Anthropological
章节目录
共 471 题- ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA
- By ALEŠ HRDLIČKA
- CONTENTS
- ILLUSTRATIONS
- PLATES
- 13. Tanana Indian woman 150
- 24. Fossil ivory combs, upper Bering Sea. (A. H. coll., 1926) 174
- 32. The school children at Wales 214
- 34. King Island Eskimo; a family group 214
- 35. King Island native 214
- 39. The Wales people. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 242
- 40. The long broad-faced types, Wales. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 242
- 43. A "Hypereskimo," King Island. Excessively developed face 242
- 47. A Point Hope group 250
- 56. Eskimo, Indianlike, Arctic region. (Photo by Lomen Bros.) 250
- 57. Siberian Eskimo and child, Indian type 250
- TEXT FIGURES
- 2. The Yukon from Tanana to below Kokrines 137
- 3. The Yukon from below Kokrines to below Koyukuk 137
- 4. The Yukon from below Koyukuk to Lofkas 138
- 5. Old map of the Nulato district 139
- 6. Map of Kaltag and vicinity. (By McLeod) 139
- 7. The Yukon from Bystraia to below Holy Cross 140
- 8. The Yukon from above Holy Cross to below Mountain Village 141
- 9. The Yukon from below Mountain Village to near Marshall 141
- 10. The Yukon from near Marshall to below Kavlingnak 142
- 11. From above Kobolunuk to mouth of river 143
- 13. World map 177
- 15. Nelson's map, Eighteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., 1898 179
- 16. Linguistic map, United States census, 1920 180
- 17. Villages and sites on Kodiak Island 185
- 19. Villages and sites on the distal half of Alaska Peninsula 188
- 20. Eskimo villages and sites on Nushagak Bay to Kuskokwim Bay 191
- 21. Eskimo villages and sites, Kuskokwim Bay to Scammon Bay 193
- 25. Eskimo villages and sites, Kevalina to Point Barrow 207
- 26. Russian map of St. Lawrence Island, 1849. (Tebenkof) 209
- 28. The Bering Strait Islands 212
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY IN ALASKA
- By ALEŠ HRDLIČKA
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL REMARKS
- FOOTNOTES:
- NORTHWEST COAST--JUNEAU
- THE COAST INDIANS
- NOTES OF ARCHEOLOGICAL INTEREST
- THE WRITER'S TRIP ON THE YUKON
- TANANA--YUKON
- ANCIENT MAN
- THE INDIANS AT TANANA
- RUBY
- GALENA
- NULATO
- KALTAG
- THE ANVIK PEOPLE
- BONASILA
- HOLY CROSS
- GHOST CREEK
- FOOTNOTES:
- PAIMUTE
- RUSSIAN MISSION
- MARSHALL
- RÉSUMÉ
- ST. MICHAEL
- ABOUT NOME
- ABORIGINAL REMAINS
- NOME--BERING STRAIT--BARROW
- SAVONGA
- THE DIOMEDES
- A GROUP OF WOMEN AT SHISHMAREF
- THE YUKON TERRITORY--SITES, THE INDIANS, THE ESKIMO
- THE TANANA
- BRIEF HISTORICAL DATA
- FOOTNOTES:
- POPULATION
- FOOTNOTES:
- INDIAN SITES AND VILLAGES ALONG THE TANANA
- FOOTNOTES:
- LOWER TANANA, NENANA TO YUKON
- 6. Near 5, but on the opposite bank, a few habitations.
