Dictionary of

A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines containing a clear exposition of their principles and practice

Name: A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines containing a clear exposition of their principles and practice
Author: Ure, Andrew, 1778-1857

作者：Ure, Andrew, 1778-1857
体例：题　章数：421
字数：5,248,670　来源：Project Gutenberg

开始阅读章节目录

章节目录

共 421 题

Transcriber’s Notes
BY
PREFACE.
If we combine with this mixture, 400 parts of oxygen = O⁴, we have,--
ACID OF ARSENIC. (_Acide Arsenique_, Fr.; _Arseniksäure_, Germ.)
The following specimen table has been gi
2. _The Lixiviation._--The lixiviation i
To dye with archil, the quantity of this
987 : 2279·3 ∷ 13 : x = 30·02 grammes.
B.
1. BALSAMS WITH BENZOIC ACID:--
2. BALSAMS WITHOUT BENZOIC ACID:--
3. The formation of a proper wort from the mashed malt and hops.
4. The fermentation of that wort; and
5. The fining, ripening, and preservation of the beer.
I. _Of the materials._
Fermentation:--
1. The resinous matter natural to the cotton filaments.
2. The proper colouring matter of this vegetable.
3. The paste of the weaver.
4. A fat matter.
5. A cupreous soap.
6. A calcareous soap.
7. The filth of the hands.
8. Iron, and some earthy substances.
1. Boiling in water.
2. Scouring by the stocks or the dash-wheel.
3. Bucking with milk of lime.
4. Passing through chlorine, or exposure on the grass.
6. Souring.
The series of machines and operations are as follows:--
When sheet brass is to be made the following process is pursued:--
1. For amaranth, the cotton is strongly galled, dried, and washed.
3. It receives a bath of lime water.
4. Mordant of tin.
5. Dyeing in the Brazil wood bath.
6. The two last operations are repeated.
The analysis of the bronze of the statue of Louis XV. was as follows:--
1. Brown from mixture of other colours.
C.
Strength of iron-cables compared to hemp cables:--
The substances generally employed as thickeners, are the following:--
The following mordants should also be kept ready prepared:--
4. Aluminous mordant.
A mordant is made by solution of alum in potash, commonly called--
3. Pass it again through the soap bath, No. 1.
5. Repeat the soap boil, No. 1. Rinse and dry.
9. _Grounding in of Indigo blue._
10. _Topical grounding blue for the cylinder press._
11. Topical Prussian blue for grounding.
12. Prussian blue figures are impressed as follows:--
1. Iron buff or chamois.
2. The bronze or _solitaire_.
7. _Chrome yellow._
8. _Chrome orange._
9. _Prussian blue._
1. _Simple white resist paste_ for a full body of blue.
2. _White reserve for light blues._
3. _White reserve for the cylinder machine._
3. Coloured reserves.
1. _Chamois reserve._
2. _Chrome yellow reserve._
4. _Reserves with mordants_, or the lazulite style.
1. _Black upon a blue ground._
1. _Black resist._
Another good formula is the following:--
3. _Full red reserve._
4. _Reserve paste for a light red._
5. _Neutral resist paste._
6. _Carmelite reserve paste._
7. _Neutral reserve paste._
8. _Deep blue ground_, with light blue, carmelite, and white figures.
9. _Deep green ground_, with buff and white figures.
IV. _The Discharge style_; _first_, of simple discharges.
1. _Discharge for block printing._
2. Another discharge is made of half the above acid strength.
3. A third with one half of the solid acids of the second.
5. Discharge for the cylinder machine.
1. _Black, red, lilac, and white figures upon an olive ground._
2. Print-on a red mordant, strongly acidulated with lime juice of 1·226.
3. Ground in the discharge No. 2.; dry.
4. Clear off the paste in chalky water.
5. Dung, madder, and brighten.
6. Ground-in the topical colours at pleasure.
V. China blues.
The following table exhibits the different gradations of China blue:--
Scheele’s green for the calico-printer is made as follows:--
9. _Lemon yellow._--Persian berries; starch; alum.
1. _Orange ground with white figures._
2. _Orange ground, with blue figures._
3. _Orange ground, with blue and white figures._
4. _Full green ground, and white figures._
5. _Full green ground, and blue figures._
6. _Full green ground, with white and blue figures._
7. _Full green ground, with white, blue, and orange figures._
1. _Bronze ground, with white figures._
2. _Bronze ground, with blue figures._
3. _Bronze ground, with white and blue._
