History of
章节目录
共 438 题- Additional notes are at the end of the book.]
- NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS
- LAND BIRDS
- VOL. I.
- HISTORY
- OF
- NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS
- LAND BIRDS
- VOLUME I.
- PREFACE.
- SPENCER F. BAIRD.
- CONTENTS.
- Page
- PREFACE v
- INTRODUCTION xi
- INDEX TO THE PLATES.
- PLATES 1-26.
- INTRODUCTION.
- ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FOREGOING HIGHER GROUPS,
- I. Toes 3; 2 in front, 1 behind (_Pici_) PICARIÆ.
- ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF PASSERES.
- ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF PICARIÆ.
- FAMILY OF PSITTACI.
- ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF RAPTORES.
- FAMILY OF COLUMBÆ.
- ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF GALLINÆ.
- ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF LIMICOLÆ.
- ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF HERODIONES.
- ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF ALECTORIDES.
- ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF LAMELLIROSTRES.
- ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF STEGANOPODES.
- ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF LONGIPENNES.
- ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF PYGOPODES.
- NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.
- FAMILY TURDIDÆ.—THE THRUSHES.
- SUBFAMILY TURDINÆ.
- GENUS TURDUS, LINNÆUS.
- SUBGENUS HYLOCICHLA, BAIRD.
- 1. _Spots beneath rounded, covering breast and sides._
- 2. _Spots beneath triangular, on breast only._
- 4. T. swainsoni.
- 5. T. pallasi.
- THE WOOD THRUSH.
- TAWNY THRUSH; WILSON’S THRUSH.
- GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH; ALICE’S THRUSH.
- OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH; SWAINSON’S THRUSH.
- OREGON THRUSH.
- RUFOUS-TAILED THRUSH; HERMIT THRUSH.
- DWARF HERMIT THRUSH.
- ROCKY MOUNTAIN HERMIT THRUSH.
- SUBGENUS TURDUS, LINN.
- REDWING THRUSH.
- SUBGENUS PLANESTICUS, BONAP.
- ROBIN; AMERICAN REDBREAST.
- CAPE ST. LUCAS ROBIN.
- SUBGENUS HESPEROCICHLA, BAIRD.
- OREGON ROBIN; VARIED THRUSH.
- SUBFAMILY MIMINÆ.
- GENUS OREOSCOPTES, BAIRD.
- SAGE THRASHER; MOUNTAIN MOCKER.
- GENUS HARPORHYNCHUS, CABANIS.
- 2. H. ocellatus.[23] The markings circular; wing bands conspicuous.
- 4. H. curvirostris.
- C. Entirely unspotted beneath.
- 6. H. crissalis. Anal region and lower tail-coverts deep chestnut.
- BROWN THRASHER.
- TEXAS THRASHER.
- CAPE ST. LUCAS THRASHER.
- GRAY CURVE-BILL THRASHER.
- PALMER’S THRASHER.
- LECONTE’S THRASHER.
- CALIFORNIA THRASHER.
- RED-VENTED THRASHER.
- GENUS MIMUS, BOIE.
- MOCKING-BIRD.
- GENUS GALEOSCOPTES, CABANIS.
- THE CATBIRD.
- FAMILY CINCLIDÆ.—THE DIPPERS.
- GENUS CINCLUS, BECHSTEIN.
- AMERICAN DIPPER; WATER OUZEL.
- FAMILY SAXICOLIDÆ.—THE SAXICOLAS.
- GENUS SAXICOLA, BECHSTEIN.
- THE WHEAT-EAR.
- GENUS SIALIA, SWAINSON.
- A. _Breast reddish, or chestnut._
- B. _Breast blue (light drab in ♀)._
- EASTERN BLUEBIBD.
- CALIFORNIA BLUEBIRD.
- ROCKY MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.
- FAMILY SYLVIIDÆ.—THE SYLVIAS.
- SUBFAMILY SYLVIINÆ.
- GENUS PHYLLOPNEUSTE, MEYER & WOLF.
- ALASKA WILLOW WARBLER.
- SUBFAMILY REGULINÆ.
- GENUS REGULUS, CUV.
- The following synopsis will serve as diagnoses of the species:—
- GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.
- CUVIER’S KINGLET.
- RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.
- SUBFAMILY POLIOPTILINÆ.
- GENUS POLIOPTILA, SCLAT.
- BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER; EASTERN GNATCATCHER.
- LEAD-COLORED GNATCATCHER; ARIZONA GNATCATCHER.
- BLACK-CAPPED GNATCATCHER.
- FAMILY CHAMÆADÆ.—THE GROUND-TITS.
- GENUS CHAMÆA, GAMBEL.
- GROUND-TIT; WREN-TIT.
- FAMILY PARIDÆ.—THE TITMICE.
- The two subfamilies may be thus distinguished:—
- SUBFAMILY PARINÆ.
- Body full and large. Tail about equal to wings … _Lophophanes._
- Body full. Tail about equal to wings; rounded … _Parus._
- GENUS LOPHOFHANES, KAUP.
- TUFTED TITMOUSE; BLACK-FRONTED TITMOUSE.
- BLACK-TUFTED TITMOUSE; TEXAS TITMOUSE.
- GRAY-TUFTED TITMOUSE; CALIFORNIA TITMOUSE.
- WOLLWEBER’S TITMOUSE; STRIPED-HEADED TITMOUSE.
- GENUS PARUS, LINNÆUS.
- 1. _Head and neck, above and beneath, black; their sides white._
- 2. P. atricapillus.
- C. Back, scapulars, rump, and sides rusty-chestnut.
- D. Back, etc., grayish or ochraceous brown.
- MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE: WHITE-BROWED CHICKADEE.
- EASTERN CHICKADEE; BLACK-CAPPED TITMOUSE.
- LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE.
- WESTERN CHICKADEE.
- SOUTHERN CHICKADEE.
- CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.
- HUDSON’S BAY CHICKADEE; BROWN-CAPPED CHICKADEE.
- GENUS PSALTRIPARUS, BONAP.
- BLACK-EARED BUSH-TITMOUSE.
- LEAST BUSH-TITMOUSE.
- LEAD-COLORED BUSH-TITMOUSE.
- GENUS AURIPARUS, BAIRD.
- YELLOW-HEADED BUSH-TITMOUSE; VERDIN.
- SUBFAMILY SITTINÆ.
- GENUS SITTA, LINNÆUS.
- The North American species may be arranged as follows:—
- WHITE-BELLIED NUTHATCH.
- SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.
- RED-BELLIED NUTHATCH.
- PIGMY NUTHATCH.
- BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH.
- FAMILY CERTHIADÆ.—THE CREEPERS.
- GENUS CERTHIA, LINN.
- BROWN CREEPER.
- MEXICAN CREEPER.
- FAMILY TROGLODYTIDÆ.—THE WRENS.
- GENUS CAMPYLORHYNCHUS, SPIX.
- CACTUS WREN.
- THE CAPE CACTUS WREN.
- SUBGENUS SALPINCTES, CABANIS.
- ROCK WREN.
- GENUS CATHERPES, BAIRD.
- C. mexicanus.
- CAÑON WREN; WHITE-THROATED ROCK WREN.
- GENUS THRYOTHORUS, VIEILL.
- The diagnoses of the North American species are as follows:—
- SUBGENUS THRYOTHORUS, VIEILL.
- GREAT CAROLINA WREN.
- BERLANDIER’S WREN.
- SUBGENUS THRYOMANES, SCLAT.
- BEWICK’S WREN; LONG-TAILED HOUSE WREN.
- GENUS TROGLODYTES, VIEILL.
- HOUSE WREN; WOOD WREN.
- PARKMAN’S WREN; WESTERN WOOD WREN.
- WINTER WREN.
- ALASKA WREN.
- GENUS CISTOTHORUS, CABAN.
- SHORT-BILLED MARSH-WREN.
- LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN.
- FAMILY MOTACILLIDÆ.—THE WAGTAILS.
- SUBFAMILY MOTACILLINÆ.
- GENUS MOTACILLA, LINN.
- WHITE WAGTAIL.
