Outline of
章节目录
共 470 题- A PLAIN STORY SIMPLY TOLD
- IN FOUR VOLUMES
- Made in the United States of America
- INTRODUCTORY NOTE
- By Professor J. Arthur Thomson
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION 3
- I. THE ROMANCE OF THE HEAVENS 7
- II. THE STORY OF EVOLUTION 53
- III. ADAPTATIONS TO ENVIRONMENT 113
- IV. THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE 135
- V. THE ASCENT OF MAN 153
- VI. EVOLUTION GOING ON 183
- VII. THE DAWN OF MIND 205
- VIII. FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNIVERSE 243
- ILLUSTRATIONS
- LAPLACE 10
- THE MOON ENTERING THE SHADOW CAST BY THE EARTH 14
- DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MAIN LAYERS OF THE SUN 18
- JUPITER 23
- THE MOON 28
- THE MOON, AT NINE AND THREE QUARTER DAYS 29
- A MAP OF THE CHIEF PLAINS AND CRATERS OF THE MOON 32
- THE YERKES 40-INCH REFRACTOR 48
- GEOLOGICAL TREE OF ANIMALS 61
- DIAGRAM OF AMOEBA 61
- VOLVOX 69
- PROTEROSPONGIA 69
- DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE BEGINNING OF INDIVIDUAL LIFE 72
- OKAPI AND GIRAFFE (_Coloured Illustration_) 74
- INCLINED PLANE OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 76
- THE HOATZIN INHABITS BRITISH GUIANA 82
- BARON CUVIER, 1769-1832 86
- WING OF A BIRD, SHOWING THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE FEATHERS 91
- AN EIGHT-ARMED CUTTLEFISH OR OCTOPUS ATTACKING A SMALL CRAB 116
- TEN-ARMED CUTTLEFISH OR SQUID IN THE ACT OF CAPTURING A FISH 118
- GREENLAND WHALE 118
- MINUTE TRANSPARENT EARLY STAGE OF A SEA-CUCUMBER 119
- A SCENE IN THE GREAT DEPTHS 119
- SEA-HORSE IN SARGASSO WEED 120
- LARGE MARINE LAMPREYS (_Petromyzon Marinus_) 120
- THE DEEP-SEA FISH _Chiasmodon Niger_ 120
- DEEP-SEA FISHES 120
- EGG DEPOSITORY OF _Semotilus Atromaculatus_ 121
- THE BITTERLING (_Rhodeus Amarus_) 124
- THE PRAYING MANTIS (_Mantis Religiosa_) 138
- PROTECTIVE COLORATION: A WINTER SCENE IN NORTH SCANDINAVIA 138
- SEASONAL COLOUR-CHANGE: SUMMER SCENE IN NORTH SCANDINAVIA 141
- DEAD-LEAF BUTTERFLY (_Kallima Inachis_) FROM INDIA 146
- HERMIT-CRAB WITH PARTNER SEA-ANEMONES 147
- SURFACE VIEW OF THE BRAINS OF MAN AND CHIMPANZEE 157
- THE FLIPPER OF A WHALE AND THE HAND OF A MAN 157
- SIDE-VIEW OF SKULL OF MAN AND GORILLA 164
- SUGGESTED GENEALOGICAL TREE OF MAN AND ANTHROPOID APES 165
- A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE JAVA MAN (_Coloured Illustration_) 168
- A MAMMOTH DRAWN ON THE WALL OF THE FONT-DE-GAUME CAVERN 179
- PHOTOGRAPH OF THE ENTIRE SHELL OF THE PEARLY NAUTILUS 186
- NAUTILUS 186
- PELICAN'S BILL, ADAPTED FOR CATCHING AND STORING FISHES 191
- LIFE-HISTORY OF A FROG 192
- EARLY LIFE-HISTORY OF THE SALMON 196
- THE SALMON LEAPING AT THE FALL IS A MOST FASCINATING SPECTACLE 197
- A CARPET OF GOSSAMER 202
- THE WATER SPIDER 203
- WOODPECKER HAMMERING AT A COTTON-REEL, ATTACHED TO A TREE 217
- THE BEAVER 220
- COMPARATIVE SIZES OF MOLECULES 250
- INCONCEIVABLE NUMBERS AND INCONCEIVABLY SMALL PARTICLES 250
- WHAT IS A MILLION? 250
- THE BROWNIAN MOVEMENT 251
- ELECTRIC DISCHARGE IN A VACUUM TUBE 258
