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共 462 题- UP-TO-DATE BUSINESS
- HOME STUDY CIRCLE LIBRARY
- EDITED BY
- SEYMOUR EATON
- INCLUDING
- FROM THE CHICAGO RECORD
- CONTENTS
- GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION
- PAGE
- I. Commercial Terms and Usages 3
- II. Commercial Terms and Usages (_Continued_) 4
- III. Bank Cheques 6
- IV. Bank Cheques (_Continued_) 8
- V. Bank Cheques (_Continued_) 12
- VI. Bank Drafts 15
- VII. Promissory Notes 18
- VIII. The Clearing-house System 21
- IX. Commercial Drafts 26
- X. Foreign Exchange 31
- XI. Letters of Credit 37
- XII. Joint-stock Companies 41
- XIII. Protested Paper 46
- XIV. Paper Offered for Discount 49
- XV. Corporations 51
- XVI. Bonds 54
- XVII. Transportation 57
- XVIII. Transportation Papers 59
- Examination Paper 64
- II
- BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY
- TRADE FEATURES
- I. The Trade Features of the British Isles 69
- II. The Trade Features of France 94
- III. " " " " Germany 102
- IV. " " " " Spain and Italy 111
- V. " " " " Russia 120
- VI. " " " " India 129
- VII. " " " " China 139
- VIII. " " " " Japan 148
- IX. " " " " Africa 157
- X. " " " " Australia and Australasia 166
- XI. " " " " South America 177
- XII. " " " " Canada 187
- XIII. " " " " The United States 194
- Examination Paper 210
- III
- FINANCE, TRADE, AND TRANSPORTATION
- I. National and State Banks 215
- II. Savings Banks and Trust Companies 221
- III. Corporations and Stock Companies 225
- IV. Borrowing and Loaning Money 228
- V. Collaterals and Securities 233
- VI. Cheques, Drafts, and Bills of Exchange 240
- VII. The Clearing-house System 248
- VIII. Commercial Credits and Mercantile Agencies 254
- IX. Bonds 263
- X. Transportation by Rail 267
- XI. Freight Transportation 274
- XII. Railroad Rates 281
- XIII. Stock and Produce Exchanges 288
- XIV. Storage and Warehousing 294
- Examination Paper 301
- IV
- COMMERCIAL LAW
- I. The Different Kinds of Contracts 309
- II. The Parties to a Contract 312
- III. The Parties to a Contract (_Continued_) 315
- IV. The Consideration in Contracts 318
- V. The Essentials of a Contract 321
- VI. Contracts by Correspondence 326
- VII. What Contracts Must Be in Writing 332
- VIII. Contracts for the Sale of Merchandise 336
- IX. The Warranties of Merchandise 340
- X. Common Carriers 344
- XI. The Carrying of Passengers 347
- XII. On the Keeping of Things 350
- XIII. Concerning Agents 353
- XIV. The Law Relating to Bank Cheques 358
- XV. The Law Relating to Leases 363
- XVI. Liability of Employers to Employés 369
- XVII. Liability of Employers to Employés (_Continued_) 373
- Examination Paper 377
- PREPARING COPY FOR THE PRESS AND PROOF-READING
- I. Preparing Copy 381
- II. On the Names and Sizes of Type 382
- III. The Terms Used in Printing 384
- IV. Marks Used in Proof-reading 387
- ILLUSTRATIONS
- GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION
- PAGE
- A Poorly Drawn Cheque 7
- A Carefully Drawn Cheque 8
- A Cheque Drawn so as to Insure Payment to Proper Party 9
- A Cheque Payable to Order 11
- A Blank Indorsement 11
- A Cheque Made to Obtain Money for Immediate Use 13
- A Certified Cheque 14
- A Cheque for the Purchase of a Draft 16
- A Bank Draft 17
- Ordinary Form of Promissory Note 18
- A Promissory Note Filled Out in an Engraved Blank 19
- A Special Form for a Promissory Note 20
- The Advantages of the Clearing-house System 22
- The Route of a Cheque 24
- Backs of Two Paid Cheques 25
- A Sight Draft Developed from Letter 27
- A Sight Draft 28
- An Accepted Ten-day Sight Draft 28
- An Accepted Sight Draft 29
- A Time Draft 29
- Foreign Exchange 32
- A Bill of Exchange (Private) 35
- A Bill of Exchange (Banker's) 36
- First Page of a Letter of Credit 38
- Second Page of a Letter of Credit 40
- A Certificate of Stock in a National Bank 42
- A Certificate of Stock in a Manufacturing Company 43
- A Protest 48
- A Private Bond 55
- A Shipping Receipt ("Original") 60
- A Steamship Bill of Lading 61
- A Local Waybill 62
- II
- BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY
- London the Natural Centre of the World's Trade 72
- British Mercantile Marine 74
- London Bridge 76
- The Coal-fields of England 80
- The Manchester Ship Canal 84
- The Great Manufacturing Districts of England 88
- Street Scene in Paris, Showing the Bourse 97
- Approximate Size of the German Empire 104
- Spain Compared in Size with California 113
- Italy and its Chief Commercial Centres 117
- Moscow 127
- Comparative Sizes of India and the United States 133
- China and its Chief Trade Centres 145
- Japan's Relation to Eastern Asia 155
- The Partition of Africa 159
- Australia 171
- The Most Prosperous Part of South America 183
- Trade Centres of Canada and Trunk Railway Lines 192
- Export Trade of United States and Great Britain Compared 198
- III
- FINANCE, TRADE, AND TRANSPORTATION
- The Bank of England 216
- Showing Cheque Raised from $7.50 to $70.50 241
- A Certified Cheque 244
- A Bank Draft 245
- A Bill of Exchange 246
- Illustrating Cheque Collections 252
- A Mercantile Agency Inquiry Form 259
- Specimens of Interest Coupons 266
- The Paris Bourse 289
- Interior View of New York Stock Exchange 290
- PREPARING COPY FOR THE PRESS AND PROOF-READING
- A Printer's Proof 390
- A Printer's Corrected Proof 391
- GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION
- I. COMMERCIAL TERMS AND USAGES
- II. COMMERCIAL TERMS AND USAGES (_Continued_)
- III. BANK CHEQUES
- IV. BANK CHEQUES (_Continued_)
- INDORSING CHEQUES
- 1. Write across the back--not lengthwise.
- V. BANK CHEQUES (_Continued_)
- THE USEFULNESS OF BANKS
- VI. BANK DRAFTS
- VII. PROMISSORY NOTES
- VIII. THE CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM
- IX. COMMERCIAL DRAFTS
- X. FOREIGN EXCHANGE
- 1. C of Boston has sold goods, £2000, to H of Hamburg.
- 2. D of Chicago has sold goods, £5000, to F of Glasgow.
- 3. M of Chicago has sold goods, £3000, to K of London.
- 4. E of Philadelphia has sold goods, £6000, to R of Paris.
- 5. P of New York has sold goods, £1000, to G of Paris.
- XI. LETTERS OF CREDIT
- XII. JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES
- XIII. PROTESTED PAPER
- XIV. PAPER OFFERED FOR DISCOUNT
- 1. The total net worth of the borrower.
- 2. The character of his business; whether it is speculative or staple.
- 4. Whether he is in enterprise abreast with modern ideas and methods.
- 3. Bills arising out of our manifold trades and industries.
- 4. Drafts with bills of lading attached.
- 5. Paper having personal indorsements.
- 6. Paper secured by collateral.
- 7. One-name paper.
- XV. CORPORATIONS
- XVI. BONDS
- XVII. TRANSPORTATION
- XVIII. TRANSPORTATION PAPERS
- EXAMINATION PAPER
- 4. Why is it important that cheques should be very carefully drawn?
- NOTE TO THE FOREGOING EXAMINATION PAPER
- 8. Yes.
- BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY
- THE TRADE FEATURES OF THE GREAT COMMERCIAL NATIONS
- I. THE TRADE FEATURES OF THE BRITISH ISLES
- LONDON AS A FOOD CONSUMER
- LONDON THE COMMERCIAL CENTRE OF THE WORLD
- LONDON THE CENTRE OF THE LAND SURFACE OF THE GLOBE
- GREAT BRITAIN'S COMMERCIAL POLICY
- LONDON THE CLEARING-HOUSE OF THE WORLD
- GREAT BRITAIN THE CREDITOR NATION OF THE WORLD
- GREAT BRITAIN A BEEHIVE OF MERCANTILE AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
- GREAT BRITAIN'S COAL-FIELDS AND IRON DEPOSITS
- LONDON'S SPECIAL TRADE FEATURES
- THE SPECIAL TRADE FEATURES OF GLASGOW, LIVERPOOL, AND MANCHESTER
- THE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE OF GLASGOW, LIVERPOOL, AND MANCHESTER
- GREAT BRITAIN'S SPECIALISATION OF HER INDUSTRIES IN DEFINITE CENTRES
- THE COTTON MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN
- THE WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN
- THE LINEN MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN
- OTHER TEXTILE MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN
- THE HARDWARE MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN
- II. THE TRADE FEATURES OF FRANCE
- FRANCE A RICHLY FAVOURED COUNTRY
- THE FRENCH A THRIFTY, FRUGAL PEOPLE
- THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN FRANCE
- FRANCE'S WATERWAYS AND RAILWAYS
- THE DISTINCTIVE AND IMPORTANT MANUFACTURES OF FRANCE
- PARIS AND THE GREAT SEAPORTS OF FRANCE
- III. THE TRADE FEATURES OF GERMANY
- GERMANY THE MOST PROSPEROUS NATION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE
- THE CHARACTER OF GERMANY'S INDUSTRIES CHANGING
- GERMANY'S SUCCESS IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION
- GERMANY'S MINES AND HARDWARE MANUFACTURES
- GERMANY'S INTERNAL TRADE
- GERMANY'S FOREIGN TRADE
- FOOTNOTE:
- THE SPECIAL TRADE CENTRES OF GERMANY
- IV. TRADE FEATURES OF SPAIN AND ITALY
- ITALY, TURKEY, AND SPAIN, THE THREE DECADENT NATIONS OF EUROPE
- SPAIN: ITS TRADE AND ITS SPECIAL TRADE CENTRES
- ITALY'S LAMENTABLE CONDITION
- ITALY'S TRADE AND SPECIAL TRADE CENTRES
- V. THE TRADE FEATURES OF RUSSIA
- RUSSIA, A COUNTRY WHOSE FUTURE IS A PROBLEM
- RUSSIA A COUNTRY OF SOCIAL EXTREMES
- THE "ARTELS" OF THE RUSSIAN PEASANTS
- RUSSIA PRINCIPALLY AN AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY
- RUSSIA'S MINERAL WEALTH
- RUSSIA'S TRADE AND MANUFACTURES
- RUSSIA'S RAILWAYS AND NAVIGABLE RIVERS
- RUSSIA'S CITIES AND TOWNS
- VI. THE TRADE FEATURES OF INDIA
- INDIA'S PAST AND PRESENT COMPARED
- INDIA'S SIZE AND POPULATION
- INDIA'S GREAT FERTILITY
- INDIA'S IRRIGATION CANALS AND RIVER EMBANKMENTS
- INDIA'S MINERAL RESOURCES
- INDIA'S WONDERFUL AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
- INDIA'S GROWING MANUFACTURES
- INDIA'S EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL TRADE
- FOOTNOTE:
- INDIA'S CITIES AND TOWNS
- VII. THE TRADE FEATURES OF CHINA
- THE VASTNESS OF CHINA'S AREA AND POPULATION
- CHINA A COUNTRY OF GREAT TRADE POSSIBILITIES
- CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE
- CHINA'S EXPORTS, IMPORTS, AND RESOURCES
- POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASED FOREIGN TRADE WITH CHINA
- THE PRINCIPAL TRADING CITIES OF CHINA
- HONGKONG
- VIII. THE TRADE FEATURES OF JAPAN
- JAPAN THE GREAT BRITAIN OF ASIA
- JAPAN'S WONDERFUL TRANSFORMATION
- JAPAN'S AGRICULTURE
- JAPAN'S MANUFACTURES: THEIR FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
- POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASED FOREIGN TRADE WITH JAPAN
- JAPAN'S MODERN TRADE FACILITIES
- JAPAN'S FOREIGN TRADE
- JAPAN'S SPECIAL TRADE CENTRES
- IX. THE TRADE FEATURES OF AFRICA
- AFRICA FIFTEEN YEARS AGO
- EUROPEAN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN AFRICA
- THE GREAT PARTITION OF AFRICA
- GREAT BRITAIN IN AFRICA
- THE "DOMINION OF SOUTH AFRICA"
- SOUTH AFRICA'S AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES
- SOUTH AFRICA'S GREAT MINERAL WEALTH
- SOUTH AFRICA'S FOREIGN TRADE
- SHIPPING PORTS AND RAILWAYS OF SOUTH AFRICA
- X. THE TRADE FEATURES OF AUSTRALIA
- AUSTRALIA AND AUSTRALASIA
- FOOTNOTE:
- THE AREA AND CLIMATE OF AUSTRALIA
- AUSTRALIA A CONTINENT OF PECULIARITIES
- VICTORIA
- MELBOURNE
- NEW SOUTH WALES
- SOUTH AUSTRALIA
- QUEENSLAND
- WEST AUSTRALIA
- THE IMMENSE RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA. ITS PROBABLE FUTURE
- XI. THE TRADE FEATURES OF SOUTH AMERICA
- SOUTH AMERICA, A FERTILE CONTINENT WITH DRAWBACKS
- EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION IN SOUTH AMERICA
- THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC
- ARGENTINA'S RAPID PROGRESS
- ARGENTINA'S AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES
- BUENOS AYRES
- BRAZIL
- RIO JANEIRO
- XII. THE TRADE FEATURES OF CANADA
- CANADA, PRACTICALLY AN INDEPENDENT FEDERAL REPUBLIC
- SIZE, SOIL, CLIMATE, AND POPULATION OF CANADA
- CANADA'S FOREST WEALTH
- CANADA'S MINERAL RESOURCES
- CANADA'S FISHERIES
- CANADA'S AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE
- CANADA'S TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES
- CANADIAN CITIES
- XIII. THE TRADE FEATURES OF THE UNITED STATES
- THE CHARACTER OF OUR EXPORT TRADE
- OUR EXPORT TRADE IN DETAIL
- FOOTNOTE:
- OUR EXPORTS AND THOSE OF GREAT BRITAIN COMPARED
- OUR IMPORTS AND THOSE OF GREAT BRITAIN COMPARED
- OUR COTTON PRODUCTION AND COTTON EXPORT
- OUR PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF BREADSTUFFS
- FOOTNOTES:
- OUR EXPORT OF PROVISIONS AND ANIMALS
- OUR FOREIGN CARRYING TRADE
- EXAMINATION PAPERS
- FINANCE, TRADE, AND TRANSPORTATION[8]
- I. NATIONAL AND STATE BANKS
- ORIGIN OF BANKING INSTITUTIONS
- FOOTNOTE:
- OUR NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM
- STATE BANKS
- II. SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COMPANIES
- SAVINGS BANKS
- TRUST COMPANIES
- III. CORPORATIONS AND STOCK COMPANIES[9]
- CORPORATIONS
- POWER TO BE A CORPORATION IS A FRANCHISE
- FOOTNOTE:
- A CORPORATION MUST HAVE A NAME
- CORPORATE INTERESTS
- ADVANTAGES OF CORPORATIONS AND JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES OVER PARTNERSHIPS
- 1. Union of capital without the active service of the investors.
- 4. The continuous existence of a company.
- 5. New shareholders are admitted more easily than new partners.
- IV. BORROWING AND LOANING MONEY[10]
- THE MONEY MARKET
- FOOTNOTE:
- BORROWING FROM BANKS
- WHAT ARE COLLATERALS?