- GENUS BUDYTES, CUVIER.
- YELLOW WAGTAIL.
- SUBFAMILY ANTHINÆ.
- GENUS ANTHUS, BECHST.
- TITLARK; AMERICAN PIPIT.
- EUROPEAN PIPIT.
- GENUS NEOCORYS, SCLATER.
- MISSOURI SKYLARK; SPRAGUE’S PIPIT
- FAMILY SYLVICOLIDÆ.—THE WARBLERS.
- SYLVICOLINÆ.
- 1. Middle toe, with claw, longer than tarsus.
- 2. Middle toe, with claw, not longer than tarsus.
- Bill acute, gonys slightly concave … _Perissoglossa._
- Bill not acute, gonys convex … _Dendroica._
- GEOTHLYPINÆ.
- 3. Wings pointed, longer than the nearly even tail.
- Above olive-brown; beneath white with dark streaks … _Seiurus._
- 4. Wings rounded, shorter than the graduated tail.
- ICTERIANÆ.
- SETOPHAGINÆ.
- Black markings about the head in the ♂ … _Myiodioctes._
- 9. Bill somewhat _parine_. Tail equal to the wing, almost even.
- SUBFAMILY SYLVICOLINÆ.
- SECTION MNIOTILTEÆ.
- GENUS MNIOTILTA, VIEILLOT.
- BLACK AND WHITE CREEPING WARBLER.
- SECTION VERMIVOREÆ.
- GENUS PROTONOTARIA, BAIRD.
- PROTHONOTARY WARBLER; GOLDEN SWAMP WARBLER.
- GENUS HELMITHERUS, RAF.
- WORM-EATING SWAMP WARBLER.
- SWAINSON’S SWAMP WARBLER.
- GENUS HELMINTHOPHAGA, CABAN.
- GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER.
- BACHMAN’S WARBLER.
- BLUE-WINGED YELLOW WARBLER.
- NASHVILLE WARBLER.
- ROCKY MOUNTAIN WARBLER; VIRGINIA’S WARBLER.
- LUCY’S WARBLER.
- ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.
- PACIFIC ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.
- TENNESSEE WARBLER.
- GENUS PARULA, BONAP.
- BLUE YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER.
- SECTION SYLVICOLEÆ.
- GENUS PERISSOGLOSSA, BAIRD.
- CAPE MAY WARBLER.
- CARBONATED WARBLER.
- GENUS DENDROICA, GRAY.
- Group A.—_Golden Warblers._
- 6. D. eoa.[47] _Hab._ Jamaica (GOSSE).
- YELLOW WARBLER; SUMMER YELLOW-BIRD.
- YELLOW-RUMP WARBLER; MYRTLE WARBLER.
- AUDUBON’S WARBLER; WESTERN YELLOW-RUMP.
- BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER.
- CÆRULEAN WARBLER; WHITE-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.
- BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER; ORANGE-THROATED WARBLER.
- YELLOW-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.
- ARIZONA WARBLER.
- CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.
- BLACK-POLL WARBLER.
- BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.
- BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.
- OLIVE-HEADED WARBLER.
- BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.
- YELLOW-CHEEKED WARBLER.
- BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
- TOWNSEND’S WARBLER.
- WESTERN WARBLER.
- PINE-CREEPING WARBLER.
- BLUE MOUNTAIN WARBLER.
- KIRTLAND’S WARBLER.
- YELLOW RED-POLL WARBLER.
- PRAIRIE WARBLER.
- SUBFAMILY GEOTHLYPINÆ.
- SECTION SEIUREÆ.
- GENUS SEIURUS, SWAINSON.
- GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH.
- SMALL-BILLED WATER THRUSH.
- LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH.
- GENUS OPORORNIS, BAIRD.
- CONNECTICUT WARBLER.
- KENTUCKY WARBLER.
- SECTION GEOTHLYPEÆ.
- GENUS GEOTHLYPIS, CABAN.
- MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT; BLACK-MASKED GROUND WARBLER.
- MOURNING WARBLER.
- MACGILLIVRAY’S GROUND WARBLER.