- THE RELATIVE SIZES OF ATOMS AND ELECTRONS 258
- ELECTRONS STREAMING FROM THE SUN TO THE EARTH 259
- PROFESSOR SIR J. J. THOMSON 262
- MAGNETIC DEFLECTION OF RADIUM RAYS 263
- MAKING THE INVISIBLE VISIBLE 266
- THE THEORY OF ELECTRONS 267
- ARRANGEMENTS OF ATOMS IN A DIAMOND 267
- DISINTEGRATION OF ATOMS 270
- SILK TASSEL DISCHARGED BY THE RAYS FROM RADIUM 270
- A HUGE ELECTRIC SPARK 271
- LIGHT WAVES 279
- THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT 279
- THE MAGNET 279
- WAVE SHAPES 282
- THE POWER OF A MAGNET 282
- ROTATING DISC OF SIR ISAAC NEWTON FOR MIXING COLOURS 283
- NIAGARA FALLS 286
- THE CAUSE OF TIDES 290
- The Outline of Science
- INTRODUCTION
- J. ARTHUR THOMSON.
- THE ROMANCE OF THE HEAVENS
- THE SCALE OF THE UNIVERSE--THE SOLAR SYSTEM
- The Heavenly Bodies
- PROFESSOR J. C. ADAMS
- PROFESSOR EDDINGTON
- THE COMPARATIVE DISTANCES OF THE PLANETS
- The Scale of the Universe
- FIG. 2.--THE MILKY WAY
- Note the cloud-like effect.]
- The diagram shows the Moon partially eclipsed.]
- FIG. 4.--THE GREAT NEBULA IN ANDROMEDA, MESSIER 31]
- THE SOLAR SYSTEM
- THE SUN
- The Solar System
- The Sun
- Regions of the Sun
- Compare with frontispiece.]
- The small Corona is also visible.]
- The Surface of the Sun
- Sun-spots
- THE AURORA BOREALIS
- A WONDERFUL INSTRUMENT AND WHAT IT REVEALS
- FIG. 9.--THE GREAT SUN-SPOT OF JULY 17, 1905]
- FIG. 10.--SOLAR PROMINENCES
- FIG. 11.--MARS, October 5, 1909
- Showing the dark markings and the Polar Cap.]
- Showing the belts which are probably cloud formations.]
- FIG. 13.--SATURN, November 19, 1911
- Showing the rings, mighty swarms of meteorites.]
- A Unique Discovery
- Measuring the Speed of Light
- IS THE SUN DYING?
- THE PLANETS
- LIFE IN OTHER WORLDS?
- The Planet Venus
- Jupiter and Saturn
- THE MOON
- A Dead World
- The plains were originally supposed to be seas: hence the name "Mare."]
- FIG. 19.--COMET, September 29, 1908
- Notice the tendency to form a number of tails. (See photograph below.)]
- FIG. 20.--COMET, October 3, 1908
- The Mountains of the Moon
- METEORS AND COMETS
- Millions of Meteorites
- A Great Comet
- FIG. 21.--TYPICAL SPECTRA
- FIG. 22.--A NEBULAR REGION SOUTH OF ZETA ORIONIS
- FIG. 23.--STAR CLUSTER IN HERCULES
- THE STELLAR UNIVERSE
- The Evolution of Stars
- The Age of Stars
- THE NEBULAR THEORY
- Spiral Nebulæ
- FIG. 24.--THE GREAT NEBULA IN ORION
- FIG. 25--GIANT SPIRAL NEBULA, March 23, 1914
- THE BIRTH AND DEATH OF STARS
- Variable, New, and Dark Stars: Dying Suns
- The Death and Birth of Stars
- THE SHAPE OF OUR UNIVERSE
- Our Universe a Spiral Nebula
- FIG. 26.--A SPIRAL NEBULA SEEN EDGE-ON
- 100-INCH TELESCOPE, MOUNT WILSON
- FIG. 27]
- FIG. 28
- ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS
- The Telescope
- THE DOUBLE-SLIDE PLATE HOLDER ON YERKES 40-INCH REFRACTING TELESCOPE
- The Spectroscope
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- II
- THE STORY OF EVOLUTION
- INTRODUCTORY
- CHARLES DARWIN
- LORD KELVIN
- A GIANT SPIRAL NEBULA
- It weighs about 56 lb., and is a "stony" meteorite, i.e., an aerolite.]