118 parts of calomel contain 100 of quicksilver.
The value of shawls exported from France in the following years was:--
According to Sir H. Davy, these two species are composed as follows:--
And the products ought to be:--
Brongniart distributes the clays into:--
1. Fire-clays, (_argiles apyres_, Fr.; _feuerfeste_, Germ.)
2. Fusible, (_schmelzbare_, Germ.)
3. Effervescing (_brausende_, Germ.), from the presence of chalk.
4. Ochrey (_ocreuses_, Fr.; _ockrige_, Germ.)
The most valuable Kaolins have been found:--
The quantities re-exported were:--
1. Veins of elvan; elvan courses, or elvan channels.
3. Copper veins running east and west; east and west copper lodes.
4. Second system of copper veins, or _contra_ copper lodes.
5. Crossing veins; cross courses.
6. Modern copper veins; more recent copper lodes.
These calcinations and fusions take place in the following order:--
1. _Arseniate of Copper._
2. _Carbonate of Copper._
8. _Oxide of Copper._
Copper exported:--
Production of Copper in Great Britain:--
3. _Mordants._ See this article in its a
The spindles _i_, (_fig._ 332. and 333.)
Particulars of the trials referred to, and their results:--
D.
As an example of this mode of analysis--
II. _Ardent spirits or whiskey from fecula or starchy materials._
3. _The fermentation._
2. The mutual action of these stuffs, and simple bodies.
3. The mutual action of these stuffs, and acids.
5. The mutual action of these stuffs, and salts.
6. The mutual action of these stuffs, and neutral compounds not saline.
9. Of dyeing, considered in its connections with chemistry.
1. The preparation of stuffs.
2. Mutual action of stuffs, and simple bodies.
6. Mutual action of stuffs, and neutral compounds not saline.
In trying the stability of dyes, we may offer the following rules:--
In examining a piece of dyed cotton goods, we may proceed as follows:--
9. Division. Of dyeing viewed in its relation to chemistry.
3. Red with black; brown, chocolate, marone, &c.
E.
1. Under the ordinary pressure of the atmosphere; and that either,
TABLE I.--_Linear Dilatation of Solids by Heat._
TABLE II.
F.
The tilt wheel _d_, receives its rotator
The _garnitures_ of the sky-rocket pots are the following:--
The advantages of this brake machine are chiefly the following:--
1. The heckling.
I. The tow preparing room.
II. The line preparing room for the long flax.
III. One room of spinning machines as a pattern for the rest.
Summary view:--
Linen yarn exported 2,611,215
The colouring matters used in flower dyeing are the following:--
2. One or more coke ovens.
7. A blowing machine to urge the fusion in the furnaces.
There are three distinct methods of making the moulds:--
1. In green sand; 2. In baked sand; 3. In loam.
Mode of preparing fuller’s earth:--
G.
1. the weight of the gas-holder in its highest position =
3 _p_ π _x_²;
2. the weight of the sides of the gas-holder which play in the water =
2 _p_ π _x_²;
3. the cubic contents of the immersed portion of the gas-holder =
4. its loss of weight in water =
5. the weight of the gas-holder in its lowest position =
6. the weight of _n_ inches, height of water =
7. the amount of the counterweight =
8. the weight of the chain for the length _x_ =
9. for the highest position =
10. for the lowest =
11. for the highest position =
12. for the lowest =
13. the counterweight =
14. the weight of the equalizing chain =
15. the weight of the gas-holder in its highest position =
3 _p_ π _x_² - 0·1143 _x_³;
16. the counterweight =
17. The weight of the chain for the length _x_, =
19. the same for the lowest position =
II. APPLICATION OF LIGHT-GAS.
RESULTS.
Average of the three 70 or 2·72 Do. do. do. 11-1/2-10ths
GENERAL SUMMARY.
For lighting London and its suburbs with gas, there are--
18 public gas works.
12 do. companies.
380 lamplighters employed.
890 tons of coals used in the retorts on the shortest day, in 24 hours.
2. Bohemian or crown glass; silicate of potash and lime.
4. Bottle glass; silicate of soda, lime, alumina and iron.
5. Ordinary crystal glass; silicate of potash and lead.
7. Strass; silicate of potash and lead; still richer in lead.
Its atomic constitution may be represented as follows:--
PRACTICAL DETAILS OF THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS.
5. _Plate glass._
GLUCINA (_Glucine_, Fr.; _Berryllerde_,
4. Polishing the surface with pumice-stone and very cold water.