- SUBFAMILY ICTERIANÆ.
- SECTION ICTERIEÆ.
- GENUS ICTERIA, VIEILL.
- YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.
- LONG-TAILED CHAT.
- SUBFAMILY SETOPHAGINÆ.
- GENUS MYIODIOCTES, AUD.
- HOODED WARBLER.
- Length, 5.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.55. (Skin.)
- SMALL-HEADED FLYCATCHER.
- GREEN BLACK-CAPPED FLYCATCHER.
- CANADA FLYCATCHER.
- GENUS SETOPHAGA, SWAINS.
- AMERICAN REDSTART.
- FAMILY HIRUNDINIDÆ.—THE SWALLOWS.
- GENUS PROGNE, BOIE.
- PURPLE MARTIN.
- CUBAN MARTIN.
- HAB. Cuba, and Florida Keys? (Perhaps Bahamas.)
- GENUS PETROCHELIDON, CABANIS.
- CLIFF SWALLOW; EAVE SWALLOW.
- GENUS HIRUNDO, LINN.
- Tail considerably forked … _Callichelidon_.[69]
- SUBGENUS HIRUNDO, LINN.
- BARN SWALLOW.
- SUBGENUS TACHYCINETA, CAB.
- WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW.
- VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.
- GENUS STELGIDOPTERYX, BAIRD.
- ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW.
- GENUS COTYLE, BOIE.
- BANK SWALLOW; SAND MARTIN.
- FAMILY VIREONIDÆ.—THE VIREOS.
- GENUS VIREO, VIEILL.
- SUBGENUS VIREOSYLVIA, BON.
- 1. V. calidris. Eyes red?
- C. No dusky line along side of crown. No “mustache.”
- 6. V. gilva. Eyes hazel (in all?).
- FLORIDA GREENLET.
- RED-EYED GREENLET.
- YELLOW-GREEN VIREO.
- PHILADELPHIA GREENLET.
- WARBLING GREENLET.
- WESTERN WARBLING GREENLET.
- SUBGENUS LANIVIREO, BAIRD.
- BLUE-HEADED VIREO.
- CASSIN’S VIREO.
- LEAD-COLORED VIREO.
- YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.
- SUBGENUS VIREO, VIEILL.
- BLACK-CAPPED VIREO.
- WHITE-EYED VIREO.
- HUTTON’S VIREO.
- BELL’S VIREO.
- LEAST VIREO.
- ARIZONA VIREO.
- FAMILY AMPELIDÆ.—THE CHATTERERS.
- SUBFAMILY AMPELINÆ.
- GENUS AMPELIS, LINN.
- NORTHERN WAXWING; BOHEMIAN CHATTERER.
- SOUTHERN WAXWING; CEDAR-BIRD.
- SUBFAMILY PTILOGONATINÆ.
- SECTION PTILOGONATEÆ.
- GENUS PHÆNOPEPLA, SCLATER.
- SHINING-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
- SECTION MYIADESTEÆ.
- GENUS MYIADESTES, SWAINSON.
- TOWNSEND’S SOLITAIRE.
- FAMILY LANIIDÆ.—THE SHRIKES.
- GENUS COLLURIO, VIGORS.
- GREAT NORTHERN SHRIKE, OR BUTCHER-BIRD.
- SOUTHERN SHRIKE; LOGGERHEAD.
- WHITE-WINGED SHRIKE.
- WESTERN LOGGERHEAD; WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.
- FAMILY CÆREBIDÆ.—THE CREEPERS.
- GENUS CERTHIOLA, SUNDEVALL.
- 1. A distinct external white wing-patch at base of primaries.
- BAHAMA CREEPER.
- FAMILY TANAGRIDÆ.—THE TANAGERS.
- GENUS PYRANGA, VIEILL.
- THE SCARLET TANAGER.
- LOUISIANA TANAGER.
- SUMMER REDBIRD.
- FAMILY FRINGILLIDÆ.—THE FINCHES.
- SUBFAMILY COCCOTHRAUSTINÆ.—THE TRUE FINCHES.
- GENUS HESPERIPHONA, BONAP.