- The Beginning of the Earth
- The Nebular Hypothesis
- The Growth of the Earth
- Making a Home for Life
- Origin of Living Creatures upon the Earth
- A LIMESTONE CANYON
- The First Organisms upon the Earth
- FIRST GREAT STEPS IN EVOLUTION
- The Contrast between Plants and Animals
- The Beginnings of Land Plants
- The Protozoa
- The Making of a Body
- The Beginning of Sexual Reproduction
- A PLANT-LIKE ANIMAL, OR ZOOPHYTE, CALLED OBELIA
- TRYPANOSOMA GAMBIENSE
- The Evolution of Sex
- The Beginning of Natural Death
- GREEN HYDRA
- EARTHWORM
- 2. A mature sperm-cell, with 2 chromosomes.
- 4. A mature egg-cell, with 2 chromosomes.
- 5. The spermatozoon fertilises the ovum, introducing 2 chromosomes.
- GLASS MODEL OF A SEA-ANEMONE
- Great Acquisitions
- THE INCLINED PLANE OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
- Evolution of Mind
- The Trial and Error Method
- 1. A sensory nerve-cell (S.C.) on the surface receives a stimulus.
- 2. The stimulus travels along the sensatory nerve-fibre (S.F.)
- 3. The sensory nerve-fibre branches in the nerve-cord.
- THE YUCCA MOTH
- VENUS' FLY-TRAP
- A SPIDER SUNNING HER EGGS
- Reflex Actions
- What are Called Tropisms
- Instinctive Behaviour
- Animal Intelligence
- Evolution of Parental Care
- PERIPATUS
- ROCK KANGAROO CARRYING ITS YOUNG IN A POUCH
- The Cradle of the Open Sea
- The Great Deeps
- The Freshwaters
- Conquest of the Dry Land
- Methods of Mastering the Difficulties of Terrestrial Life
- PROFESSOR THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY (1825-95)
- Conquering the Air
- THE PROCESSION OF LIFE THROUGH THE AGES
- The Rock Record
- The Use of Fossils
- The Geological Time-table
- The Establishment of Invertebrate Stocks
- A TRILOBITE
- THE GAMBIAN MUD-FISH, PROTOPTERUS
- The Era of Ancient Life (Palæozoic)
- EVOLUTION OF LAND ANIMALS
- Giant Amphibians and Coal-measures
- FOSSIL OF A PTERODACTYL OR EXTINCT FLYING DRAGON
- PARIASAURUS: AN EXTINCT VEGETARIAN TRIASSIC REPTILE
- TRICERATOPS: A HUGE EXTINCT REPTILE
- THE DUCKMOLE OR DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS OF AUSTRALIA
- Evolution of the Voice
- The Early Reptiles
- Disappearance of many Ancient Types
- THE GEOLOGICAL MIDDLE AGES
- The Mesozoic Era
- The Flying Dragons
- The First Known Bird
- 6. The modern horse, running on the third digit of each foot.]