- ACCOMMODATION PAPER
- NOTE BROKERS
- BANKERS' RATES FOR LOANS
- V. COLLATERALS AND SECURITIES
- TWO DISTINCT CLASSES OF SECURITIES
- MORTGAGES AS SECURITIES
- STOCKS AS SECURITIES
- SUBSTITUTION SECURITIES
- LOANS AND INVESTMENTS
- VI. CHEQUES, DRAFTS, AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE[11]
- BANK CHEQUES
- FOOTNOTE:
- IDENTIFICATION WHEN CHEQUES ARE PAID
- CHEQUES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
- CHEQUE INDORSEMENTS
- THE NUMBERING OF CHEQUES
- CERTIFIED CHEQUES
- BANK DRAFTS
- BILLS OF EXCHANGE
- VII. THE CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM[12]
- THE CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM A MODERN INSTITUTION
- TRANSFER OF CREDITS IN CLEARING-HOUSES
- FOOTNOTE:
- ORGANISATION OF CLEARING-HOUSES
- PAYMENT OF BALANCES IN CLEARING-HOUSES
- HOW DISTANT BANKS ARE CONNECTED BY THE CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM
- VIII. COMMERCIAL CREDITS AND MERCANTILE AGENCIES
- HOW THE WORLD'S TRADE IS LARGELY TRANSACTED UPON CREDIT
- THE IMPORTANCE OF A HIGH STANDARD OF CREDIT TO BUSINESS MEN
- MERCANTILE AGENCIES
- IX. BONDS
- UNITED STATES, STATE, AND MUNICIPAL BONDS
- BONDS AND CERTIFICATES OF STOCK
- CLASSES OF CORPORATION BONDS
- SINKING FUNDS
- INTEREST COUPONS
- X. TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL
- THE GROWTH OF OUR RAILROAD SYSTEM
- THE RAILWAY CORPORATION
- THE FREIGHT SERVICE OF RAILROADS
- AMERICAN PASSENGER TRAFFIC ON RAILROADS RELATIVELY UNDEVELOPED
- RELATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON RAILROADS TO ECONOMIC ORGANISATION
- XI. FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL
- THE ORIGIN OF RAILROAD TRAFFIC ASSOCIATIONS
- THE WORK OF ALBERT FINK
- RAILROAD POOLING
- TRAFFIC ASSOCIATIONS INCLUDING POOLING SHOULD BE LEGALISED
- CLASSIFICATION OF RAILROAD FREIGHT
- XII. RAILROAD RATES
- GENERAL FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE RAILROAD RATES AND FARES
- VALUE OF SERVICE AND VALUE OF COMMODITIES
- A PARTIAL THEORY OF RAILROAD FREIGHT RATES
- THE EFFECT OF COMPETITION ON RAILROAD RATES AND FARES
- GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION OF RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION
- THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE LAW
- XIII. STOCK AND PRODUCE EXCHANGES
- THE STOCK EXCHANGE
- TECHNICAL TERMS OF STOCK EXCHANGES
- FUTURE DELIVERY
- XIV. STORAGE AND WAREHOUSING
- BONDED WAREHOUSES
- WAREHOUSE REGULATIONS
- FREE WAREHOUSES
- BANKING FEATURES OF WAREHOUSING
- COLD STORAGE
- TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD STORAGE
- COLD-STORAGE CENTRES
- COLD-STORAGE CHARGES
- QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW
- 8. How do State and national banks differ as to their organisation?
- 22. How may a stock company be dissolved?
- EXAMINATION PAPER
- COMMERCIAL LAW
- I. THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CONTRACTS
- II. THE PARTIES TO A CONTRACT
- III. THE PARTIES TO A CONTRACT (_Continued_)
- IV. THE CONSIDERATION IN CONTRACTS
- V. THE ESSENTIALS OF A CONTRACT
- VI. CONTRACTS BY CORRESPONDENCE
- VII. WHAT CONTRACTS MUST BE IN WRITING
- VIII. CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF MERCHANDISE
- IX. THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANDISE
- X. COMMON CARRIERS
- XI. THE CARRYING OF PASSENGERS
- XII. ON THE KEEPING OF THINGS
- XIII. CONCERNING AGENTS
- XIV. THE LAW RELATING TO BANK CHEQUES
- XV. THE LAW RELATING TO LEASES
- XVI. LIABILITY OF EMPLOYER TO EMPLOYÉS
- XVII. LIABILITY OF EMPLOYERS TO EMPLOYÉS (_Continued_)
- EXAMINATION PAPER
- PREPARING COPY FOR THE PRESS AND PROOF-READING
- I. PREPARING COPY
- II. ON THE NAMES AND SIZES OF TYPE
- III. THE TERMS USED IN PRINTING
- IV. MARKS USED IN PROOF-READING
- 1. [Illustration] Delete or expunge.
- 2. [Illustration] A turned letter.
- 3. [Illustration] Wrong-font letter.
- 4. [Illustration] Change capital to small letter, ("lower-case").
- 5. [Illustration] Insert period.
- 6. [Illustration] Transpose words or letters as indicated.
- 7. [Illustration] Change roman to _italic_.
- 8. [Illustration] Change _italic_ to roman.
- 9. [Illustration] Space to be inserted.
- 11. [Illustration] A bad or battered letter.
- 12. [Illustration] Space to be reduced.
- 13. [Illustration] Close up.
- 14. [Illustration] Push down space or lead.
- 15. [Illustration] New paragraph.
- 17. [Illustration] Line to be indented one _em_ of its own body.