41. Similarly Congress, Parliament, and other governmental bodies
are authors of their journals, acts, minutes, laws, etc.; and other
departments of government of their reports, and of the works published
by them or under their auspices.
These are to be entered under the name of the country, city, or town,
and not in the main alphabet under the word «Congress», «Parliament»,
«City Council», or the like.
42. Laws on one or more particular subjects, whether digested or merely
collected, must have author-entries both under the name of the country
and under the name of the collector or digester.
_Ex._ Tilsley’s “Digest of the stamp acts” would appear both under
«Great Britain» and «Tilsley». {28}
43. Calendars of documents, regesta, etc., are to be entered under
their maker, with a series-entry under the department which orders the
publication.
_Ex._ «Green», _Mrs._ M.. Anne Everett (Wood). Calendar of state
papers, domestic, Charles II. The series-entry is under «Great
Britain». _Master of the Rolls._
44. Works written officially are to be entered under the name of the
department of government or society (see § 56) or ecclesiastical
district with a reference from the name of the official, if it is
thought worth making.
Some libraries may refer always; most will refer only when the
report has exceptional importance (1) from its subject, (2) from the
treatment of its subject, (3) from its literary merits, (4) from the
fame of its author, or (5) from having been separately published.
Horace Mann’s reports, for example, should be catalogued under
«Massachusetts». _Board of Education_, to which heading a reference
should be made from «Mann». Presidents’ messages should appear under
«United States». _President._ Proclamations and all other official
writings of kings should appear under the name of the country
(division _King_ or _Crown_), arranged by reigns, as,
«Great Britain.» _Crown._ │ «United States.» _President._
_Charles_ I. │ _Buchanan._
_Charles_ II. │ _Lincoln._
_James_ II. │ _Johnson._
_William and Mary._ │ _Grant._
45. In the entry of Government publications, use for a subdivision
the name of the office rather than the title of the officer, _i. e._,
_Ministère de la Marine_, not _Ministre de la Marine_, _Registry
of Deeds_, not _Register of Deeds_.[20] The individual name of the
occupant of the office for the time being may be added in parenthesis
to the name of the office;[21] and it should be so added when the
publication has an individual character.
[note] 20. There are cases, however, where the title of the
officer is the only name of the office, as «Illinois». _State
Entomologist._[/note]
[note] 21. «Great Britain.» _Crown_, 1377–99 (Richard II). A roll,
etc.[/note]
46. Messages of a superior executive officer (as President or Governor)
transmitting to a legislative body or to some higher executive officer
the report of some inferior officer should be entered as the report of
the inferior officer, provided the message is merely introductory and
contains no independent matter; provided, also, there are not three or
more reports; if there are, the higher officer is to be regarded as the
collecting editor (§ 59, _d_); in this case refer analytically to the
superior officer’s official title from all the inferior officers whose
reports are so transmitted.
47. “Articles to be inquired of” in ecclesiastical districts should go
under the name of the district; but episcopal charges are not to go
under the name of the bishopric unless they relate especially to its
affairs, in which case they will have a subject-entry.
_Ex._ «York, Archdeaconry of.» Articles to be enquired of within the
A. of Y. {29}
48. Reports made to a department, but not by an official, are to be
entered under the department, with either an entry, reference, or
analytical under the author as circumstances require.
«Gould’s» “Mollusca and shells” and «Cassin’s» “Mammalogy and
ornithology of the United States Exploring Expedition under Wilkes”
are of this nature; so is “Memorial ceremonies at the graves of our
soldiers, collected under authority of Congress, by Frank «Moore».”
(Compare § 43.)
49. Enter congresses of several nations under the name of the place of
meeting (as that usually gives them their name), with references from
the nations taking part in them and from any name by which they are
popularly known.
_Ex._ The Congress of «London», of «Paris», of «Verona».
50. Enter treaties under the name of each of the contracting parties,
with a reference from the name of the place, when the treaty is
commonly called by that name, and from any other usual appellation.
_Ex._ Treaty of «Versailles», «Barrier» treaty, «Jay’s» treaty.
51. Enter the official publications of any political party[22] or
religious denomination or order,[23] or military order, under the name
of the party, or denomination, or order.[24]
[note] 22. Platforms, manifestoes, addresses, etc., under «Democratic
Party», «Republican Party», etc.[/note]
[note] 23. Confessions of faith, creeds, catechisms, liturgies,
breviaries, missals, hours, offices, prayer books, etc., under
«Baptists», «Benedictines», «Catholic Church», «Church of England»,
etc.[/note]
[note] 24. That part of a body which belongs to any place should
be entered under the name of the body, not the place; _e. g._,
«Congregationalists in New England», «Congregationalists in
Massachusetts», not «New England Congregationalists», «Massachusetts
Congregationalists». But references must be made from the place
(indeed in cases like Massachusetts Convention, Essex Conference,
it may be doubted whether those well-known names should not be the
headings). It is to be noticed this rule is just the reverse of the
one given under Subjects, § 97. Single churches have usually been
entered under the place, a practice which arose in American catalogues
from our way of naming churches “The First Church in ——,” “The Second
Church in ——,” etc., and applies very well to a majority of English
churches, whose name generally includes the name of the parish. It is
more in accordance with dictionary principles to limit the local entry
of churches to First Church, etc., and those which have only the name
of the town or parish, and to put all others (as «St. Sepulchre’s»,
«St. Mary Aldermansbury») under their names, as they read, and to
treat convents and monasteries in the same way. (See § 56, Rule 2.) Of
course the parishes of London (as Kensington, Marylebone, Southwark),
like the parts of Boston (Dorchester, Roxbury, etc.), or of any other
composite city, will be put under their own names, not under the name
of the city.[/note]
52. Enter reports, journals, minutes, etc., of conventions,
conferences, etc., under the names of the bodies holding the
conferences, etc. When the body has no exact name[25] enter under the
name of the place of meeting.[26]
[note] 25. Some conventions are held by bodies which have no existence
beyond the convention. If, however, they have a definite name, use
that; _ex._, 4th «National Quarantine {30} and Sanitary Convention».
Often the name is given in different forms. Select that which appears
to be the most authentic, and make references from the others.[/note]
[note] 26. In any case it is well to refer from the name of the place,
and in the case of Presidential conventions it is indispensable.
Put the convention of a county or other named district under the name
of the district, with a reference from the town in which it is held,
when it is named in the title-page.[/note]
53. Enter ecclesiastical councils, both general and special, under the
name of the place of meeting. (The Vatican Council under «Vatican», not
«Rome».) Refer from the name of the ecclesiastical body.
54. Enter reports of committees under the name of the body to which
they belong; but reports of “a committee of citizens,” etc., not
belonging to any named body should be put under the name of the writer,
if known, if not, of the chairman, or if that is not given, of the
first signer, or if not signed, under the name of the place.
55. Put the anonymous publications of any class (not organized) of
citizens of a place under the place.
_Ex._ “Application to Parliament by the merchants of London” should go
under «London. Merchants.»
56. Societies are authors of their journals, memoirs, proceedings,
transactions, publications. (On publishing-societies, see B.
Substitutes, § 59, _e_.)
The chief practices in regard to societies have been to enter
them (1. British Museum) under a special heading—«Academies»—with
a geographical arrangement; (2. Boston Public Library, printed
catalogue) under the name of the place where they have their
headquarters; (3. Harvard College Library and Bost. Pub. Lib., present
system) under the name of the place, _if it enters into the legal
name of the society_, otherwise under the first word of that name not
an article; (4. Boston Athenæum) English societies under the first
word of the society’s name not an article, foreign societies under
the name of the place. Both 3 and 4 put under the place all purely
local societies, those whose membership or objects are confined to
the place. The 1st does not deserve a moment’s consideration; such a
heading is out of place in an author-catalogue, and the geographical
arrangement only serves to complicate matters and render it more
difficult to find any particular academy.[27] The 2d is utterly
unsuited to American and English societies. The 3d practice is simple;
but it is difficult to see the advantage of the exception which it
makes to its general rule of entry under the society’s name; the
exception does not help the cataloguer, for it is just as hard to
determine whether the place enters into the _legal_ name as it is to
ascertain the name; it does not help the reader, for he has no means
of knowing whether the place is part of the legal name or not. The 4th
is simple and intelligible; it is usually easy for both cataloguer and
reader to determine whether a society is English or foreign. I shall
mention two other possible plans, well aware that there are strong
objections to both.