- The Cenozoic or Tertiary Era
- The Ascent of Man
- THE EVOLVING SYSTEM OF NATURE
- Parasitism
- THE EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION--HOW IT CAME ABOUT
- Progress in Evolution
- Evidences of Evolution
- Factors in Evolution
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- III
- ADAPTATIONS TO ENVIRONMENT
- ADAPTATIONS TO ENVIRONMENT
- I. THE SHORE OF THE SEA
- The Seaweed Area
- Conditions of Shore Life
- THE PAPER NAUTILUS (ARGONAUTA), AN ANIMAL OF THE OPEN SEA
- Keen Struggle for Existence
- Shifts for a Living
- Parental Care on the Shore
- II. THE OPEN SEA
- The Floating Sea-meadows
- Swimmers and Drifters
- Hunger and Love
- III. THE DEEP SEA
- Physical Conditions
- Biological Conditions
- Adaptations to Deep-sea Life
- WOOLLY OPOSSUM CARRYING HER FAMILY
- IV. THE FRESH WATERS
- V. THE DRY LAND
- Difficulties and Results of the Transition from Water to Land
- VI. THE AIR
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- IV
- THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
- ANIMAL AND BIRD MIMICRY AND DISGUISE
- Colour Permanently Like That of Surroundings
- Gradual Change of Colour
- Seasonal Change of Colouring
- THE WARTY CHAMELEON
- Rapid Colour-change
- PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE
- The Case of Chameleons
- Likeness to Other Things
- B. ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF PROTECTIVE COLORATION OR CAMOUFLAGE
- Mimicry in the True Sense
- CUCKOO-SPIT
- Masking
- Other Kinds of Elusiveness
- THE ASCENT OF MAN
- THE ASCENT OF MAN
- Anatomical Proof of Man's Relationship with a Simian Stock
- CHIMPANZEE, SITTING
- CHIMPANZEE, ILLUSTRATING WALKING POWERS
- SIDE-VIEW OF CHIMPANZEE'S HEAD.
- Physiological Proof of Man's Relationship with a Simian Stock
- Embryological Proof of Man's Relationship with a Simian Stock
- PROFESSOR SIR ARTHUR KEITH, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.
- SKELETONS OF THE GIBBON, ORANG, CHIMPANZEE, GORILLA, MAN
- Man's Pedigree
- Man's Arboreal Apprenticeship
- THE ORANG HAS A HIGH ROUNDED SKULL AND A LONG FACE]
- COMPARISONS OF THE SKELETONS OF HORSE AND MAN
- Tentative Men
- Primitive Men
- Retrospect
- THE NEANDERTHAL MAN OF LA CHAPELLE-AUX-SAINTS
- Races of Mankind
- Steps in Human Evolution
- Factors in Human Progress
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- VI
- EVOLUTION GOING ON
- EVOLUTION GOING ON
- Evolutionary Prospect for Man
- It is only the large terminal chamber that is occupied by the animal.]
- SHOEBILL
- The Fountain of Change: Variability
- The Sporting Jellyfish
- Evolution of Plants
- The Romance of the Wheat
- THE AUSTRALIAN MORE-PORK OR PODARGUS
- There is an enormous dilatable sac beneath the lower jaw.]
- The use of the helmet or casque is obscure.]
- The scaly covering is moulted in the autumn.]
- Changes in the Animal Life of a Country
- The Adventurers
- The Case of the Robber Crab
- 1. The fertilised egg, shed in the gravelly bed of the river.
- In all cases the small figures to the right indicate the natural size.]
- The Story of the Salmon
- Interpretation of the Salmon's Story
- The Romance of the Eel
- Forming New Habits
- 5. The fully-formed eel.]
- CASSOWARY
- Experiments in Locomotion
- The spider jerks its body and legs out at the surface and then dives--
- Running down the side of the nest, the spider
- New Devices
- In Conclusion
- VII
- THE DAWN OF MIND
- THE DAWN OF MIND
- Two Extremes to be Avoided
- A Caution in Regard to Instinct
- JACKDAW BALANCING ON A GATEPOST
- TWO OPOSSUMS FEIGNING DEATH
- A Useful Law
- Senses of Fishes
- Interesting Ways of Fishes
- The Stickleback's Nest
- HOMING PIGEON
- CARRIER PIGEON
- YELLOW-CROWNED PENGUIN
- PENGUINS ARE "A PECULIAR PEOPLE"
- The Mind of a Minnow
- The Mind of Amphibians
- Senses of Amphibians
- HARPY-EAGLE
- Experiments in Parental Care
- The Reptilian Mind
- Mind in Birds
- THE THRUSH AT ITS ANVIL
- Many broken shells are often found around the anvil.]
- Instinctive Aptitudes
- Intelligence co-operating with Instinct
- Using their Wits
- The Thrush's Anvil
- The Mind of the Mammal
- Instinctive Aptitudes
- Sheer Dexterity
- ALSATIAN WOLF-DOG
- THE POLAR BEAR OF THE FAR NORTH
- AN ALLIGATOR "YAWNING" IN EXPECTATION OF FOOD
- Power of Association
- The Dancing Mouse as a Pupil
- Learning Tricks
- Using their Wits
- Experimentation in Play
- Other Glimpses of Intelligence
- THE MIND OF MONKEYS
- Keen Senses
- Power of Manipulation
- BABY ORANG
- ORANG-UTAN
- 2. BABY ORANG-UTAN
- 3. ORANG-UTAN
- 4. BABY CHIMPANZEES
- Activity for Activity's Sake
- Sheer Quickness
- Quick to Learn
- The Case of Sally
- The Case of Lizzie
- Trial and Error
- Imitation
- The Case of Peter
- The Bustle of the Mind
- CHIMPANZEE
- YOUNG CHEETAHS, OR HUNTING LEOPARDS
- COMMON OTTER
- Looking Backwards
- Body and Mind
- In conclusion
- VIII
- FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNIVERSE
- THE WORLD OF ATOMS
- The Bricks of the Cosmos
- SIR ERNEST RUTHERFORD
- J. CLERK-MAXWELL
- SIR WILLIAM CROOKES
- PROFESSOR SIR W. H. BRAGG
- One of the most distinguished physicists of the present day.]
- The Wonder-World of Atoms
- The Energy of Atoms
- A SOAP BUBBLE
- THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS AND RADIUM
- The Discovery of Sir Wm. Crookes
- DETECTING A SMALL QUANTITY OF MATTER
- Note the pieces of shrapnel which are revealed.]
- AN X-RAY PHOTOGRAPH OF A GOLF BALL, REVEALING AN IMPERFECT CORE]
- A WONDERFUL X-RAY PHOTOGRAPH
- The Discovery of X-rays
- Discovery of Radium
- THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON AND HOW IT EFFECTED A REVOLUTION IN IDEAS
- The Discovery of the Electron
- The Key to many Mysteries
- THE ELECTRON THEORY, OR THE NEW VIEW OF MATTER
- The Structure of the Atom
- ELECTRONS PRODUCED BY PASSAGE OF X-RAYS THROUGH AIR
- PROFESSOR R. A. MILLIKAN'S APPARATUS FOR COUNTING ELECTRONS]
- The New View of Matter
- Other New Views
- The lower picture shows the screen and needle magnified.]
- The Future
- WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
- The Nature of Electricity
- What an Electric Current is
- SILK TASSEL ELECTRIFIED
- ELECTRICAL ATTRACTION BETWEEN COMMON OBJECTS
- What the Dynamo does
- Magnetism
- ETHER AND WAVES
- Ether and Waves
- AN ELECTRIC SPARK
- AN ETHER DISTURBANCE AROUND AN ELECTRON CURRENT
- Below the Limits of Visibility
- LIGHT--VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE
- Electrons and Light
- Sorting out Light-waves
- LIGHTNING
- The Fate of the World
- What the Blue "Sky" means
- Light without Heat
- ENERGY: HOW ALL LIFE DEPENDS ON IT
- Forms of Energy
- THE SPEED OF LIGHT
- What Heat is
- Substitutes for Coal
- Dissipation of Energy
- What a Uniform Temperature would mean
- TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY
- MATTER, ETHER, AND EINSTEIN
- INFLUENCE OF THE TIDES: ORIGIN OF THE MOON: THE EARTH SLOWING DOWN
- The Earth Pulled by the Moon
- THE AEGIR ON THE TRENT
- A BIG SPRING TIDE, THE AEGIR ON THE TRENT]
- The Action of Sun and Moon
- Origin of the Moon
- The Earth Slowing down
- The Day Becoming Longer
- BIBLIOGRAPHY