4. Yellow with blue; green of a great variety of shades; such as nascent
green, gay green, grass green, spring green, laurel green, sea green,
celadon green, parrot green, cabbage green, apple green, duck green.
5. Mixtures of colours, three and three, and four and four, produce an
indefinite diversity of tints; thus red, yellow and blue, form brown
olives, and greenish grays; in which the blue dye ought always to be
first given, lest the indigo vat should be soiled by other colours. Red,
yellow, and gray, (which is a gradation of black), give the dead-leaf
tint, as well as dark orange, snuff colour, &c. Red, blue and gray give
a vast variety of shades; as lead gray, slate gray, wood-pigeon gray,
and other colours, too numerous to specify. See BROWN DYE.
The following list of dyes, and the colouring substances which produce
them, may prove useful.
_Red._ Cochineal, kermes, lac, madder, archil, carthamus or safflower,
brazil wood, logwood, periodide of mercury, alkanet.
_Yellow._ Quercitron, weld, fustic (yellow wood), annotto, sawwort,
dyer’s broom, turmeric, fustet (_rhus cotinus_), Persian and Avignon
berries (_rhamnus infectorius_), willow, peroxide of iron; chromate of
lead (chrome yellow), sulphuret of arsenic, hydrosulphuret of antimony;
nitric acid on silk.
_Blue._ Indigo, woad or pastel, Prussian blue, turnsole or litmus,
logwood with a salt of copper.
_Black._ Galls, sumach, logwood, walnut peels, and other vegetables
which contain tannin and gallic acid, along with ferruginous mordants.
The anacardium of India.
_Green._ These are produced by the blue and yellow dyes skilfully
combined; with the exception of the chrome green, and perhaps the copper
green of Schweinfurt.
_Orange._ Annotto, and mixtures of red and yellow dyes; subchromate of
lead.
_Brown._ See the remarks at the beginning of this article; BROWN in its
alphabetical place; CALICO PRINTING, CATECHU, and MANGANESE.
_Fawn, Dun or Root._ Walnut peels, sumach, birch tree, henna, sandal
wood. See CALICO PRINTING, for a great variety of these dyes.
_Fig._ 364. and 365. represent in a cross and longitudinal section the
automatic dyeing steam copper, so generally employed in the
well-appointed factories of Lancashire.
[Illustration: 364 365]
A is the long reel, composed at each end of six radial iron arms or
spokes, bound at their outer extremities with a six-sided wooden frame;
these two terminal hexagons are connected by long wooden laths, seen
above and below A in _fig._ 365. F shows the sloping border or ledge of
the copper. B and C are rollers laid horizontally, for facilitating the
continuous motion of the series of pieces of goods stitched together
into an endless web, which are made to travel by the incessant rotations
of the reel. Immediately above the roller B in _fig._ 364., all the
spare foldings of the web are seen resting upon the sloping wooden
grating, which guides them onwards in the direction indicated by the
arrow. The dye stuffs are put within the middle grating, like a
hen-coop, marked G. Each copper is 6 feet long, 3-1/2 feet wide, 3-1/2
feet deep, exclusive of the top ledge, 9 inches high. Such steam coppers
are usually erected in pairs, and moved by a common horizontal bevel
wheel seen at D in _fig._ 365., fixed upon a vertical shaft, shifted
into geer by a wheel at its top, with one of the driving shafts of the
factory. Upon each side of D, the two steam pipes for supplying the
right and left hand coppers are seen; each provided with a stop cock for
admitting, regulating, or cutting off the steam. These steam pipes
descend at E E, the horizontal branch having several orifices in its
upper surface. The horizontal shaft in a line with the axes of the
reels, and which turns them, is furnished upon each side with a clutch
for putting either of the reels into or out of geer, that is to say,
setting it a going, or at rest, in a moment by the touch of a forked
lever.
The steam pipe of distribution E lies horizontally near the bottom of
the middle coop, as shown under G in _fig._ 364., and sends up the steam
through its numerous orifices, among the dye-stuffs and water by which
it is covered. Thus the infusion or decoction is continually advancing
in the copper, during the incessant loco-motion of the endless web. The
horizontal pipe traverses the copper from end to end, and is not stopped
short in the middle. Each of these coppers can receive two, three or
more parallel pieces of goods at a time, the reel and copper being
divided into so many compartments by transverse wooden spars.