5. _Reparation_; in which a skilful artist retouches the whole.
6. _Cleansing_; with a damp linen rag, and then a soft sponge.
13. _Burnishing_, with bloodstone.
4. _On Mixing the Constituents and forming the Powder._
5. _On the proportion of the Constituents._
Powders in the five following proportions were prepared:--
6. _On the Chemical Examination of Gunpowders._
The above density for specimen first, may be calculated thus:--
I shall subjoin here some miscellaneous observations upon gunpowder.
H.
1. in the operation;
2. the production of a better colour;
I. & J.
2. The same oil holding in solution a little caoutchouc.
I. East India Indigos; prices as at the last October sales.
II. American Indigos; wholesale prices at present. (March 1830.)
Dyeing in the blue vat is performed as follows:--
EAST INDIA INDIGO.
16. _Arseniate of iron, Wurfelerz._
17. _Muriate of iron._
The hearths of cast iron rest upon cast-
BUILDING EXPENSES.
CAST IRON.
WROUGHT IRON.
For the binding-hoops, keys, &c.; 5 tons for each 300
COST OF LABOUR.
Bricklayers, masons, and labourers in building 1080
VARIOUS EXPENSES.
INCIDENTAL CHARGES.
Isinglass imported for home consumption; and duties paid in
Ivory may be dyed by using the following prescriptions:--
K.
The insoluble matter consisted of--
L.
1. A resin, soluble in alcohol and ether;
2. A resin, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether;
3. A resinous body, little soluble in cold alcohol;
4. A crystallizable resin;
7. Wax.
8. The _laccine_ of Dr. John.
9. An extractive colouring matter.
For a description of metal rolling presses, see IRON and MINT; and
The following table of M. Peclet is perhaps more instructive:--
8. _Garnet._ See this stone in its alphabetical place.
13. _Lapis lazuli_, is of little value, on account of its softness.
The lead ores most interesting to the arts are:--
11. _Plomb vauquelinite. Chromate of lead and copper._
12. _Yellow lead. Molybdate of lead._
13. _Tungstate of lead._
1. _The sorting and cleansing of the ores_;
2. _The grinding_;
3. _The washing, properly so called_.
The apparatus subservient to grinding the ore are,--
3. The _brake sieves_ appear to be preferable to the hand ones.
5. _Refining or cupellation furnace._ See SILVER.
Treatment of Process of
Lithographic ink is prepared nearly on the same principles:--
To compose this ink, we take--
M.
The _Elberfeld_ process consists for 100 libs. of the following steps:--
Process of M. Werdet to dye broad cloth and wool by madder:--
MALATES, are saline compounds of the bases, with
Table of the Quantity of Malt from Barley, which paid Duty in
Manganese is susceptible of five degrees of oxigenation:--
5. _Hypermanganesic acid_, consists of 49·70 metal, and 50·30 oxygen.
1. Uni-coloured marbles; including only the white and the black.
2. Variegated marbles; those with irregular spots or veins.
5. Lumachella marbles, entirely composed of shells.
6. Cipolin marbles, containing veins of greenish talc.
8. Puddingstone marbles; a conglomerate of rounded pieces.
The mercurial ores may be divided into four species:--
OF THE PREPARATION OF ORES FOR THE SMELTING HOUSE.
This head of our subject, therefore, falls under three subdivisions:--
A liquation cake is composed of--
OF THE ASSAY OF ORES.
4. The interlaced mass has been already defined.
The _blasting_ or _shooting_ tools are:--
OF MINING IN PARTICULAR.
3. Beds of great thickness, but slightly inclined.
4. Veins, or beds highly inclined, of great thickness.
5. Masses of considerable magnitude in all their dimensions.
1. Vegetable mould, with siliceous gravel.
2. Ferruginous clay or loam.
3. Sand, with fragments of quartz.
5. Oolite (_roogenstein_).
6. Newer variegated sandstone, (_bunter sandstein_).
7. Newer gypsum; below which, there is
8. A bluish marly clay.
9. Stinkstone, or lucullite.
10. Friable grayish marl.
These seams are not worth smelting; the following, however, are:--
14. The wall of sandstone, resting upon a porphyry.
1. Vegetable mould.
6. Massive gypsum of recent formation.
8. Pulverulent limestone, with solid fragments interspersed.
5. Lastly, they are wheeled out to the day; and washed near Z.
VENTILATION OF MINES.
Analyses of several cement-stones, and of the cement made with them:--
N.
NAILS, MANUFACTURE OF. (_Clou_, Fr.; _Nagel_, Germ.)
O.
FAT OIL MANUFACTURE.