- The American species may be thus distinguished:—
- EVENING GROSBEAK.
- GENUS PINICOLA, VIEILL.
- THE PINE GROSBEAK.
- GENUS PYRRHULA, PALLAS.
- CASSIN’S BULLFINCH.
- GENUS CARPODACUS, KAUP.
- CASSIN’S PURPLE FINCH.
- EASTERN PURPLE FINCH.
- THE CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.
- HOUSE LINNET; CRIMSON-FRONTED FINCH; BURION.
- CRIMSON-FRONTED FINCH; BURION.
- CALIFORNIA HOUSE-FINCH; RED-HEADED LINNET; BURION.
- GENUS CHRYSOMITRIS, BOIE.
- YELLOW-BIRD; THISTLE-BIRD.
- ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOLDFINCH; ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.
- ARIZONA GOLDFINCH.
- BLACK GOLDFINCH; MEXICAN GOLDFINCH.
- LAWRENCE’S GOLDFINCH.
- PINE GOLDFINCH.
- GENUS LOXIA, LINNÆUS.
- L. curvirostra. Wings dusky, without white bands.
- L. leucoptera. Wings deep black, with two broad white bands.
- RED CROSSBILL.
- MEXICAN CROSSBILL.
- WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.
- GENUS ÆGIOTHUS, CABAN.
- LESSER RED-POLL.
- I. _Spring and Winter Plumage._
- II. _Summer or Breeding Plumage._
- MEALY RED-POLL.
- BREWSTER’S LINNET.
- GENUS LEUCOSTICTE, SWAINSON.
- GRAY-CROWNED FINCH.
- THE GRAY-CHEEKED FINCH.
- HEPBURN’S FINCH.
- THE GRAY-EARED FINCH.
- GENUS PLECTROPHANES, MEYER.
- SNOW-BUNTING.
- LAPLAND LONGSPUR.
- SMITH’S BUNTING; PAINTED LONGSPUR.
- CHESTNUT-COLLARED BUNTING; BLACK-BELLIED LONGSPUR.
- BLACK-SHOULDERED LONGSPUR.
- CHESTNUT-SHOULDERED LONGSPUR; MACCOWN’S BUNTING.
- SUBFAMILY PYRGITINÆ.
- GENUS PYRGITA, CUVIER.
- THE HOUSE SPARROW.
- SUBFAMILY SPIZELLINÆ.—THE SPARROWS.
- GENUS CENTRONYX, BAIRD.
- BAIRD’S BUNTING.
- GENUS PASSERCULUS, BONAP.
- 3. P. rostratus.
- SAVANNA SPARROW.
- WESTERN SAVANNA SPARROW.
- NORTHWESTERN SAVANNA SPARROW.
- CALIFORNIA SHORE SPARROW.
- IPSWICH SPARROW.
- SAN DIEGO SPARROW.
- ST. LUCAS SPARROW.
- GENUS POOCÆTES, BAIRD.
- GRASS SPARROW; BAY-WINGED BUNTING.
- GENUS COTURNICULUS, BONAP.
- HENSLOW’S BUNTING.
- LECONTE’S BUNTING.
- YELLOW-WINGED BUNTING.
- WESTERN YELLOW-WINGED BUNTING.
- SHARP-TAILED BUNTING.
- SEASIDE BUNTING.
- GENUS CHONDESTES, SWAINSON.
- LARK SPARROW.
- GENUS ZONOTRICHIA, SWAINSON.
- WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.
- WESTERN WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.
- GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.
- WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.
- HARRIS’S SPARROW; BLACK-HOODED SPARROW.
- GENUS JUNCO, WAGLER.
- 2. J. hyemalis. Back and wings without rusty tinge.
- SNOWBIRD.
- WHITE-WINGED SNOWBIRD.
- OREGON SNOWBIRD.
- RED-BACKED SNOWBIRD.
- GENUS POOSPIZA, CABANIS.
- BLACK-THROATED SPARROW.
- BELL’S SPARROW.
- ARTEMISIA SPARROW.
- INDEX TO PLATES OF LAND BIRDS.
- INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
- INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.