- THE YUKON BELOW TANANA
- BRIEF HISTORY
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE YUKON NATIVES
- FOOTNOTES:
- FOOTNOTES:
- PRESENT CONDITIONS
- ARCHEOLOGY OF THE YUKON
- THE RANDOM SPECIMENS
- LOCATION OF VILLAGES AND SITES ON THE YUKON
- CHARACTERISTIC STONE AXES. MIDDLE YUKON
- CRUDE STONE ARTIFACTS, FOUND AT BONASILA, LOWER MIDDLE YUKON
- CRUDE STONE ARTIFACTS, FOUND AT BONASILA. LOWER MIDDLE YUKON
- PRE-RUSSIAN SITES
- ARCHEOLOGY OF CENTRAL ALASKA
- ANCIENT STONE CULTURE
- THE POTTERY
- THE ALASKAN GROOVED STONE AX
- ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE YUKON
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE LIVING INDIAN
- TANANA INDIAN WOMAN]
- CHIEF SAN JOSEPH, NEAR TANANA VILLAGE, ON THE YUKON
- YUKON INDIANS]
- YUKON INDIANS]
- SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE YUKON
- LOWER MIDDLE YUKON INDIAN CRANIA
- SEX: MALE
- SEX: FEMALE
- FOOTNOTES:
- SKELETAL PARTS
- SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE BANK AT BONASILA
- THE CRANIA
- ADDITIONAL PARTS
- YUKON INDIANS: MAIN LONG BONES
- SEX: MALES[39]
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE YUKON ESKIMO
- THE LIVING
- MEASUREMENTS ON LIVING YUKON ESKIMO
- SKELETAL REMAINS OF YUKON ESKIMO
- YUKON ESKIMO CRANIA
- UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM:
- FOOTNOTES:
- SKELETAL PARTS OF THE YUKON ESKIMO
- FOOTNOTES:
- NOTES ON THE ARCHEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN ESKIMO REGION
- FOOTNOTES:
- OLD SITES IN THE REGION OF THE WESTERN ESKIMO
- FOOTNOTES:
- PRESENT LOCATION OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES
- TERMINAL PIECE OF A LANCE OR HARPOON. NORTHERN BERING SEA
- OBJECTS SHOWING THE OLD FOSSIL IVORY ART. NORTHERN BERING SEA
- FOSSIL IVORY COMBS. UPPER BERING SEA
- FOSSIL IVORY OBJECTS FROM THE UPPER BERING SEA REGION. TRANSITIONAL ART
- WOODEN FIGURINES FROM A MEDICINE LODGE, CHOCO INDIANS, PANAMA
- Right: Two old ceremonial Mexican obsidian knives.]
- FOOTNOTES:
- SITES AND VILLAGES
- BILLINGS AND GALL'S MAP OF BERING STRAIT AND NEIGHBORING LANDS, 1811]
- FOOTNOTES:
- BURIAL GROUNDS
- PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA PENINSULA
- KODIAK ISLAND AND NEIGHBORHOOD
- FOOTNOTES:
- ALASKA PENINSULA
- 19. _Cold Bay._--Small village.
- 21. _Kuiukuk._--Small village.
- 27. Old village mentioned on this island; uncertain.
- 35. _Unangashik._--A native village, or portage, near Port Heiden.
- 36. _Meshik._--A village on Port Heiden.
- 38. _Igagik (or Egegik)._--A village at the mouth of the Egegik River.
- 42. _Lockanok._--Small village.
- 43. _Kashanak._--Small old village.
- BRISTOL BAY TO CAPE ROMANZOF
- 48. _Togiak._--Old Eskimo settlement.
- 50. A small Eskimo village.
- 52. Site of a village, at junction of Bessie Creek and Arolic River.
- 56. _Eek._--Eskimo village at mouth of Eek River.
- 63. Village site (?).
- 65. _Popokak._--Native village.
- 85. _Tachikuga._--Dead village, Nunivak Island, below Cape Mohican.
- 88. _Agiak._--Eskimo village on promontory north of Hooper Bay.
- 89. _Igag._--Small village.
- 90. _Kut_ (_Kutmiut_).--Small village on Kut River, head of Scammon Bay.
- CAPE ROMANZOF TO NORTHERN (APOON) PASS OF THE YUKON AND NORTHWARD
- FOOTNOTES:
- SOUTH SHORE OF SEWARD PENINSULA WEST OF BLUFF
- 91. _Melatolik._--A small coast village.
- 92. _Bimiut._--A small coast village.
- 95. _Kogomiut._--A small village.
- 96. _Waklarok._--A small village.
- 97. _Nunamekrok._--A small village.
- 98. _Nilak._--A small village.
- 100. _Alakanuk._--A small settlement.
- 101. _Kwiguk._--A village on Kwikluak Pass of the Yukon, north bank.
- 108. _Stebbins._--A living Eskimo village at Cape Stephens.
- 110. _Golsova._--A small camp at mouth of river of same name.
- 119. _Atnik._--Old village below the preceding.
- 120. _Camp_ (_Reindeer_).
- 122. _Ikalikhvig._--Present Cheenik, at Point Golovnin.
- 128. Dead village, 18 miles east of Nome, near Port Safety. (A. H.)
- 132. _Sinuk._--Small old site.
- 134. Dead sites.
- 135. Burials.
- 136. _Siniak._--Now a Lutheran Mission for the Eskimo.
- 138. _Salt Lake_ (_Imuruk Basin_).--Ruins seen on north shore. (A. H.)
- 140. Old village site on the St. Marys River.
- 141. Burials reported.
- THE NORTHERN SHORE OF THE SEWARD PENINSULA
- 145. _Sinrazat._--Old site.
- 147. _Kividlow._--Old site.
