-------------+---------------------------------------------
| Males
-------------+------------+---------+--------+------------
Bones of |Southwestern| Seward| Point| Seward
both sides | and|Peninsula| Hope| Peninsula
taken | midwestern| [192]| | and
together |groups [191]| | |northwestern
| | | | Eskimo in
| | | | general
| | | | [193]
-------------+------------+---------+--------+------------
Humeri: | (143)| (261)| (67)| (100)
| | | |
Length | 30.69| 31.42| 31.07| 31.17
maximum | | | |
| | | |
At middle-- | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 2.40| 2.46| 2.46| 2.46
maximum | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 1.80| 1.81| 1.86| 1.85
minimum | | | |
| | | |
Index at | 75.1| 73.8| 75.8| 75.1
middle | | | |
| | | |
Radii: | (98)| (20)| (15)| (37)
| | | |
Length | 22.90| 23.63| 23.44| 23.50
maximum | | | |
| | | |
Radio- | | | |
humeral | _74.5_| _75.2_| _75.4_| _75.4_
index | | | |
(approximate)| | | |
| | | |
Femora: | (195)| (44)| (10)| (60)
| | | |
Length, | 42.50| 43.20| (44.06)| 43.46
bicond. | | | |
| | | |
Humero- | | | |
femoral | _72.2_| _72.7_| [195]| _71.7_
index | | |(_70.5_)|
(approximate)| | | |
| | | |
At middle-- | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | | | |
antero- | 3.08| 3.17| (3.33)| 3.21
posterior | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 2.70| 2.72| (2.68)| 2.72
lateral | | | |
| | | |
Index at | _87.6_| _85.8_|(_80.4_)| _84.8_
middle | | | |
| | | |
At upper | | | |
flattening-- | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 3.35| 3.34| (3.27)| 3.32
maximum | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 2.51| 2.57| (2.58)| 2.59
minimum | | | |
| | | |
Index at | | | |
upper | _75_| _77_| (_79_)| _78.1_
flattening | | | |
| | | |
Tibiae: | (141)| (35)| (41)| (79)
| | | |
Length (in | 33.86| 34.52| 36.40| 35.52
position) | | | |
| | | |
Tibio- | | | |
femoral index| | | |
| | | |
(approximate)| _79.7_| _79.9_| [194]| _81.7_
| | |(_82.6_)|
At middle-- | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | | | |
| | | |
antero- | 3.12| 3.13| 3.26| 3.19
posterior | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 2.12| 2.12| 2.20| 2.16
lateral | | | |
| | | |
Index at | _67.9_| _67.7_| _67.4_| _67.8_
middle | | | |
-------------+------------+---------+--------+------------
-------------+---------------------------------------------
| Females
-------------+------------+---------+--------+------------
Bones of |Southwestern| Seward| Point| Seward
both sides | and|Peninsula| Hope| Peninsula
taken | midwestern| | | and
together | groups| | |northwestern
| | | | Eskimo in
| | | | general
| | | |
-------------+------------+---------+--------+------------
Humeri: | (136)| (26)| (55)| (83)
| | | |
Length | 28.40| 28.75| 28.83| 28.83
maximum | | | |
| | | |
At middle-- | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 2.10| 2.14| 2.16| 2.15
maximum | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 1.54| 1.59| 1.63| 1.62
minimum | | | |
| | | |
Index at | 73.2| 74.4| 75.4| 75.1
middle | | | |
| | | |
Radii: | (109)| (16)| (8)| (24)
| | | |
Length | 20.50| 21.26| [194]| 21.25
maximum | | | (21.58)|
| | | |
Radio- | | | |
humeral | _72.2_| _74_|(_74.8_)| _74_
index | | | |
(approximate)| | | |
| | | |
Femora: | (132)| (26)| | (31)
| | | |
Length, | 39.36| 40.12| | 40.44
bicond. | | | |
| | | |
Humero- | | | |
femoral | _72.2_| _71.7_| | _71.3_
index | | | |
(approximate)| | | |
| | | |
At middle-- | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | | | |
antero- | 2.69| 2.85| | 2.88
posterior | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 2.46| 2.55| | 2.56
lateral | | | |
| | | |
Index at | _91.5_| _89.6_| | _88.9_
middle | | | |
| | | |
At upper | | | |
flattening-- | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 3.02| 3.04| | 3.06
maximum | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 2.26| 2.37| | 2.40
minimum | | | |
| | | |
Index at | | | |
upper | _74.5_| _78_| | _78.4_
flattening | | | |
| | | |
Tibiae: | (147)| (18)| (17)| (36)
| | | |
Length (in | 31.32| 31.90| 32.90| 32.50
position) | | | |
| | | |
Tibio- | | | |
femoral index| | | |
| | | |
(approximate)| _79.6_| _79.5_| | _80.4_
| | | |
At middle-- | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | | | |
| | | |
antero- | 2.71| 2.71| 2.80| 2.75
posterior | | | |
| | | |
Diameter | 1.89| 1.93| 1.92| 1.92
lateral | | | |
| | | |
Index at | _69.9_| _71.3_| _68.8_| _70_
middle | | | |
-------------+------------+---------+--------+------------
The first fact shown by the preceding figures is the slightly greater
length of all the long bones in the midwestern and northwestern groups
as compared with those of the Bering Sea (midwestern and southwestern).
This means naturally that the people of the Seward Peninsula and
northward average somewhat taller in stature.
The second evident fact is that the people of the Seward Peninsula and
the more northern groups (so far as represented in these collections)
show a slightly greater stature of all the bones than the groups
farther south, showing that they were both a somewhat taller and
somewhat sturdier people.
The next fact of importance is the remarkable agreement in some
respects in the relative proportions of the main skeletal parts between
the people of the more southern and the more northern groups. The
males are more regular in this respect than the females. The relative
proportions of the humerus and again the tibia at their middle are
identical in the males of the southwestern and midwestern groups and
those farther northward; and the radio-humeral, humero-femoral, and
tibio-femoral indices are all very closely related. Why there should be
less agreement in these respects among the females it is difficult to
say; in all probability the series of specimens are not sufficiently
large.
The next table presents data and some racial comparisons. Here the
western Eskimo are taken as a unit. They are seen to considerably
resemble the Yukon Indians, but somewhat less so other Indians in
the radio-humeral and tibio-femoral indices, and they resemble all
the Indians in the relative proportions of the femur at its middle.
In other respects there are somewhat more marked differences,
especially between the western Eskimo and the Indians in general. Some
irregularities in the Yukon series may be due to insufficiency of
numbers.
When compared with the bones of the whites and the negroes the Eskimo
and Indians separate themselves in many respects as a distinct group,
while the white and the negro bones are particularly distinct through
the greater relative thickness of the humerus and tibia at their
middle, and of the femur at its upper flattening; in other words the
Eskimo as well as the Indians are more platybrachic, platymeric and
platycnemic than the whites or the negroes.
The basic relation of the Eskimo to the Indian bones is quite evident;
though the Eskimo, when compared to Indians outside of Alaska, show a
relatively shorter radius and tibia, indicating the already discussed
relative shortness of the forearm and leg.