5TH PLAN. _Rule_ 1. Enter academies,[28] associations, institutes,
universities, societies, libraries, galleries, museums, colleges,
and all similar bodies, and churches that {31} have an individual
name, both English and foreign, according to their corporate name,
neglecting an initial article when there is one.
_Exception_ 1. Enter the universities and the royal academies of
Berlin, Göttingen, Leipzig, Lisbon, Madrid, Munich, St. Petersburg,
Vienna, etc., and the “Institut” of Paris, under those cities. An
exception is an evil. This one is adopted because the universities and
academies are almost universally known by the names of the cities, and
are hardly ever referred to by the name Königliche, Real, etc.
_Exception_ 2. Enter London guilds under the name of the trade; _e.
g._, “«Stationers’ Company»,” not “Master and Keepers or Wardens
and Commonalty of the Mystery and Art of Stationers of the City of
London,” which is the corporate title. This exception is adopted
because (1) it gives a heading easier to find, and (2) it would be
difficult in many cases to ascertain the real names of the London
companies.
_Exception_ 3. Enter bodies whose legal name begins with such words as
Board, Corporation, Trustees under that part of the name by which they
are usually known.
_E. g_. Trustees of the «Eastern Dispensary». Corporation of the
«Chamber of Commerce» in the City of New York. Proprietors of the
«Boston Athenæum». Contributors to the «Asylum for the Relief of
Persons deprived of their Reason». Refer from the first word of the
legal name.
_Exception_ 4. Enter orders of knighthood under the significant word
of the English title; as, «Garter, Order of the»; «Malta, Knights of»;
«Templars, Knights»; «Teutonic Order».
_Exception_ 5. Enter American State historical and agricultural
societies under the name of the State.
_Rule_ 2. _a._ Enter churches which have no individual name and all
purely local benevolent or moral or similar societies under the name
of the place.
_b._ Young men’s Christian associations, mercantile library
associations, and the like are to be considered local.
_c._ Business firms or corporations (except national banks numbered as
First National Bank, etc.), libraries, galleries, museums, are not to
be considered local, nor are private schools local, but go under their
corporate name, or, if they are not corporate, under the name of the
proprietor.
_d._ National libraries museums, and galleries and libraries, museums,
and galleries instituted or supported by a city go under the name of
the city provided they have not a name of their own. (_E. g._, the
«Boston» _Public Library_ goes under «Boston»; but the «Reuben Hoar
Library» of Littleton goes under «Hoar».) American public schools
should in any case go under the name of the city. (Rule 2, _h_.)
_e._ If college societies limited to one college are considered
local, they would be entered not under the name of the place but of
the college; if they are treated by rule 1, as all general college
societies must be, reference (6) must be made. College libraries go
under the name of the college. The colleges of an English university
and the schools of an American university go under the name of the
university.
_Refer_ (1) from all the varying forms of the society’s name.
(2) from important words in the society’s name, when the first word is
unlikely to be thought of.
(3) from the name of the city where the society is situated.
(4) from the motto in the names of Dutch societies.
(5) from the names of the royal societies of Berlin, etc.
(6) from colleges to college societies.
(7) from such words as «Gallery», «Museum», etc., to all the
galleries, museums, etc., contained in the catalogue. {32}
_f_ Universities, galleries, etc., called merely Imperial, Royal,
National and the like are not to be considered as having individual
names, except the «National Gallery» of London.
_g_ Buildings are for the most part provided for in the above rules
as museums, galleries, libraries, churches, etc. Any others should be
entered under their names, with a reference from the city.