- 148. Old site reported.
- 149. Old site (?).
- 150. _Paapkuk._--Old site.
- 151. _Deering._--Recent settlement, but old sites probable in vicinity.
- 152. _Kiwalik._--A village at mouth of river of same name.
- 154. Old whaling place, occupied summers only. (S. Chance.)
- 156. Camps. (S. Chance.)
- 157. Fish camps. (A. H.)
- KOTZEBUE SOUND, ITS RIVERS AND ITS COAST NORTHWARD TO KEVALINA
- SEWARD PENINSULA, KOTZEBUE SOUND, AND NORTHWARD
- 159. _Noorvik._--White and native village; school center.
- 160. _Oksik._--Old camp, still occupied. (S. Chance.)
- 161. _Kiana._--Old village, still occupied. (S. Chance.)
- 162. _Shesoalik._--Old camp, still occupied in summer. (S. Chance.)
- 163. _Aniyak._--Old camp, still occupied. (S. Chance.)
- 164. Old site reported here; said to be promising archeologically.
- 166. _Kiligmak._--Old camp, still occupied.
- 167. _Noatak._--A living village.
- 168. Old camp, exact location not certain. (S. Chance.)
- 169. _Matthew or Aniyak._--Old camp.
- 170. _Ottala._--Camp, occupied. (S. Chance.)
- 171. Old site reported; exact location (?).
- 173. _Kevalina._--Living Eskimo village.
- 174. _Pingo._--Old dead village. (S. Chance, Jim Allen.)
- KEVALINA--POINT BARROW
- POINT HOPE (TIGARA)
- FOOTNOTES:
- POINT HOPE TO POINT BARROW
- BARROW AND POINT BARROW
- 175. _Pingishuguruk._--A small old site.
- 176. _Ketchemeluk._--A small old site.
- 177. Old whaling station.
- 180. _Iniktilik._--Small village, occupied. (S. Chance.)
- 187. _Napayochik._--Old camp, two igloos. (S. Chance.)
- 188. _Tolageak._--Old dead igloos. (S. Chance.)
- 189. _Utukok._--Old small settlement at northern mouth of Utukok River.
- 190. _Emelik._--Old deserted igloo. (S. Chance.)
- 191. _Kayakshulik._--A live village at Icy Cape. (Jim Allen, S. Chance.)
- 192. _Nokotlik_ (_?_).--Old igloo. (S. Chance.)
- 195. Old abandoned camp. (S. Chance.)
- 197. _Kululin._--Old site.
- 198. _Sedaru._--Old dead village.
- 199. _Atnik._--Old dead village. (S. Chance.) Possibly same with next.
- 202. _Kokolak._--Two old igloos, still occupied. (S. Chance.)
- 203. _Sakamna._--Small camp.
- 205. _Walakpa._--A small dead old settlement about 12 miles from Barrow.
- 206. _Nunava._--Small camp.
- 209. _Nunawa._--Remains of old camping site, about 4 miles from Barrow.
- THE ST. LAWRENCE AND DIOMEDE ISLANDS
- ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND
- THE DIOMEDE ISLANDS AND THE ASIATIC COAST
- 215. _Kukuliak._--Dead village.
- 216. Former summer site. Given on the 1849 Russian map.
- 219. _Chitnak._--One of the dead villages of 1879. (Nelson, Hooper.)
- 220. _Puguviliak._--One of the dead villages of 1879. (Nelson, Hooper.)
- 221. Old site; no details available.
- PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
- EARLIER DATA
- 1784, Cook:[67]
- 1821, Kotzebue:[68]
- 1832, Beechey:[69]
- 1850, Latham:[70]
- 1853, Hooper:[71]
- GRAVES AT NASH HARBOR, NUNIVAK ISLAND
- SCHOOL CHILDREN AT WALES]
- KING ISLAND ESKIMO: A FAMILY GROUP]
- KING ISLAND NATIVE]
- A FINE FULL-BLOOD ESKIMO PAIR, NORTHERN BERING SEA REGION]
- TYPICAL FULL-BLOOD ESKIMO. NORTHERN BERING SEA REGION
- ELDERLY MAN, ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND
- 1853, Seemann, vol. II, pages 49-51:[72]
- 1861, Richardson:[73]
- 1870, Dall:[74]
- 1874, Bancroft (compilation):[76]
- Simpson, 1875:[84]
- 1877, Dall:[85]
- 1884, Hooper:[86]
- 1885, Ray:[87]
- 1888, Murdoch:[88]
- 1890, Murdoch:[89]
- 1890, Kelly:[90]
- 1900, Nelson:[91]
- 1905, Jackson:[92]
- 1916, Hawkes:[94]
- 1923, Jenness:[95]
- FOOTNOTES:
- OLDER ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA ON THE WESTERN ESKIMO
- STATURE AND OTHER MEASUREMENTS ON THE LIVING
- STONE'S DATA ON THE NOATAK RIVER ESKIMO
- STATURE
- CEPHALIC INDEX[103]
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE SKULL
- JEFFRIES WYMAN'S AND OTIS'S MEASUREMENTS OF WESTERN ESKIMO CRANIA
- PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS OF POINT BARROW CRANIA, BY HAWKES
- POST CLARENCE (SEWARD PENINSULA) ESKIMO CRANIA
- PREVIOUS MEASUREMENTS OF WESTERN ESKIMO SKULLS
- FOOTNOTES:
- PRESENT DATA ON THE WESTERN ESKIMO
- THE LIVING
- MEASUREMENTS OF LIVING WESTERN ESKIMO
- DIMENSIONS OF FOREHEAD
- DIMENSIONS OF THE FACE
- LOWER FACIAL BREADTH
- THE WALES PEOPLE
- THE LONG AND BROAD-FACED TYPES, WALES
- THE LONG-FACED TYPE]
- A "HYPERESKIMO," KING ISLAND. EXCESSIVELY DEVELOPED FACE]
- ESKIMO "MADONNA" AND CHILD, NORTHERN BERING SEA REGION
- NOSE MEASUREMENTS
- MOUTH WIDTH
- EARS
- CHEST MEASUREMENTS
- HAND
- 72 Sioux males: _11.40._
- FOOT
- 72 Sioux males: _15.40._
- MEASUREMENTS OF THE LEG
- FOOTNOTES:
- PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
- PULSE, RESPIRATION, TEMPERATURE, AND STRENGTH
- ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND ESKIMO
- MALES--ALL
- FEMALES--SUSPICIOUS CASES ELIMINATED
- NUNIVAK ISLAND ESKIMO
- FOOTNOTES:
- SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIVING WESTERN ESKIMO[136]
- FOOTNOTES:
- REMARKS
- YOUNG WOMAN, NORTHERN BERING SEA REGION
- YOUNG WOMEN, FULL-BLOOD ESKIMOS, SEWARD PENINSULA
- A POINT HOPE GROUP]
- ELDERLY WOMAN, ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND
- ESKIMO, INDIANLIKE; NORTHERN BERING SEA REGION
- ESKIMO, INDIANLIKE; NORTHERN BERING SEA REGION
- ESKIMO, INDIANLIKE; NORTHERN BERING SEA REGION
- ESKIMO, INDIANLIKE; NORTHERN BERING SEA REGION
- ESKIMO, INDIANLIKE; NORTHERN BERING SEA REGION
- ESKIMO, INDIANLIKE; ARCTIC REGION
- SIBERIAN ESKIMO AND CHILD, INDIAN TYPE]
- WESTERN ESKIMO: MEASUREMENTS ON THE LIVING
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE SKULL
- FOOTNOTES:
- SKULL SIZE
- ESKIMO: CRANIAL MODULE ((L+B+H)/3)
- MALES IN ASCENDING ORDER
- FOOTNOTES:
- MODULE AND CAPACITY
- FOOTNOTES:
- ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON CRANIAL MODULE
- SKULL SHAPE
- ESKIMO: CRANIAL INDEX
- IN DESCENDING ORDER
- FOOTNOTES:
- HEIGHT OF THE SKULL
- ESKIMO: CRANIAL MEAN HEIGHT INDEX
- MEAN OF BOTH SEXES IN ASCENDING ORDER
- ESKIMO: HEIGHT-BREADTH INDEX OF THE SKULL
- MEAN OF BOTH SEXES IN ASCENDING ORDER
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE FACE
- WESTERN AND OTHER ESKIMO: FACIAL DIMENSIONS IN THE SKULL
- ESKIMO SKULLS: FACIAL INDEX, UPPER
- MEAN OF BOTH SEXES IN ASCENDING ORDER
- THE NOSE
- ESKIMO: BREADTH OF THE NASAL APERTURE
- BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN DESCENDING ORDER
- NASAL DIMENSIONS IN WESTERN AND OTHER ESKIMO CRANIA
- ESKIMO SKULLS: NASAL INDEX
- BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN DESCENDING ORDER
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE ORBITS
- ESKIMO ORBITS: RIGHT AND LEFT
- MALES
- FEMALES
- ORBITAL HEIGHT VERSUS UPPER FACIAL HEIGHT
- PERCENTAGE RELATIONS OF ORBITS TO FACE
- ORBITAL BREADTH VERSUS FACIAL BREADTH
- PERCENTAGE RELATIONS OF ORBITS TO FACE
- ORBITAL DIMENSIONS AND INDEX IN ESKIMO SKULLS
- ESKIMO SKULLS: MEAN INDEX OF THE ORBITS
- BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER
- THE UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH
- ESKIMO CRANIA: ALVEOLAR ARCH
- ESKIMO SKULLS: LENGTH-BREADTH INDEX OF THE UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH
- BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER
- ESKIMO CRANIA: DENTAL ARCH AND FORM OF SKULL
- ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND MATERIAL
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE BASION-NASION DIAMETER
- ESKIMO CRANIA: BASION-NASION LENGTH
- SEXES SEPARATELY IN ASCENDING ORDER
- ESKIMO SKULLS: BASION-NASION LINE IN RELATION TO SKULL LENGTH
- BOTH SEXES TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER
- BOTH SEXES TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER
- PROGNATHISM
- ESKIMO CRANIA: BASION-PREALVEOLAR POINT DIAMETER
- ALL ESKIMO
- MALES
- ESKIMO SKULLS: FACIAL AND ALVEOLAR ANGLE WITH PRINCIPAL AREAS
- ESKIMO SKULLS: GROUP CONDITIONS IN FACIAL AND ALVEOLAR ANGLE[159]
- ESKIMO CRANIA
- MALES
- SEWARD PENINSULA TO POINT BARROW AND EASTWARD TO GREENLAND
- MALES
- WESTERN, NORTHERN, AND EASTERN ESKIMO
- FEMALES
- FEMALES
- FOOTNOTES:
- SKULLS OF ESKIMO CHILDREN
- CRANIA OF ESKIMO CHILDREN
- SOUTHWESTERN AND MIDWESTERN ESKIMO
- PRINCIPAL CRANIAL INDICES IN CHILDREN COMPARED WITH THOSE IN ADULTS
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE LOWER JAW
- ESK̅IMO LOWER JAW: HEIGHT AT SYMPHYSIS
- LOWER JAW OF VARIOUS RACES: HEIGHT AT SYMPHYSIS
- FOOTNOTES:
- STRENGTH OF THE JAW
- BREADTH OF THE RAMI
- OTHER DIMENSIONS
- ADDITIONAL MEASUREMENTS ON THE LOWER JAW
- MALE
- FEMALE
- FEMALES TO MALES (M = 100)
- FOOTNOTES:
- THE ANGLE
- WESTERN ESKIMO: ANGLE OF THE LOWER JAW
- RÉSUMÉ
- MANDIBULAR HYPEROSTOSES
- LINGUAL MANDIBULAR HYPEROSTOSES IN THE WESTERN ESKIMO
- CHILDREN
- ADULTS
- ADULTS
- FOOTNOTES:
- MAIN REFERENCES
- FOOTNOTES:
- SKELETAL PARTS OTHER THAN THE SKULL
- FOOTNOTES:
- WESTERN ESKIMO: THE LONG BONES
- FOOTNOTES:
- WESTERN ESKIMO, LONG BONES: COMPARATIVE DATA
- MALES
- FEMALES
- FOOTNOTES:
- LONG BONES IN ESKIMO AND STATURE
- FOOTNOTES:
- LONG BONES VS. STATURE IN ESKIMO OF SMITH SOUND[199]
- FOOTNOTES:
- A STRANGE GROUP OF ESKIMO NEAR POINT BARROW
- ANTHROPOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS ON THE COLLECTIONS
- ESTIMATED AGES AT DEATH
- IGLOO MATERIAL
- SURFACE SERIES
- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
- ESKIMO CRANIA, BARROW AND VICINITY
- FOOTNOTES:
- ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF THE ESKIMO
- ORIGIN OF THE NAME "ESKIMO"
- FOOTNOTES:
- OPINIONS BY FORMER AND LIVING STUDENTS
- FOOTNOTES:
- THEORIES AS TO THE ORIGIN OF THE ESKIMO
- ASIATICS
- FOOTNOTES:
- AMERICAN
- FOOTNOTES:
- EUROPEAN
- FOOTNOTES:
- OPPOSED TO EUROPEAN
- FOOTNOTES:
- MISCELLANEOUS AND INDEFINITE
- FOOTNOTES:
- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS INDICATED BY PRESENT DATA
- FOOTNOTES:
- SUMMARY
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
- End of Project Gutenberg's Anthropological Survey in Alaska, by Ales Hrdlicka