1. ANDOA. Araro.
Chuudaviño.
Gae.
Guazago.
Murato.
Pabo.
Pinche.
Simigae.
Bobonazo.
2. CAMPA. Amjemhuaco.
Curano.
Manua.
Nanerua.
Nesahuaco.
Sepaunabo.
Tasio.
3. CHAYAVITA. Cahuapano.
Paranaruro.
4. COMABA. Ginua.
Inuaco.
Ruanababo.
Zepo.
5. CUNIBA. Manamabobo.
Mananamabua.
6. ENCABELLADA. Guajoyo.
Guencoyo.
Neocoyo.
Zaparro, or Encabellado.
Ziecoyo.
7. IEBERA. Tiputini.
Tibilo.
8. MAINA. Chapo.
Coronado.
Humurano.
Roamaino.
9. MUNICHE. Muchimo.
Otanabe.
10. PANA. Iltipo.
Pelada.
11. PIRA. Cusitinavo.
Manatinavo.
Upatarinavo.
12. SIMIGAE. Arazo.
Ijinori.
Nevo.
Oa.
Zaparro.
13. LUCUMBIA. Putumayo.
Yete.
Ceoqueyo.
14. URARINA. Barbudo.
Itucale.
Mayoruño.
Musimo.
15. YAMEA. Amaono.
Nahuapo.
Napeano.
Masamae.
16. JINORI. Acamaori.
Camacori.
Iqueconejori.
Panajori.
Tremojori.
A slight examination of this classification suffices to reveal its
general inaccuracy. The Zaparos are included in both the Encabellada and
the Simigae stocks. The latter is given both as a stock and as a dialect
of the Andoa. In fact, all three of the stocks named belong together as
dialects of one. The Pano stock, as we now know it, appears scattered
under Cuniba, Urarina and Pana; and the arrangement is incorrect in many
other points. While it has a value in preserving the names of some now
missing tribes, as a linguistic scheme it is wholly unsafe.
The _Zaparos_ constitute one of the most extended and numerous nations
in the upper valley of the Amazon. They dwell near or adjacent to the
Jivaros on the south, and as their name is variously spelled Zaparos,
Xeberos and Jeberos, they have at times been confounded with them. They
differ, however, not only in language, but in appearance and temperament.
The Zaparos are lighter in color, smaller in stature, with oblique eyes,
large mouths, and expanded nostrils.[431] Their disposition is indolent
and easy tempered, and their abilities inferior. This is seen in the
construction of their houses and the appearance of their fields, which do
not compare advantageously with those of the Jivaros; but they display
some ingenuity in manufacturing clothing from the bark of a species of
_Ochroma_, and they are skillful in concocting the urara poison, in
making blow-pipes, and are daring boatmen.
In 1632 they lived near the Omaguas, on the river Curary, and their
number was estimated by the missionaries at 10,000. At present
their main body dwells between the rivers Pastaza and Napo and along
the Marañon between the rivers Zamora and Morona. In 1850 Osculati
estimated their number at over 20,000, which is certainly in excess
of their present representatives. The many small tribes into which
they are divided, and the confused orthography of the names applied
to them, render it difficult to offer a satisfactory list. It seems
tolerably certain that the ancient “Andoas” were the Zaparos of the
upper Pastaza,[432] and equally sure that the Encabellada, the Iebera,
the Simigae and the Jinori languages, all supposed by Hervas to be
independent stocks,[433] were spoken by members of the Zaparo family. The
Iquitos are another populous branch, sometimes supposed to be distinct.
The Zaparo language is agreeable to the ear, partaking of the phonetic
character of the Brazilian idioms. The Italian traveler, Osculati,
has furnished a very satisfactory account of it, both grammatical and
lexicographical,[434] and there are vocabularies by other voyagers.
I offer the following alphabetic list of the sub-tribes of the Zaparos,
without attempting to define their several positions in the general
district referred to: