--------------------------+--------+---------+--------+---------
Crania (both sexes) | Length | Breadth | Height | Cranial
| | | | index
--------------------------+--------+---------+--------+---------
| (11) | (11) | (7) | (11)
Asiatic Eskimo | 17.8 | 14.1 | 13.2 | _79.3_
| | | |
| (6) | (6) | (6) | (6)
Northwest American Eskimo | 17.5 | 13.2 | 13.1 | _75.1_
--------------------------+--------+---------+--------+---------
There were also taken the weight, capacity, circumference, longitudinal
arch, length of the frontal, parietal, and occipital, "zygomatic
diameter," and in two specimens of each series the facial angle. To-day
these data have but a historical value.
In 1882, Quatrefages and Hamy,[114] in their "Crania ethnica" (p.
440) give the measurements of two male Kaniagmiouts (Kodiak Indian,
A. Pinart, collector) and one female Mahlemiout. The principal
measurements of these skulls are as follows:
----------------------+----------+-----------
| Males (2)| Female (1)
----------------------+----------+-----------
Skull: | |
Length | 18.6 | 17.9
Breadth | 14.2 | 13.9
Height (bas.-bg.) | 14.3 | 13.2
Cranial index | _76.34_ | _77.65_
Nose: | |
Length | 5.9 | 5.1
Breadth | 2.3 | 2.3
Nasal index | _38.98_ | _45.09_
Facial index, total | _77.69_ | _70.37_
Orbital index | _92.68_ | _90.24_
----------------------+----------+-----------
In 1883 Dr. Irving C. Rosse, in his "Medical and Anthropological Notes
on Alaska,"[115] refers to his examination of a number of Eskimo
skulls from the St. Lawrence Island brought to the Army Medical
Museum.[116] There are no measurements outside of a reference to the
capacity, but there are two excellent chromolithographs showing two
female crania, besides a number of outline drawings.
The next data on the western Eskimo skull are in rather unsatisfactory
condition. They are those of Boas. In his report on the "Anthropologie
der nordamerikanischen Indianer,"[117] Doctor Boas mentions the cranial
index of the Alaska Eskimo to average _77_; and on page 397 he reports
the same index as secured on 37 "Alaska Eskimo" skulls, apparently of
both sexes. The only note relating to these figures is found on page
393, where it is stated that these results proceed from measurements
that had been made for the author at the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, the
American Museum, New York, the Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, and
the United States Army Medical Museum, Washington; and that he utilized
also the measurements of Barnard Davis and Otis. On 22 of the above
western Eskimo skulls there is also given the length-height index of
_76.6_. There is no information as to either sex or locality. There are
no other measurements.
Deniker (1901) and later Martin (1914) repeat the data given by Boas.
In 1890 Tarenetzky[118] publishes measurements and observations on four
Koniag (Kodiak) skulls and one Oglemute (Aglegmute, Alaska Peninsula).
The main measurements (pp. 70-71) are:
-----------------+----------+-------+-------+-------+---------+----------
Koneage[119]Koneage|Koneage|Koneage|Means[120]
| | | | | of the | Aglegm-
| | | | |four from| jute
| | | | | Kodiak | (Alaska
| | | | | Island |Peninsula)
-----------------+----------+-------+-------+-------+---------+----------
Skull: | | | | | |
Length | 17.1 | 16.4 | 17.2 | 16.8 | 16.88 | 19.0
Breadth | 13.8 | 15.7 | 15.8 | 14.4 | 14.93 | 13.7
Height | 13.1 | 14.4 | 14.0 | 13.2 | 13.68 | 14.1
Cranial index| _80.7_ | _95.7_| _91.8_| _85.7_| _88.4_ | _72.1_
Nose: | | | | | |
Length | 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.40 | 5.8
Breadth | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.45 | 2.3
Nasal index | _51.0_ | _47.1_| _46.6_| _39.0_| _45.4_ | _39.6_
Orbital index| _87.5_ | _97.6_| _92.7_| _80.9_| _89.7_ | _88.1_
-----------------+----------+-------+-------+-------+---------+----------
In 1900 Sergi[121] reports on four Kodiak skulls that he examined in
Paris. Two of these are probably Aleut (or Indian). The cranial indices
were, respectively, _75.8_, _78.3_, _88_, and _88.2_.
In 1916 E. W. Hawkes presented a thesis on the "Skeletal Measurements
and Observations on the Point Barrow Eskimo, with Comparisons from
other Eskimo Groups."[122] The number of skulls measured was 27,
of which 14 were identified as adult males, 5 adult females, 6
adolescents, and 2 infants. In addition there are measurements by Ralph
Linton of other skeletal parts than the skull of three skeletons.
The measurements, though the first taken by this author, have evidently
been taken in a painstaking manner and according to modern methods, and
are therefore of some value. An abstract of those on the adults follows: