[67] Cook, Capt. James, and Capt. James King. A Voyage to the Pacific
Ocean. London, 1784, II, vol. 2, p. 300.
[68] Kotzebue, Otto von, A voyage of discovery into the South Sea and
Bering Strait, 1815-1818, vol. 1, p. 209. London, 1821.
[69] Beechey, F. W., Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Bering
Strait. Philadelphia, 1832, pp. 474-476.
[70] Latham, Robert G., The varieties of man. London, 1850, pp. 290-292.
[71] Hooper, W. H., Ten months among the tents of the Tuski. London,
1853, pp. 223-224.
[72] Seemann, Berthold, Narrative of the voyage of H. M. S. _Herald_.
London, 1853, vols. I-II. On the Anthropology of Western Eskimo Land
and on the Desirability of Further Arctic Research. J. Anthrop. Soc.,
London, 1865, vol. III, p. 301.
[73] Richardson, Sir John, The Polar Regions. Edinburgh, 1861, p. 301.
[74] Dall, W. H., Alaska and Its Resources. Boston, 1870.
[75] Orarian, a term used by the author to distinguish the tribes of
Innuit, Aleutians, and Asiatic Eskimo from the natives known under the
name of Indian, in allusion to the universal coastwise distribution of
the former.
[76] Bancroft, Hubert H., The Native Races of the Pacific States. Vol.
I, New York, 1874. Wild Tribes, p. 45.
[77] _Color._--"Their complexion, if divested of its usual covering
of dirt, can hardly be called dark."--Seemann's Voy. _Herald_,
vol. II, p. 51. "In comparison with other Americans of a white
complexion."--McCulloh's Aboriginal Hist. of America, p. 20. "White
complexion, not copper coloured."--Dobb's Hudson's Bay, p. 50. "Almost
as white as Europeans."--Kalm's Travels, vol. II, p. 263. "Not darker
than that of a Portuguese."--Lyon's Journal, p. 224. "Scarcely a shade
darker than a deep brunet."--Parry's Third Voyage, p. 493. "Their
complexion is light."--Dall's Alaska, p. 381. "Eyewitnesses agree in
their superior lightness of complexion over the Chinooks."--Pickering's
Races of Man, U. S. Ex. Ex., IX, 28. At Coppermine River they are "of
a dirty copper color; some of the women, however, are more fair and
ruddy."--Hearne's Travels, p. 166. "Considerably fairer than the Indian
tribes."--Simpson's Nar., p. 110. At Cape Bathurst "the complexion
is swarthy, chiefly, I think, from exposure and the accumulation of
dirt."--Armstrong's Nar., p. 192. "Show little of the copper color of
the Red Indians."--Richardson's Pol. Reg., p. 303. "From exposure to
weather they become dark after manhood."--Richardson's Nar., I, 343.
[78] _Proportions._--"Both sexes are well proportioned, stout,
muscular, and active."--Seemann's Voy. _Herald_, II, 50. "A stout,
well-looking people."--Simpson's Nar., pp. 110, 114. "Below the mean
of the Caucasian race."--Doctor Hayes in Historic Magazine, vol. I, p.
6. "They are thick set, have a decided tendency to obesity, and are
seldom more than 5 feet in height."--Figuier's Human Race, p. 211.
At Kotzebue Sound "tallest man was 5 feet 9 inches; tallest woman 5
feet 4 inches."--Beechey's Voy., I, 360. "Average height was 5 feet 4½
inches"; at the mouth of the Mackenzie they are of "middle stature,
strong, and muscular."--Armstrong's Nar., 149, 192. "Low, broad set,
not well made nor strong."--Hearne's Trav., p. 166. "The men were in
general stout."--Franklin's Nar., I, 29. "Of a middle size, robust
make, and healthy appearance."--Kotzebue's Voy., I, 209. "Men vary
in height from about 5 feet to 5 feet 10 inches."--Richardson's Pol.
Reg., p. 304. "Women were generally short." "Their figure inclines to
squat."--Hooper's Tuski, p. 224.
[79] _Hands and feet._--"Tous les individus qui appartiennent à la
famille des Esquimaux se distinguent par la petitesse de leurs pieds
et de leurs mains, et la grosseur énorme de leurs têtes."--De Pauw,
Recherches Phil. I, 262. "The hands, and feet are delicately small and
well formed."--Richardson's Pol. Reg., p. 304. "Small and beautifully
made."--Seemann's Voy. Herald, II, 50. At Point Barrow "Their hands,
notwithstanding the great amount of manual labor to which they are
subject, were beautifully small and well formed, a description equally
applicable to their feet."--Armstrong's Nar., p. 101.
[80] _Head._--"The head is of good size, rather flat superiorly, but
very fully developed posteriorly, evidencing a preponderance of the
animal passions; the forehead was for the most part low and receding;
in a few it was somewhat vertical but narrow."--Armstrong's Nar., p.
193. Their cranial characteristics "are the strongly developed coronary
ridge, the obliquity of the zygoma, and its greater capacity compared
with the Indian cranium. The former is essentially pyramidal, while
the latter more nearly approaches a cubic shape."--Dall's Alaska, p.
376. "Greatest breadth of the face is just below the eyes, the forehead
tapers upwards, ending narrowly but not acutely, and in like manner the
chin is a blunt cone."--Richardson's Pol. Reg., p. 302. Doctor Gall,
whose observations on the same skulls presented him for phrenological
observation are published by M. Louis Choris, thus comments upon the
head of a female Eskimo from Kotzebue Sound: "L'organe de l'instinct de
la propagation se trouve extrêmement dévelopé pour une tête de femme."
He finds the musical and intellectual organs poorly developed, while
vanity and love of children are well displayed. "En général," sagely
concluded the doctor, "cette tête femme présentait une organization
aussi heureuse que celle de la plupart des femmes d'Europe."--Voy.
Pitt., pt. II, p. 16.
[81] _Face._--"Large, fat, round faces, high cheek bones, small hazel
eyes, eyebrows slanting like the Chinese, and wide mouths."--Beechey's
Voy., I, 345. "Broad, flat faces, high cheek bones."--Doctor Hayes in
Hist. Mag., I, p. 6. Their "teeth are regular, but from the nature
of their food and from their practice of preparing hides by chewing,
are worn down almost to the gums at an early age."--Seemann's Voy.
_Herald_, II, 51. At Hudson Strait, "broad, flat, pleasing face; small
and generally sore eyes; given to bleeding at the nose."--Franklin's
Nar., I, 29. "Small eyes and very high cheek bones."--Kotzebue's Voy.,
I, 209. "La face plate, la bouche ronde, le nez petit sans être écrase,
le blanc de l'oeil jaunâtre, l'iris noir et peu brillant."--De Pauw,
Recherches Phil., I, 262. They have "small, wild-looking eyes, large
and very foul teeth, the hair generally black, but sometimes fair,
and always in extreme disorder."--Brownell's Indian Races, p. 467.
"As contrasted with the other native American races, their eyes are
remarkable, being narrow and more or less oblique."--Richardson's Nar.,
I, 343. "Expression of face intelligent and good natured. Both sexes
have mostly round, flat faces, with Mongolian cast."--Hooper's Tuski,
p. 223.
[82] _Hair._--"Allowed to hang down in a club to the
shoulder."--Richardson's Pol. Reg., p. 305. "Their hair is
straight, black, and coarse."--Seemann's Voy. _Herald_, II, 51. A
fierce expression characterized them on the McKenzie River, which
"was increased by the long, disheveled hair flowing about their
shoulders."--Armstrong's Nar., p. 149.
[83] _Beard._--"The old men had a few gray hairs on their chins, but
the young ones, though grown up, were beardless."--Beechey's Voy., I,
322. "The possession of a beard is very rare, but a slight mustache is
not infrequent."--Seemann's Voy. _Herald_, II, 51. "As the men grow old
they have more hair on the face than red Indians."--Richardson's Nar.,
I, 343. "Generally an absence of beard and whiskers."--Armstrong's
Nar., p. 193. "Beard is universally wanting."--Kotzebue's Voy., I,
252. "The young men have little beard, but some of the old ones
have a tolerable show of long, gray hairs on the upper lip and
chin."--Richardson's Pol. Reg., p. 303. "All have beards."--Bell's
Geography, V, 294. Kirby affirms that in Alaska "many of them have a
profusion of whiskers and beard."--Smiths. Report, 1864, p. 416.
[84] Simpson, John, Observations on the Western Eskimo and the Country
They Inhabit. _In_ A Selection of Papers on Arctic Geography and
Ethnology, Pres. by the Roy. Geogr. Soc., London, 1875, pp. 238-246.
[85] Dall, W. H., Tribes of the Extreme Northwest. Contribution to
North American Ethnology, I, Washington, 1877.
[86] Hooper, C. L., Report of cruise of the revenue steamer _Corwin_,
1881. Washington, 1884, p. 101.
[87] Ray, P. H., Ethnographic sketch of the natives. Report of the
International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington,
1885.
[88] Murdoch, J., Ethnological results of the Point Barrow expedition.
Ninth Ann. Rept. Bur. Ethn., 1887-88, pp. 33-39, Washington, 1892.
[89] Murdoch, J., Dress and physique of the Point Barrow Eskimos.
Popul. Sci. Month., Dec., 1890, 222-223.
[90] Kelly, J. W., Arctic Eskimos in Alaska and Siberia. Revised and
edited by Sheldon Jackson. Bull. No. 3, Soc. Alaskan Nat. Hist. and
Ethnol., Sitka, 1890, p. 15.
[91] Nelson, Edward W., The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Eighteenth Ann.
Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., Washington, 1900, pp. 26-29.
[92] Jackson, Sheldon, Our barbarous Eskimos in northern Alaska. The
Metropol. Mag., Vol. XXII, New York, June, 1905, pp. 257-271.
[93] Either a bad misprint or bad error.--A. H.
[94] Hawkes, Ernest William, Skeletal measurements and observations of
the Point Barrow Eskimo, with comparisons with other Eskimo groups. Am.
Anthrop., n. s. XVIII, No. 2, pp. 206-207, Lancaster, 1916.
[95] Jenness, D., Physical characteristics of the Copper Eskimos. Rept.
Canad. Arct. Exp. 1913-1918. Ottawa, 1923, p. 38.