Dawkins, 1866:[254] "The sum of the evidence proves that man, in a
hunter state, lived in the south of Gaul on reindeer, musk sheep,
horses, oxen, and the like, at a time when the climate was similar
to that which those animals now inhabit. To what race did he belong?
In solving this the zoological evidence is of great importance. The
reindeer and musk sheep now inhabit the northern part of the American
Continent and are the principal land animals that supply the Esquimaux
with food. The latter of these has departed from the Asiatic Continent,
leaving remains behind to prove that it shared the higher northern
latitudes of Asia with the reindeer, and this latter has retreated
farther and farther north during the historical period. May not the
race that lived on these two animals in southern Gaul have shared also
in their northern retreat, and may it not be living in company with
them still? The truth of such a hypothesis as this is found by an
appeal to the weapons, implements, and habits of life of the Esquimaux.
The fowling spear, the harpoon, the scrapers, the marrow spoons are
the same in the ice huts of Melville Sound as in the ancient dwellings
of southern Gaul. In both there is the same absence of pottery; in
both bones are crushed in the same way for the sake of the marrow,
and accumulate in vast quantities. The very fact of human remains
being found among the relics of the feast is explained by an appeal to
what Captain Parry observed in the island of Igloolik. Among the vast
quantities of bones of walruses and seals, and skulls of dogs and bears
found in the Esquimaux camp, were numbers of human skulls lying about
among the rest, which the natives tumbled into the collecting bags of
the officers without the least remorse. A similar carelessness for the
dead was also observed by Sir J. Ross and Captain Lyon. This presence,
then, of human remains in the south of Gaul is another link binding the
ancient people then living there to the Esquimaux. Their small size
also is additional evidence.
"The only inference that can be drawn from these premises is that the
people in question were decidedly Esquimaux, related to them precisely
in the same way as the reindeer and musk sheep of those days were to
those now living in the high North American latitudes. The sole point
of difference is the possession of the dog by the latter people, but
in the vast lapse of time between the date of their sojourn in Europe
and the present day the dog might very well have been adopted from some
other superior race, or even reduced under the rule of man from some
wild progenitor. By this discovery a new people is added to those which
formerly dwelt in Europe. The severity of the climate in southern Gaul
is proved by the northern animals above mentioned. As it became warmer
musk sheep, reindeer, and Esquimaux would retreat farther and farther
north until they found a resting place on the American shore of the
great Arctic Sea. Possibly in the case of the Esquimaux the immigration
of other and better-armed tribes might be a means of accelerating this
movement."
* * * * *
Hamy, 1870:[255] "Il nous parait, comme à MM. de Quatrefages,
Carter-Blake, Le Hon, etc., que les caractères anatomiques des races
de Furfooz et de Cro-Magnon doivent leur faire prendre place dans le
groupe hyperboréen."
* * * * *
Dawkins, 1874[256]: In 1866, Boyd Dawkins, on the basis of the
resemblances between the implements of the Eskimo and those of the
later prehistoric man of Europe, advances the idea that the Eskimo were
close kin to the palaeolithic man of Europe, before the scientific
forum. In his Cave Hunting he says: "Palaeolithic man appeared in
Europe with the arctic mammalia, lived in Europe along with them,
and disappeared with them. And since his implements are of the same
kind as those of the Eskimos, it may reasonably be concluded that he
is represented at the present time by the Eskimos, for it is most
improbable that the convergence of the ethnological and zoological
evidence should be an accident."
1880:[257] "The probable identity of the cave men with the Eskimos is
considerably strengthened by a consideration of some of the animals
found in the caves. * * *
"All these points of connection between the cave men and the Eskimos
can, in my opinion, be explained only on the hypothesis that they
belong to the same race * * *."
The cave man: "From the evidence brought forward in this chapter, there
is reason to believe that he is represented at the present time by the
Eskimos."
