_Achuales_.
_Agapicos_.
_Aicores_.
_Andoas_.
_Anguteris_.
_Antires_.
_Araros_, or _Arazos_.
_Ayacares_.
_Bobonazos_.
_Cahuaches_.
_Chudavinos_.
_Churitunas_.
_Comacoris_.
_Conejoris_.
_Copatasas_.
_Curyies_.
_Curarayes_.
_Custimanos_.
_Cutinanas_.
_Encabellados_.
_Eriteynes_.
_Frascavinos_.
_Gaes_.
_Ginoris_.
_Gualaquizas_.
_Guazacas_.
_Himuetacas_.
_Huasimoas_.
_Ibanomas_.
_Incuris_.
_Itremajoris_.
_Macavinas_.
_Mautas_.
_Moronas_.
_Mueganos_.
_Muratos_.
_Napotoas_.
_Neocoyos_.
_Nepas_.
_Nerecamues_.
_Nushinis_.
_Oas_.
_Panajoris_.
_Paranapuras_.
_Pastazas_.
_Pavos_.
_Pindis_.
_Putumayos_.
_Quirivinas_.
_Rotunos_.
_Semigaes_.
_Shiripunas_.
_Tabalosos_.
_Tiputinis_.
_Tivilos_.
_Tremajoris_.
_Yasunis_.
_Yegueyos_.
_Yetes_.
_Zamoros_.
_Zapaos_.
On the mountain slope of the Cordillera, north of the Zaparos and east of
the Cañaris, are the _Jivaros_ (Givaros, Xivaros), a wild, warlike tribe,
never subjugated either by the Kechuas or the Spaniards. Their homes
are about the head-waters of the rivers Pastaza, Santiago, and other
affluents of the Marañon. They are rather tall, of light color, with thin
lips, aquiline noses, straight eyes, prognathic jaws, hair black or with
a reddish tinge.
Some say their various bands number as many as four hundred, named from
the streams on which they live. Most of them depend upon hunting and
fishing, others pursue agriculture and breed pigs. Their weapons are
the sarbacane, the lance, the bow and the shield. They have developed a
system of sound-signalling or telegraphy by means of large wooden drums
placed at certain distances apart, by beating on which in a peculiar
manner the advent of an enemy, his number and direction, can be heralded
over hundreds of square miles in a few hours. The Jivaros are celebrated
for the preparation of human heads by a process of boiling and drying so
as to preserve the hair and soft parts. Many of these trophy heads have
been brought to Europe, and their purpose has led to some discussion.
It appears that they are prepared both as trophies of victory and out
of reverence to departed chiefs.[435] Their houses are built solidly of
wood, with wooden doors. They sleep upon wooden frames, and construct
tools of the same material.[436]
The principal event in their history was their revolt against the
Spanish authorities in the year 1599. They destroyed many settlements
and the entire city of Logroño, carrying the women into captivity. Many
of them had already been converted to Christianity, and their rites are
said still to preserve some reminiscences of such teachings. In recent
years many of them have been civilized through the efforts of Italian
missionaries.
The language of this important nation, although early studied, has as yet
no printed literature. I have found of it only the first five numerals,
which do not seem to have connection with any other tongue. They are as
follows: