----------------+-----------------------------------
| Males
+------+------+-------+-------------
| | Alve-| Diam- | Cranial
| Men- | olar | eter | facial
| ton- |point-| bizy- | index
|nasion|nasion|gomatic+------+------
| | |maximum| Total| Upper
+------+------+-------+------+------
Groups | (9) | (14) | (14) | (8) | (14)
Southwestern | | | | |
and midwestern| 12.60| 7.87 | 14.25 |_88.2_|_55.3_
Groups | (5) | (7) | (7) | (5) | (7)
Northwestern | 12.58| 7.73 | 14.23 |_88.3_|_54.4_
Groups | (5) | (6) | (6) | (5) | (5)
North Arctic and| | | | |
northeastern | 12.22| 7.69 | 14.32 |_85.9_|_53.7_
----------------+------+------+-------+------+------
----------------+-----------------------------------
| Females
+------+------+-------+-------------
| | Alve-| Diam- | Cranial
| Men- | olar | eter | facial
| ton- |point-| bizy- | index
|nasion|nasion|gomatic+------+------
| | |maximum| Total| Upper
+------+------+-------+------+------
Groups | (8) | (10) | (10) | (8) | (10)
Southwestern | | | | |
and midwestern| 11.63| 7.29 | 13.27 |_87.7_|_54.9_
Groups | (2) | (7) | (7) | (2) | (7)
Northwestern | 11.55| 7.19 | 13.18 |_88.2_|_54.6_
Groups | (3) | (5) | (5) | (3) | (5)
North Arctic and| | | | |
northeastern | 11.61| 7.13 | 13.15 |_85.7_|_54.2_
----------------+------+------+-------+-----+-------
These data show a number of interesting conditions. The height of the
upper face (alveolar point-nasion) is greatest in the southwestern and
midwestern groups, is slightly lower in the northwesterners, and still
further slightly lower in the north Arctic and the northeast. On the
other hand the facial breadth is slightly higher in the north and east,
and that although the vault has become mostly decidedly narrower.
These facts are shown best by the upper facial index, which in the
males descends quite perceptibly in the west from the south to the
north and in the Arctic from the west to the east. In the females there
is a parallel gradual diminution in the upper facial height from the
south to the north and then east, but the facial breadth diminishes
very slightly also instead of increasing, as a result of which the
upper facial index shows only minor differences; yet these differences
are in the same direction as those in the males.
These matters are involved with a number of factors--the stature, the
breadth of the vault, and the development and direct influence of the
temporal muscles, besides hereditary conditions. Their proper study
will necessitate even more--in fact, much more--material than is now at
our disposal.
The following table gives the distribution of the upper cranial facial
index in the various groups. Of the two indices that of the whole face,
including the lower jaw, is the less valuable; first, because the jaw
is often absent; second, because it is influenced by the height of
the lower jaw, which does not correlate perfectly with the upper; and
third, on account of the wear of the teeth, which in such people as the
Eskimo is very common and diminishes more or less the total height of
the face. Its averages in the three main groupings have already been
given. Its figures are not very exceptional.