* * * * *
Mortillet, 1889:[258] "Les Groënlandais, au point de vue
paléoethnologique, présentent un très grand intérêt. Ils paraissent
se relier très intimement aux hommes qui habitaient l'Europe moyenne
pendant l'époque de la Madeleine. Ils seraient les descendants directs
des Magdalèniens. Ils auraient successivement émigré vers le pôle, avec
l'animal caractéristique de cette époque, le renne. Habitués aux froids
les plus rigoureux de l'époque magdalénienne, ils se sont retirés dans
les régions froides du Nord. * * *
"Comme on le voit, il y a la plus grande ressemblance, tant sous
le rapport physique et moral que sous le rapport artistique et
industriel entre les hommes de la Madeleine et les Groënlandais. Cette
ressemblance est telle que nous pouvons en conclure que les seconds
sont les descendants des premiers."
* * * * *
Testut, 1889:[259] "Parmi les races actuelles, celle qui me parait
présenter la plus grande analogie avec l'homme de Chancelade est celle
des Esquimaux qui vivent encore à l'état sauvage dans leg glaces de
l'Amérique septentrionale. Ils ont, en effet, le même crâne que notre
troglodyte quaternaire; leur face est constituée suivant le même type;
ils ont, à peu de chose près, la même taille, le même indice palatin,
le même indice nasal, le même indice orbitaire, le même degré de
torsion de l'humérus, etc. * * *
"La découverte de Chancelade, en mettant en lumière une analogie
frappante entre le squelette de notre troglodyte périgourdin et celui
des Esquimaux actuels, apporte à cette opinion aussi séduisante que
naturelle, l'appui de l'anthropologie anatomique qui, dans l'espèce,
a une importance capitale. Elle lui est de tous points favorable et
élève à la hauteur d'une vérité probable, je n'ose dire d'une vérité
démontrée, ce qui n'était encore qu'une simple hypothèse."
* * * * *
Hervé, 1893:[260] "* * * * par leurs usages et par leurs moeurs,
aussi bien que par leur matériel industriel et artistique, les
Hyperboréens actuels (Tchouktches et Eskimaux) sont extrêmement voisins
des Troglodytes magdaléniens de l'Europe occidentale; à ce point
que Hamy a pu dire 'qu'ils continuent de nos jours, dan les régions
circumpolaires, l'âge du renne de France, de Belgique, de Suisse,
avec ses caractéristiques zoologiques, ethnographiques, etc.' (op.
cit., 366). 'Nous avons vu, d'autre part, que les plus purs d'entre
eux ne diffèrent pas anatomiquement des Magdaléniens. C'est donc au
rameau hyperboréen que nous sommes amenés à rattacher, au point de vue
ethnique, les dernières populations de l'Europe quaternaire.'"
* * * * *
Boule, 1913:[261] "On sait d'ailleurs, depuis les travaux de Testut
sur l'Homme de Chancelade, que les relations des Esquimaux sont avec
d'autres Hommes fossiles de nos pays, mais d'un âge géologique plus
récent."
* * * * *
Sollas, 1924:[262] The Magdalenians are represented "in part, by the
Eskimo on the frozen margin of the North American Continent and as
well, perhaps, by the Red Indians. * * *" Due to pressure of stronger
peoples, the ancestors of the Eskimo were present to the north; "but
as there was no room for expansion in that direction, it was diverted
toward the only egress possible, and an outflow took place into America
over Bering Strait or the Aleutian Islands. The primitive Eskimo,
already accustomed to a boreal life, extended along the coast."
1927:[263] "The assemblage of characters presented on the one hand
by the Chancelade skull, and on the other by the Eskimo, are in very
remarkable agreement, and that the onus of discovering a similar
assemblage, but possessed by some other race, rests with those who
refuse to accept what seems to me a very obvious conclusion. * * *
"Our only reason for any feeling of surprise is, not that Chancelade
man should prove a close relation of the Eskimo, but that so far he
is the only fossil example of his kind of which we have any certain
knowledge."