Specific gravity 3·44; 5 feet per hour, with a 20-hole argand burner,
equal to 14·66 candles.
_5th Experiment, May 31st._--Carlisle coal, 112 lbs. produced 410 feet
of gas; other products, same as in former experiments with this coal,
but heat very low.
_Illuminating power and produce of gas._
{Average of this gas: specific gravi-
{1st hour 120 cubic feet {ty, 540; distance of candle from
{2nd 100 {shadow, 55 inches, or 4·4 candles
410 ft {3d 90 {consumed per single jet, 9-10ths of a
{4th 100 {cubic foot per hour. 20-hole argand
{burner, 4 feet per hour, equal to
{21·33 candles.
It is possible, from the superior quality of this gas, that a little of
the cannel gas made for a particular purpose, may have have got
intermixed with it in the experimental gasholder and apparatus.
A variety of other experiments were tried on different qualities of
coal, and mixtures of ditto, too tedious to insert here, though
extremely valuable, and all tending to shew the superior value of gas
produced at short over long charges; and also showing the importance and
value of coal producing gas of the highest illuminating power; among
which the cannel coal procured in Lancashire, Yorkshire, and some other
counties of England and Wales, and the Parrot or splent coal of
Scotland, stand pre-eminent.
Note.--In all the foregoing experiments the same single-jet burner was
used; its flame in all instances exactly 4 inches high.
The coal when drawn from the retort was slaked with water, and after
allowing some short time for drying, was weighed.
A TABLE of the number of hours Gas is burnt in each month, quarter and
year.
+---------------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|Time of |July.|Aug.|Sep.|Oct.|Nov.|Dec.|Jan.|Feb.|Mar.|Apl.|
|Burning. | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+---------------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| o’clock.| | | | | | | | | | |
|From Dusk to 6| -- | --| 2| 31| 62| 80| 65| 33| 4| --|
| -- 7| -- | 14| 22| 62| 92| 111| 96| 61| 31| 4|
| -- 8| -- | 40| 52| 93| 122| 142| 127| 89| 62| 28|
| -- 9| 13 | 71| 82| 124| 152| 173| 158| 117| 93| 58|
| -- 10| 44 | 102| 112| 155| 182| 204| 189| 145| 124| 88|
| -- 11| 75 | 133| 142| 186| 212| 235| 220| 173| 155| 118|
| -- 12| 106 | 164| 172| 217| 242| 266| 251| 201| 186| 148|
|All night -| 217 | 307| 345| 421| 473| 527| 512| 411| 382| 295|
|Morning from 4| -- | 16| 48| 80| 110| 137| 137| 98| 71| 28|
| -- 5| -- | --| 18| 49| 80| 106| 106| 70| 40| 3|
| -- 6| -- | --| --| 18| 50| 75| 75| 42| 9| --|
| -- 7| -- | --| --| --| 20| 44| 44| 14| --| --|
+---------------+-----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+---------------+----+-----++-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
|Time of |May.|June.||Mid. |Mic. |Xms. |Lady |Totl.| |
|Burning. | | ||quar.|quar.|quar.|day | of | |
| | | || | | |quar.|Year.| |
+---------------+----+-----++-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
| o’clock.| | || | | | | | |
|From Dusk to 6| --| -- || -- | 2 | 173 | 102 | 277 |} |
| -- 7| --| -- || 4 | 36 | 265 | 188 | 493 |} |
| -- 8| 4| -- || 32 | 92 | 357 | 278 | 759 |} |
| -- 9| 29| 8 || 95 | 166 | 449 | 368 |1078 |} |
| -- 10| 60| 38 || 186 | 258 | 541 | 458 |1443 |} |
| -- 11| 91| 68 || 277 | 350 | 633 | 548 |1808 |}[A]|
| -- 12| 122| 98 || 368 | 442 | 725 | 638 |2173 |} |
|All night -| 242| 195 || 732 | 869 |1421 |1305 |4327 |} |
|Morning from 4| 2| -- || 30 | 64 | 327 | 306 | 727 |} |
| -- 5| --| -- || 3 | 18 | 235 | 216 | 472 |} |
| -- 6| --| -- || -- | -- | 143 | 126 | 269 |} |
| -- 7| --| -- || -- | -- | 64 | 58 | 122 |} |
+---------------+----+-----++-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
[A] For Sundays off, deduct one seventh.