OXALATES, are saline compounds of the bases with
P.
1. The paper should be well sized.
THE PRINTING OPERATIONS.
The colours used by the paper-hangers are the following:--
3. _Reds_ are almost exclusively decoctions of Brazil wood.
4. _Blues_ are either prussian blue, or blue verditer.
A MACHINE.
SEVEN VATS.
C is the second press, or dry press, to expel the water in a cold state.
Declared Value of Stationery and Printed Books exported in
The Value of Stationery exported in France, from 1833, was,--
The following are other proportions for rubies:--
OF SCENTED SPIRITS,
POMMADES.
The following may serve as an example:--
ESSENCES BY INFUSION.
PHOSPHORIC ACID, is the acid formed by the vivid combustion of
10. _Washing the pins_, in pure water.
12. _Winnowing_, by fanners.
13. _Pricking the papers_ for receiving the pins.
1. _Dikes._ 2. _Slips or Faults._ 3. _Hitches._ 4. _Troubles._
4. _Troubles_ in coal-fields are of various kinds.
The boring tools are represented in the following figures:--
WORKING OF COAL.
Yet while the circulation of fresh air i
PRODUCTION OF PLATINUM IN THE URAL.
The following TABLE exhibits several good analyses of the potato:--
OF THE MATERIALS OF POTTERY OR PORCELAIN, AND THEIR PREPARATION.
DESCRIPTION OF THE POTTER’S LATHE.
POTTERY KILN OF STAFFORDSHIRE.
PLAN OF AN ENGLISH POTTERY.
OF PORCELAIN.
TENDER PORCELAIN.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PORCELAIN MILL.
GREAT PORCELAIN MILL.
Nicholson’s for arched type.]
Nicholson’s for common type.]
König’s single, for one side of the sheet.]
König’s double, for both sides of the sheet.]
Donkin and Bacon’s for type.]
Cowper’s single, for curved stereotype.]
Cowper’s double, for both sides of the sheet.]
Cowper’s inking table and roller.]
Applegath and Cowper’s single.]
Applegath and Cowper’s double.]
I. CONDITIONS OF THE PREVENTION OF PUTREFACTION.
II. PECULIAR ANTISEPTIC PROCESSES.
CURING OF PROVISIONS.
Q.
2. Digestion in ether dissolves the quinina, and leaves the cinchonina.
R.
For the _Monnaie_, the charges are--
Mr. Bingley’s charges for assaying at the Royal Mint in London, are--
S.
According to M. Gay Lussac, 100 parts of water dissolve--
SILK-THROWING MILL.
THE SILK AUTOMATIC REEL.
Silver occurs under many forms in nature:--
Here we distinguish the following objects:--
The products of the charge are as follow:--
From these arrangements, the following important advantages flow:--
The following is the series of operations:--
Here 89,600 quintals of schlich are annually smelted, which furnish--
2. Reduction of that oxide, commonly called litharge.
1 cwt. of loss, principally in the reduction of dross.
The production of SILVER in the kingdom of SAXONY, amounted to--
The quantity of SILVER produced in the PRUSSIAN states was--
The principal steps of this operation are the following:--
3. _Pumicing_; or, clearing up the surface with pumice-stone and water.
OF YELLOW OR ROSIN SOAP.
English imitation of Castile soap, spec. grav. 0·9669, consists of--
A perfumer’s white soap was found to consist of--
Glasgow white soap--
Glasgow brown rosin soap--
A London cocoa-nut oil soap was found to consist of--
A poppy-nut-oil hard soap consisted of--
M. D’Arcet states the analysis of Marseilles soap at--
SOFT SOAP.
SOFT TOILET SOAPS.
HARD SOAPS FOR THE TOILET.
LIGHT SOAPS.
TRANSPARENT SOAPS.
SODA MANUFACTURE.
STAINED-GLASS PIGMENTS.
STEREOTYPE PRINTING, signifies printing
OF SUGAR MILLS.
SUGAR-CANE MILL.
The dimensions of the most approved horizontal mills are these:--
OF THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR IN THE WEST INDIES.
SUGAR REFINING.
BEET-ROOT SUGAR.
MAPLE SUGAR.
T.
The smelting of tin ores is effected by two different methods:--
1. The scoriæ B and C, which contain some granulated particles of tin.
Total, in 1834, 4180 tons; in 1835, 3899 tons. (6 blocks = 1 ton.)
TIN MORDANTS, for dyeing scarlet:--
U.
V.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN MAKING VARNISHES.
W.
TABLE I.
TABLE II.
THE WORSTED MANUFACTURE.
CLOTH CROPPING.
X.
Y.
Z.
OF THE SMELTING OF THE ORES OF ZINC.
THE END.
ULTRAMARINE -- UMBER -- URANIUM -- URAO
XANTHINE
YEAST -- YELLOW DYE -- YELLOW, KING’S -- YTTRIA
ZAFFRE -- ZEDOARY -- ZIMOME -- ZINC -- ZIRCON -- ZIRCONIA
Transcriber’s Notes
General
Remarks on the text
Page 605, Abrabanya: should possibly be Abrudbánya
Changes and corrections made