_h_ If a firm’s name is in the form «Raphael Friedlander und Sohn»
it might be put as it reads, _i. e._, under R, or reversed, _i.
e._, «Friedlander und Sohn, Raphael». I prefer the latter, because
the consulter is much more likely to remember the family than the
Christian name. Whether the Christian name is written at the end or
thus, «Town (John) and Bowers (Henry)», all firms should be arranged
after all the other entries of the first family name, _i. e._,
«Friedlander und Sohn» after all the «Friedlanders». The same reason
applies to other bodies whose legal name begins with a forename.
The plan might be tabulated thus:
_Under name._ _Under place._
Churches not numbered and not named Churches numbered or otherwise
from the place. named from the place.
Societies not local. Societies purely local.
English and American academies. Academies and universities of the
European Continent and of South
America.
Colleges, universities, libraries, National or municipal colleges,
galleries, museums, having an libraries, galleries, museums,
individual name. not having an individual name.
Private schools. Public schools.
Business firms and corporations. Municipal corporations.
London guilds (name of trade). State historical societies and
State agricultural societies
(name of state).
_Ex._ «Amiens. Académie des Sciences, Agriculture, Commerce,
Belles-Lettres, et Arts du Départment de la Somme.» (Rule 1, exc. 1.)
«Association Scientifique Algérienne», _Algiers_. (Rule 1.)
«Athenée de Vaucluse», _Avignon_. (Rule 1.)
«Barbers and Surgeons of London (Mystery and Commonalty of)»,
_afterwards_ «Royal College of Surgeons». _See_ «Royal College of
Surgeons».
«Boston» (_Mass._) _Public Library_. (Rule 2, _d_.)
«Boston.» _Wells School_. (Rule 2, _d_.)
«Boston Athenæum.» (Rule 1, exc. 3, Rule 2, _c_.)
«Boston, First Church of.» (Rule 2, _d_.)
«British Museum.» (Rule 2, _d_.)
«Cambridge» (_Mass._), «First Church of». (Rule 2.)
«Chauncy Hall School», _Boston, Mass._ (Rule 2 _c_.)
«Chemins de Fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée, Comp. des.»
(Rule 2, _c_.)
«Christiania. Videnskabs-Selskab.» (Rule 1, exc. 1.)
«Clarke (W. B.), & Co.» (Rule 2, _c_.)
«Congrès International des Américanistes.» (Rule 1.)
«Firenze. Galleria Imperiale.» (Rule 2, _f_.)
«Freemasons» _in Iowa_. (§ 51^3.)
«Genootschap “Oefening kweekt Kunst,”» _Amsterdam_. (Rule 1, and ref.
4.)
«Geschichts- und Alterthumsforschende Gesellschaft des Osterlandes»,
_Altenburg_. (Rule 1.)
«Göttingen. K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.» (Rule 1, exc. 1.)
«Great Britain.» _Parliament._ (§ 41.)
«Harvard College.» (Rule 1.)
«Harvard College.» _Lawrence Scientific School._ (Rule 1, 2, _e_.)
«Harvard College.» _Library._ (Rule 1, 2, _e_.) {33}
«Hermitage, Gallerie de l’», _St. Petersburg_. (Rule 2, _d_.)
«Houghton & Mifflin.» (Rule 2, _c_.)
«L’Internationale.» (Rule 1.)
«Intime Club», _Paris_. (Rule 1.)
«London. Merchants.» (§ 55.)
«Louvre, Gallerie du», _Paris_. (Rule 2, _d_.)
«Museum of Fine Arts», _Boston, Mass._ (Rule 2, _c_.)
«Madrid. R. Academia de la Historia.» (Rule 1, exc. 1.)
«National Gallery», _London_. (Rule 2, _f_.)
«3d National Quarantine and Sanitary Convention.» (§ 52^1.)
«New England Trust Co.», _Boston, Mass._ (Rule 2, _c_.)
«New York. Chamber of Commerce.» (Rule 1, exc. 3, Rule 2, _c_.)
«New York. First National Bank.» (Rule 2, _c_.)
«New York. Young Men’s Christian Association.» (Rule 2, _b_.)
«Or San Michele, Chiesa di», _Florence_. (Rule 1.)
«Paris. Bibliothèque Nationale.» (Rule 2, _d_, _f_.)