Copy of a Paper submitted to a Committee of the House of Commons in the
Session of 1837, being a Synopsis of the proceedings of the
undermentioned principal Gas-Light Establishments of England; and
procured by actual Survey and Experiments between the Years 1834 and
1837. By Joseph Hedley, Esq.
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Name of the |Price of Gas per Meter, and |Price of Coal, and|Average |
|Place where |Discounts allowed. |Description; de- |Quantity|
|Gas Works | |livered per Ton. |of Gas |
|are situated. | | |made per|
| | | |Ton of |
| | | |Coals. |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | |_Cu. |
| | | |ft._ |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Birmingham Gas|10_s._ per meter cub. feet. |Lump coal from |6,500 |
|Company. | Discounts |West Bromwich pits| |
| | per an. per cent. |risen much of | |
| | 10_l._ to 30_l._ 2-1/2 |late. 1837, 11_s._| |
| | 30_l._ to 50_l._ 5 |10_d._ | |
| | 50_l._ to 75_l._ 7-1/2 | | |
| | 75_l._ to 100_l._ 10 | | |
| |100_l._ & upwards 15 | | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Birmingham and|10_s._ per meter cub. feet. |From West Bromwich|6,500 |
|Staffordshire.|Discounts as above. |pits, 1837, 9_s._ | |
| | |3_d._ | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Macclesfield. |10_s._ per meter cub. feet. |Common, 8_s._ |6,720 |
| | Discounts |average 1831 | |
| |Above and not per cent. | | |
| | exceeding | | |
| | 50_l._ 75_l._ 5 | | |
| | 75_l._ 100_l._ 7-1/2 | | |
| |100_l._ 125_l._ 10 | | |
| |125_l._ 150_l._ 12-1/2 | | |
| |150_l._ 175_l._ 15 | | |
| |175_l._ 200_l._ 17-1/2 | | |
| |200_l._ & upwards 20. | | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Stockport. |10_s._ per meter cub. feet. |Coal 10_s._ 6_d._ |7,800 |
| |Discounts same as Maccles- |cannel 19_s._ | |
| |field. Macclesfield discounts |6_d._ about half | |
| |taken from Stockport card. |and half used. | |
| | |Average 15_s._ | |
| | |1834. | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Manchester. |10_s._ per m. cub. ft. 1834. |15_s._ 2_d._ |9,500 |
| | 9_s._ and 8_s._ -- 1837. |average. | |
| | Discounts |Oldham } | |
| | and under per cent.|Watergate }cannel.| |
| | 50_l._ 100_l._ 2-1/2 |Wigan } | |
| |100_l._ 150_l._ 5 |Mixed, 1834. | |
| |150_l._ 200_l._ 7-1/2 | | |
| |200_l._ 225_l._ 10 | | |
| |225_l._ 250_l._ 12-1/2 | | |
| |250_l._ 300_l._ 15 | | |
| |300_l._ 400_l._ 17-1/2 | | |
| |400_l._ and upwards 20 | | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Liverpool Old |10_s._ per meter cub. feet. |7_s._ 3_d._ per |8,200 |
|Company, 1834.| Discounts per ct.|ton of 112 lbs. | |
| | 10_l._ & under 50_l._ 2-1/2|per cwt. Ormskirk | |
| | 50_l._ to 100_l._ 5 |or Wigan slack. | |
| |100_l._ to 200_l._ 7-1/2| | |
| |300_l._ & upwards 10 | | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Ditto ditto. |In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal |
| |similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, pro- |
| |ducing nearly similar results, which see. |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Liverpool New |10_s._ per meter cub. feet. |18_s._ all cannel |9,500 |
|Gas and Coke, |Discounts same as Liverpool |Wigan. | |
|1835. |Old Company. | | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Bradford, |9_s._ per meter cubic feet to |8_s._ 6_d._ per |8,000 |
|1834. |large consumers. |ton. 3 sorts used | |
| | Discounts per cent. |average. Slack | |
| | 20_l._ to 30_l._ 5 |5_s._ 6_d._ Low | |
| | 30_l._ to 40_l._ 7-1/2 |moor 8_s._ 10_d._ | |
| | 40_l._ to 60_l._ 10 |Catherine slack | |
| | 60_l._ to 80_l._ 12-1/2 |8_s._ | |
| | 80_l._ to 100_l._ 15 | | |
| |100_l._ & upwards 20 | | |
| |Small consumers, 10_s._ per | | |
| |meter cub. feet, and 5 per | | |
| |cent. off from 10_l._ to | | |
| |20_l._ | | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Leeds, 1834. |8_s._ per meter cubic feet. |8_s._ per ton av- |6,500 |
| | Discounts |erage. 2-3ds com- | |
| | 2-1/2}per cent.{ 15_l._ |mon 7_s._ 1-3d | |
| | 5 }on half- { 30_l._ |cannel, 10_s._ | |
| | 7-1/2}yearly { 50_l._ | | |
| |10 }payments { 100_l._ | | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Sheffield, |8_s._ per meter cubic feet. |7_s._ 9_d._ per |8,000 |
|1835. |Discounts same as Leeds. |ton average. 3 | |
| | |sorts used 1, | |
| | |2-10ths. cannel, | |
| | |at 16_s._ 8, | |
| | |2-10ths. deep pit,| |
| | |7_s._ 1-10th silk | |
