-dials, Dickens’s description of, 35
Sewage, metropolitan, quantity of, 387
Sewerage, the City, 403
Sewerage and scavengery, London, history of, 179
Sewers, ancient, 388
Sewer-hunters, 150
Sewermen and nightmen of London, 383
Shells, sellers of, 91
Shoddy mills, 30
Smithfield market, second-hand sellers at, 46
Smoke, evils of, 339
Squirrels, sellers of, 77
Street-buyers, the, varieties of, 103
Street-cleansing, modes and characteristics of, 207
Street-finders or collectors, varieties of, 136
Street-folk, census of, 1
Street-muck, or “mac”, 198
Street Jews, the, 115
Street-orderlies, the, 253
Street-sweeping, employers, 209
Street-sweeping machines, 208
Streets of London, how paved, 181
Sweeping chimneys of steam-vessels, 372
Surface-water of the streets of London, 202
Tan-turf, sellers of, 87
Tea-leaves, buyers of, 133
Telescopes and pocket-glasses, second-hand, sellers of, 22
Tumbling boy-sweepers, king of the, 501
Umbrellas and parasols, buyers of, 115
Washing expenses in London, 190
Waste-paper, buyers of, 113
Water, daily supply of the metropolis, 203
Watermen’s Company, form of license, 95
Weapons, second-hand, sellers of, 21
Wet house-refuse, 383
Women’s second-hand apparel, sellers of, 44
Wrappers or “bale-stuff”, 13
Young Mike the crossing-sweeper, 498
FOOTNOTES:
Transcriber's Note