| | |stone, 10_s._ | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Leicester, |7_s._ 6_d._ per meter cub. ft.|13_s._ 6_d._ aver-|7,500 |
|1837. |Discounts on half-yearly |age. Derbyshire | |
| |rental not exceeding 10_l._, |soft coal. | |
| |5 per cent. | | |
| |Above and not per cent. | | |
| | exceeding | | |
| |10_l._ 20_l._ 7-1/2 | | |
| |20_l._ 30_l._ 10 | | |
| |30_l._ 40_l._ 12-1/2 | | |
| |40_l._ 50_l._ 15 | | |
| |50_l._ 60_l._ 20 | | |
| |60_l._ & upwards 25 | | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Derby, 1834. |10_s._ per meter cub. feet. |Same coal used as |7,000 |
| |Discounts 5 to 35 per cent. |at Leicester. | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Nottingham, |9_s._ per meter cubic feet. |Ditto. |7,000 |
|1834. |Discounts as above. | | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|London, 1834. |10_s._ per meter cub. feet. No|17_s._ average. |8,500 |
| |discounts. |Newcastle. | |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
|Ditto, 1837. |Ditto. |Ditto. |8,500 |
+--------------+------------------------------+------------------+--------+
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Name of the |Coke made |Selling Price|Material |Quantity|No. of Public|
|Place where |from a Ton |of Coke. |used to |used per|or Street |
|Gas Works |of Coal. | |heat Re- |Ton of |Lamps |
|are situated. | | |torts. |Coal. |supplied. |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Birmingham Gas|32 bushels.|2_s._ 1_d._ |Slack. |About 5 | 490 |
|Company. | |per quarter | |cwt. of | |
| | |delivered, or| |slack, | |
| | |about 3_d._ | |at 6_s._| |
| | |per bushel. | |per ton,| |
| | | | |25 per | |
| | | | |cent. | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Birmingham and|24 bush. |2_s._ 10_d._ |Slack and|5 cwt. |1,500 |
|Staffordshire.|but larger |per sack of 8|Tar. |of | |
| |measure |bushels. | |slack, | |
| |than Bir- | | |at 4_s._| |
| |mingham. | | |25 per | |
| | | | |cent. | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Macclesfield. |12 cwt. |10_s._ per |Coke. |No ac- | 220 |
| | |ton. | |count | |
| | | | |kept. | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Stockport. |7 cwt. |6_s._ 8_d._ |Coal, |Ditto. | 230 |
| | |per ton. |coke, and| | |
| | | |tar. | | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Manchester. |14 cwt. |Ditto. |Coke. |4, 2-3ds|2,375 |
| | | | |cwt. | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Liverpool Old |11-3/4 cwt.|8_s._ 4_d._ |Slack |6-1/2 |1,700 30 |
|Company, 1834.| |per ton of |7_s._ |cwt. | |
| | |112 lb. per |3_d._ | | |
| | |cwt. |per ton. | | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Ditto ditto. |In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal |
| |similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, pro- |
| |ducing nearly similar results, which see. |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Liverpool New |13 cwt. |7_s._ 6_d._ |Coke and |5-1/2 |Only a few. |
|Gas and Coke, | |per ton. |slack. |cwt. | |
|1835. | | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Bradford, |13 cwt. |12_s._ per |Coke. |8-1/2 |220 |
|1834. | |ton. | |cwt. | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Leeds, 1834. |12 cwt. |7_s._ 6_d._ |Ditto. |5-1/4 |517 |
| | |per ton. | |cwt. | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Sheffield, |10 cwt. of |10_s._ per |Ditto. |3-1/2 |600 |
|1835. |saleable |ton. | |cwt. | |
| |coke. | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Leicester, |4 quarters.|10_s._ 8_d._ |Coke |About |414 |
|1837. | |or 2_s._ |tar, &c. |1-3d of | |
| | |8_d._ per qr.| |coke. | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Derby, 1834. |Ditto. |Ditto. |Coke. |Ditto. |219 |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Nottingham, |Ditto. |Ditto. |Ditto. |Ditto. |300 |
|1834. | | | | | |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|London, 1834. |36 bush. |12_s._ per |Ditto. |13 bush.|26,280 |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
|Ditto, 1837. |Ditto. |Ditto. |Ditto. |Ditto. |30,400 |
+--------------+-----------+-------------+---------+--------+-------------+
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Name of the |Description.|Price paid|Who lights, |No. of Hours, or |
|Place where |---- |per Annum |cleans, puts |Time burnt in the |
|Gas Works |Size or |for Ditto.|out, and re- |Year. |
|are situated. |Sort. | |pairs. | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
| | |_L. s. d._| | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Birmingham Gas|Batswings, | |Company, and |226 nights, or 2938|
|Company. |460 | 1 10 0 |provides |hours, 9 months, |
| |30 | 2 0 0 |posts, ser- |omitting 5 nights |
| | | |vices, &c. |for moons. |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Birmingham and|Batswings. |average |Ditto. |234 nights, or 3042|
|Staffordshire.| | 1 18 0 | |hours. |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Macclesfield. |Ditto. | 2 10 0 |Company. |8 months, omitting |
| | | | |5 nights for moons.|
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Stockport. |Ditto. | 2 10 0 |Comrs. provide|8 months. 4 nights |
| | | 1834. |lamps and |omitted for moons. |
| | | 2 0 0 |posts. Compa- |237 nights--2800 |
| | | 1837. |ny’s service |hours. |
| | | |light, repair,| |
| | | |clean, and ex-| |
| | | |tinguish. | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Manchester. |Single-jets | 1 2 0 |Commissioners |3390 hours. |
| |and flat | 2 0 0 |of police. | |
| |flames, | | | |
| |about half | | | |
| |and half. | | | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Liverpool Old |Batswings, | 4 10 0 |Company light,|3600 hours. |
|Company, 1834.|1 jet, | 2 5 0 |clean, put | |
| |2 -- | 2 13 0 |out, and re- | |
| |3 -- | 3 2 9 |pair. | |
| |4 -- | 3 13 11 | | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Ditto ditto. |In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal |
| |similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, pro- |
| |ducing nearly similar results, which see. |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Liverpool New |Argands. | 4 0 0 |Commissioners.|3000 hours. |
|Gas and Coke, | | | | |
|1835. | | | | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Bradford, |Batswings. | 2 12 6 |Company light,|8 months, omitting |
|1834. | | |repair, &c. |7 nights, 2600 |
| | | | |hours to 4 o’clock |
| | | | |in the morning. |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Leeds, 1834. |Ditto. | 2 12 6 |Commissioners,|2330 hours. |
| | | |except extin- | |
| | | |guishing, for | |
| | | |which Company | |
| | | |pay 3_s._ | |
| | | |10_d._ per | |
| | | |lamp. | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Sheffield, |Ditto. | 2 10 0 |Company pro- |2200 hours. |
|1835. | | |vide lamps, | |
| | | |clean, repair,| |
| | | |put out, &c. | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Leicester, |Ditto. | 2 18 6 |Company light,|From August 14th to|
|1837. | | |put out, and |September 1st, |
| | | |clean. |omitting 3 nights |
| | | | |for moons, 3000 |
| | | | |hours. |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Derby, 1834. |Ditto. | 2 2 0 |Commissioners |2173 hours, from |
| | | 2 7 0 |light, put |August to May. |
| | | |out, &c. | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Nottingham, |Ditto. | 3 3 0 |Commissioners |All the year, 4327 |
|1834. | | |light, clean, |hours. |
| | | |repair, &c. | |
+--------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+
|London, 1834. |Ditto. | 4 0 0 |Company light,|4327 hours, all the|
| | | |clean, put |year. |
| | | |out, but not | |
| | | |repair. | |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
|Ditto, 1837. |Ditto. | 4 0 0 |Ditto. |Ditto. |
+--------------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------------+
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Name of the |Gas consumed|Rate per |Amount de-|Per Centage of Loss of |
|Place where |in each Lamp|Meter Cu-|ducted for|Gas made. |
|Gas Works |per Hour. |bic Feet |cleaning, | |
|are situated. | |received |lighting, | |
| | |for |extin- | |
| | |Ditto. |guishing, | |
| | | |providing | |
| | | |Lamp | |
| | | |Posts; &c.| |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
| | |_s. d._ |_s. d._ | |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Birmingham Gas|5 feet per |30 10 |18 0 |Receives net about 6_s._|
|Company. |hour. |40 18 | |8_d._ per meter cubic |
| | | | |feet. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Birmingham and|Ditto. | 1 3-1/2|18 0 |Receives net about 5_s._|
|Staffordshire.| | | |6_d._ per meter cubic |
| | | | |feet. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Macclesfield. |4 feet per | 3 0 |12 0 |Could not say. |
| |hour. | | | |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Stockport. |Ditto. | 2 6 |12 6 |Ditto. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Manchester. |1 foot, | 6 6 |nothing. |About 15 to 17-1/2 per |
| |2 feet, per | 5 6 | |cent. receive about |
| |hour. | | |7_s._ 4_d._ per meter |
| | | | |cubic feet, public and |
| | | | |private. Nearly all by |
| | | | |meter. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Liverpool Old |5 feet per | 4 4 |12 0 |Could not learn in the |
|Company, 1834.|hour. | | |absence of the manager. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Ditto ditto. |In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal |
| |similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, pro- |
| |ducing nearly similar results, which see. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Liverpool New |3-1/2 feet | 5 6 |nothing. |Nearly all by meter. |
|Gas and Coke, |per hour. | | | |
|1835. | | | | |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Bradford, |5 feet per | 3 1 |12 6 |Receive 8_s._ per meter |
|1834. |hour. | | |cubic feet, less 5-1/2 |
| | | | |per cent. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Leeds, 1834. |4 feet per | 5 2 | 3 10 |Receive for public and |
| |hour. | | |private 6_s._ 8_d._ per |
| | | | |meter cubic feet. Public|
| | | | |5_s._, private 7_s._; |
| | | | |meters used to 5 to 1 |
| | | | |for private rental. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Sheffield, |Ditto. | 3 2-1/2|18 0 |Receive for public and |
|1835. | | | |private lts. 5_s._ per |
| | | | |meter cubic feet. Public|
| | | | |3_s._ 2-1/2_d._, private|
| | | | |5_s._ 9-1/2_d._ Few |
| | | | |meters used. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Leicester, |5 feet per | 3 4-3/4| 7 0 |Not sufficiently long, |
|1837. |hour. | | |at 7_s._ 6_d._ |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Derby, 1834. |Ditto. | 4 0 | ---- |Lose about 17-1/2 per |
| | |nearly. | |cent. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Nottingham, |Ditto. | 3 0 | ---- |Could not learn. |
|1834. | |nearly. | | |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|London, 1834. |4 feet per | 4 0 |12 0 |Receive for public and |
| |hour. | | |private lights 7_s._ |
| | | | |public, 4_s._ private, |
| | | | |8_s._ few meters used. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
|Ditto, 1837. |Ditto. | 4 0 |12 0 |Ditto. |
+--------------+------------+---------+----------+------------------------+
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Name of the |Greatest Quan-|Duration|Method of|Number of|Specific|
|Place where |tity of Gas |of Char-|Purifica-|Gas |Gravity |
|Gas Works |delivered in |ges. |tion. |Holders. |of the |
|are situated. |One Night. | | | |Gas. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
| |_Cubic Feet._ | | | | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+----------+--------+--------+
|Birmingham Gas|48 millions in|6 hours.|Dry lime.|4, and 2 |·453 |
|Company. |the year. | | |in the | |
| | | | |town, and| |
| | | | |large new| |
| | | | |gas | |
| | | | |station. | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Birmingham and|85 millions in|Ditto. |Ditto. |6, and 6 |·455 |
|Staffordshire.|the year. | | |in the | |
| | | | |town 7 | |
| | | | |miles | |
| | | | |off. | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Macclesfield. |80,000. Total |8 hours.|Ditto. |3 gas |Not |
| |for year about| | |holders. |taken. |
| |15 millions. | | | | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Stockport. |65,000. Total |Ditto. |Ditto. |4 gas |·539 |
| |for year about| | |holders. | |
| |12 millions. | | | | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Manchester. |500,000. Total|6 hours.|Wet lime.|10 gas |·534 |
| |for year 100 | | |holders, | |
| |millions. | | |and 2 in | |
| | | | |the town.| |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Liverpool Old |360,000. Total|8 hours,|Wet and |8 gas |·462 |
|Company, 1834.|for year |large |dry lime,|holders | |
| |72 millions. |retorts |princi- |in all, 4| |
| | |holding |pally |in the | |
| | |6 cwt. |dry. |town, | |
| | |each. | |1000 | |
| | | | |yards | |
| | | | |off the | |
| | | | |works. | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Ditto ditto. |In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel |
| |coal similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Com- |
| |pany, producing nearly similar results, which see. |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Liverpool New |Not suffi- |4 hours.|Wet lime.|2 large |·580 |
|Gas and Coke, |ciently long | | |gas | |
|1835. |at work. | | |holders. | |
+--------------+--------------+------------------+---------+--------+
|Bradford, |42,500. Total |8 hours.|Dry lime.|4 gas |·420 |
|1834. |for year | | |holders. | |
| |8,619,000. | | | | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Leeds, 1834. |176,000. Total|6 hours.|Ditto. |5 gas |·530 |
| |for year 31 | | |holders. | |
| |millions. | | | | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Sheffield, |220,000. Total|Ditto. |Ditto. |4 gas |·466 |
|1835. |for year 40 | | |holders, | |
| |millions. | | |and 2 | |
| | | | |more | |
| | | | |erecting.| |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Leicester, |Total for year|Ditto. |Ditto. |3 gas |·528 |
|1837. |18 millions. | | |holders, | |
| | | | |and 1 | |
| | | | |erecting.| |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Derby, 1834. |Ditto. |Ditto. |Wet lime.|4 gas |·448 |
| | | | |holders. | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Nottingham, |Ditto. |Ditto. |Ditto. | ---- |·424 |
|1834. | | | | | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|London, 1834. |Total for year|Ditto. |Ditto. |130 gas |·412 |
| |1000 millions.| | |holders. | |
| |Longest night | | | | |
| |4,910,000. | | | | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
|Ditto, 1837. |Total for year|Ditto. |Ditto. |176 gas |·412 |
| |1460 millions.| | |holders. | |
| |Longest night | | | | |
| |7,120,000. | | | | |
+--------------+--------------+--------+---------+---------+--------+
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Name of the |Distance |Gas equal |Gas |Gas |Height of Gas|
|Place where |of Candle|to Candles.|consumed|Flame |Flame equal |
|Gas Works |from |Gas burnt |per Hour|reduced|to Light |
|are situated. |Shadow. |in a single|with a |to Can-|from Candle. |
| | |Jet Four |Four- |dle | |
| | |Inches |Inch |burnt | |
| | |high. |Flame. |per | |
| | | | |Hour. | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
| |_Inch._ |_Candles_ |_Cu. |_Cu. |_Inch._ |
| | | |ft._ |ft._ | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Birmingham Gas|72 |1,929 |1·22 | ·8 |2-1/2 |
|Company. | | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Birmingham and|72 |1,929 |1·22 | ·8 |2-1/2 |
|Staffordshire.| | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Macclesfield. |70 | 204 |Not | ·8 |2-3/4 |
| | | |taken. | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Stockport. |64 |2,441 | ·85 | ·55 |2-5/8 |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Manchester. |66 |2,295 | ·825 | ·475 |2-1/4 |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Liverpool Old |75 |1,777 |1·1 | ·75 |2-5/8 |
|Company, 1834.| | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Ditto ditto. |In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel |
| |coal similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Com- |
| |pany, producing nearly similar results, which see. |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Liverpool New |55 |3,306 | ·9 | ·45 |2 |
|Gas and Coke, | | | | | |
|1835. | | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Bradford, |78 |1,643 | ·12 | ·9 |3 |
|1834. | | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Leeds, 1834. |67 |2,228 | ·855 | ·51 |2-1/4 |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Sheffield, |74 |1,826 |1·04 | ·735 |2-3/4 |
|1835. | | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Leicester, |74 |1,826 |1·1 | ·75 |2-3/4 |
|1837. | | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Derby, 1834. |83 |1,453 |1·2 | ·925 |3 |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Nottingham, |90 |1,234 |1·3 |1·175 |3 |
|1834. | | | | | |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|London, 1834. |80 |1,562 |1·13 | ·84 |2-3/4 |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
|Ditto, 1837. |80 |1,562 |1·13 | ·84 |2-3/4 |
+--------------+---------+-----------+--------+-------+-------------+
A TABLE shewing the Rate per Thousand Cubic feet received for any Burner
consuming from 1/2 a Cubic foot to 10 Cubic feet per hour, at any given
price per annum, and to the times below stated. By Joseph Hedley, Esq.
+----------------------+------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | | Single Jets. | 2 Jets. |
| | | | |
| | No. +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Time of Burning | of | Cub.| Cub.| Cub.|Cub. |Cub. |Cub. |
| per annum. |Hours.| ft. | ft. | ft. | ft. | ft. | ft. |
| |[30] | 1/2 | 3/4 | 1 |1-1/4|1-1/2|1-3/4|
+----------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|From Dusk to 8 o’clock| 781 |2·56 |1·706|1·28 |1·026|·853 |·731 |
| ditto and Sundays| 902 |2·216|1·478|1·108| ·887|·739 |·633 |
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1050 |1·904|1·27 | ·952| ·762|·635 |·544 |
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 1172 |1·706|1·138| ·853| ·682|·569 |·487 |
| 9 o’clock | 1054 |1·896|1·264| ·948| ·759|·632 |·542 |
| ditto and Sundays| 1221 |1·638|1·092| ·819| ·675|·546 |·463 |
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1323 |1·510|1·066| ·755| ·604|·503 |·431 |
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 1490 |1·342| ·894| ·671| ·536|·447 |·383 |
| 10 o’clock | 1367 |1·462| ·974| ·731| ·585|·487 |·418 |
| ditto and Sundays| 1586 |1·26 | ·84 | ·63 | ·504|·42 |·36 |
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1636 |1·222| ·814| ·611| ·489|·407 |·349 |
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 1855 |1·078| ·718| ·539| ·431|·359 |·308 |
| 11 o’clock | 1680 |1·19 | ·794| ·595| ·476|·397 |·34 |
| ditto and Sundays| 1951 |1·024| ·682| ·512| ·409|·341 |·293 |
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1949 |1·026| ·684| ·513| ·41 |·342 |·294 |
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 2220 | ·9 | ·6 | ·45 | ·36 |·3 |·257 |
| 12 o’clock | 1993 |1· | ·668| ·502| ·4 |·334 |·287 |
| ditto and Sundays| 2316 | ·862| ·574| ·432| ·345|·287 |·247 |
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 2262 | ·884| ·59 | ·442| ·353|·295 |·255 |
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 2585 | ·772| ·514| ·387| ·309|·257 |·221 |
| 1 o’clock | 2306 | ·866| ·578| ·434| ·347|·289 |·247 |
| ditto and Sundays| 2681 | ·746| ·498| ·373| ·298|·249 |·213 |
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 2575 | ·776| ·518| ·388| ·31 |·259 |·222 |
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 2950 | ·678| ·452| ·339| ·271|·226 |·193 |
| All night | 4327 | ·462| ·308| ·231| ·185|·154 |·132 |
+----------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+----------------------+------+----------------+-----------------+
| | | 3 Jets. | Small Argand. |
| | | | |
| | No. +----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Time of Burning | of |Cub.|Cub. |Cub. |Cub. |Cub. |Cub. |
| per annum. |Hours.| ft.| ft. | ft. | ft. | ft. | ft. |
| |[30] | 2 |2-1/2| 3 |3-1/2| 4 |4-1/2|
+----------------------+------+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|From Dusk to 8 o’clock| 781 |·64 |·5132|·4268|·3658|·3201|·2846|
| ditto and Sundays| 902 |·554|·4434|·3695|·3168|·2771|·2464|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1050 |·476|·381 |·3174|·272 |·2381|·2116|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 1172 |·426|·3412|·2844|·2438|·2133|·1896|
| 9 o’clock | 1054 |·474|·3794|·3162|·271 |·2371|·2108|
| ditto and Sundays| 1221 |·409|·3376|·273 |·234 |·2047|·182 |
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1323 |·378|·3022|·2519|·2158|·1889|·1678|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 1490 |·335|·2684|·2236|·1918|·1675|·1492|
| 10 o’clock | 1367 |·366|·2926|·2438|·209 |·1829|·1626|
| ditto and Sundays| 1586 |·315|·2522|·2101|·1802|·1576|·14 |
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1636 |·305|·2444|·2037|·1746|·1528|·1358|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 1855 |·269|·2156|·1796|·154 |·1347|·1198|
| 11 o’clock | 1680 |·297|·238 |·1984|·17 |·1488|·133 |
| ditto and Sundays| 1951 |·256|·2048|·1707|·1466|·1281|·1138|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1949 |·256|·2052|·171 |·1466|·1282|·114 |
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 2220 |·225|·1802|·1501|·1286|·1126|·1 |
| 12 o’clock | 1993 |·251|·2006|·1672|·1434|·1254|·1114|
| ditto and Sundays| 2316 |·215|·1726|·1439|·1236|·1079|·0958|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 2262 |·221|·1768|·1476|·1274|·1105|·0982|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 2585 |·193|·1546|·1289|·1104|·0967|·0858|
| 1 o’clock | 2306 |·217|·1734|·1445|·1238|·1080|·0962|
| ditto and Sundays| 2681 |·186|·1492|·1243|·1066|·0932|·0828|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 2575 |·194|·1552|·1294|·111 |·0971|·0862|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 2950 |·169|·1356|·113 |·0968|·0847|·0754|
| All night | 4327 |·115|·6924|·077 |·066 |·0578|·0515|
+----------------------+------+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+----------------------+------+-----------------+-----------------+
| | | Large Argand. |Fancy and extra- |
| | | |vagant Burners. |
| | No. +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Time of Burning | of |Cub. |Cub. |Cub. |Cub. |Cub. |Cub. |
| per annum. |Hours.| ft. | ft. | ft. | ft. | ft. | ft. |
| |[30] | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
+----------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|From Dusk to 8 o’clock| 781 |·2561|·2134|·1829|·16 |·1423|·128 |
| ditto and Sundays| 902 |·2217|·1848|·1584|·1383|·1232|·1108|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1050 |·1905|·1587|·136 |·119 |·1058|·0952|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 1172 |·1706|·1422|·1219|·1067|·0948|·0853|
| 9 o’clock | 1054 |·1897|·1581|·1355|·1185|·1054|·0948|
| ditto and Sundays| 1221 |·1638|·1365|·117 |·1024|·091 |·0819|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1323 |·1511|·1259|·1079|·0945|·0839|·0755|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 1490 |·1312|·1118|·0959|·0839|·0746|·0671|
| 10 o’clock | 1367 |·1463|·1219|·1045|·0914|·0813|·0731|
| ditto and Sundays| 1586 |·1261|·1051|·0901|·0789|·07 |·0630|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1636 |·1222|·1019|·0873|·0764|·0679|·0611|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 1855 |·1078|·0898|·077 |·0674|·0599|·0539|
| 11 o’clock | 1680 |·119 |·0992|·085 |·0744|·0665|·0595|
| ditto and Sundays| 1951 |·1024|·0854|·0733|·064 |·0569|·0512|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 1949 |·1026|·0855|·0733|·0641|·057 |·0513|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 2220 |·0981|·0751|·0643|·0563|·05 |·045 |
| 12 o’clock | 1993 |·1003|·0836|·0717|·0627|·0557|·0502|
| ditto and Sundays| 2316 |·0863|·0719|·0618|·0539|·0479|·0432|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 2262 |·0884|·0737|·0637|·0552|·0491|·0442|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 2585 |·0773|·0645|·0552|·0483|·0429|·0387|
| 1 o’clock | 2306 |·0867|·0723|·0619|·0542|·0481|·0434|
| ditto and Sundays| 2681 |·0746|·0621|·0533|·0466|·0414|·0373|
| ditto and from 6 | | | | | | | |
| o’clock mornings | 2575 |·0776|·0647|·0555|·0485|·0431|·0388|
| ditto and Sundays| | | | | | | |
| and from ditto | 2950 |·0678|·0565|·0484|·0424|·0377|·0339|
| All night | 4327 |·0462|·0385|·033 |·0289|·0257|·0231|
+----------------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
_To use the Table._--Select the hour to which it is agreed the gas is
to burn,--9, 10, 11 o’clock, Sundays, &c., as the case may be, and the
description of the burner.--Multiply the decimal number opposite to it
by the amount in shillings agreed to be paid per annum, and the
product will be the sum received per m. cubic feet for the gas.
_Example._--Suppose a small argand which should burn 3-1/2 feet per
hour, is agreed for till 9 o’clock at 2_l._ per annum. Look along the
line of 9 o’clock till you arrive at the column of 3-1/2 feet per
hour, and you find the number, ·271. Multiply this number by 40_s._
and the result gives 10_s._ 10_d._ per m. cubic feet. But suppose
instead of keeping to 9 o’clock the party burns till 1 o’clock,
Sundays and mornings, and by enlarging the holes or height of flame
consumes 8 cubic feet of gas per hour; then you have the number,
·0424, which multiplied by 40_s._, still the price paid, gives 1_s._
8_d._ per m. cubic feet only, and so on for any greater or lesser
variation of the agreement.
[30] The “number of hours” includes 1/4 of an hour allowed for
shutting shops, and 1 hour’s extra burning on Saturday nights.