«Munich» not «Muenchen» or «München», «Vienna» not «Wien», «Austria»
not «Oesterreich».
34. But if both the English and the foreign forms are used by English
writers, prefer the foreign form.
35. Use the modern name of a city and refer to it from the ancient,
provided its existence has been continuous and there is no doubt as to
the identity.
36. In transliteration of names from alphabets of differently formed
letters, use the vowels according to their German sounds. (_See_
Appendix II for the report of the Transliteration Committee of the
American Library Association.)
_I. e._, «a» (not _ah_) for the sound of _a_ in _father_, «e» (not
_a_) for the sound of _e_ in _heir_ or of _a_ in _hate_, «i» (not
_e_) for the sound of _i_ in _mien_, «u» (not _oo_ nor _ou_) for
the sound of _u_ in _true_ or of _oo_ in _moon_. This practice
makes transliterations that are likely to be pronounced in the main
correctly by anyone who knows any language but his own (who would
naturally give foreign vowel sounds to foreign names), and will
give transliterations agreeing at least in part with those of other
nations. In some points, however, we must be careful not to be misled
by the practice of foreigners, and when we take a name from Russian,
for instance, through the French or German, must see to it that the
necessities of their alphabet have not led them to use letters that do
not suit our system. A Frenchman writes for Turgenief _Tourguénef_,
and for Golovin {26} _Golovine_, and uses _ou_ for _u_, _ch_ for
_sh_, _dj_ for _j_, _j_ for _zh_, _gu_ for _g_, and _qu_ for _k_. A
German for Dershavin writes _Derschawin_, and, worse than that, is
obliged to use the clumsy _dsch_ where an Englishman can use j, as
_Dschellaleddin_ for Jalal-ad-Din, and uses _tsch_ for _ch_ or _tch_,
_j_ for _y_ or _i_ (Turgenjew), _w_ for _v_ or _f_ in the ending of
Russian names.
In _Arabic_ names I am advised by good scholars to uniformly write «a»
where our ordinary Anglicized names have «e», except for Ebn and Ben,
which become Ibn and Bin; also «i» for «ee», and «u» where «o» has
been commonly used; in other words, to uniformly represent the vowel
fatha by «a», kasra by «i», and dhamma by «u». Thus «Mohammed» becomes
«Muhammad», «Abou ed-Deen» becomes «Abu ad-Din». Of course references
must be made from the corrupt forms under which various Arabic authors
have become known in the West, unless it is thought that the altered
form has been so commonly used that it must be taken for the entry, as
perhaps «Avicenna» from Ibn Sina, «Averroes» from Ibn Roshd.
In _Danish_ names if the type «å» is not to be had, use its older
equivalent «aa»; in a manuscript catalogue the modern orthography,
«å», should be employed. Whichever is chosen should be uniformly used,
however the names may appear in the books. The diphthong «æ» should
not be written «ae», nor should «ö» be written «oe»; «ö», not «œ»,
should be used for «ø».
In old _Dutch_ names write «y» for the modern «ij» and arrange so.
In _German_ names used as headings, use «ä», «ö», «ü», not «ae», «oe»,
«ue», and arrange accordingly.
For _ancient Greek_ names use the Latinized form, as «Democritus»
not «Demokritos», «Longinus» not «Logginos». This holds good of
translated works as well as of the originals. It will not do to
enter an Italian version of the Odyssey under «Omero», or of the
Euterpe under «Erodoto», or a French version of the Noctes Atticæ
under «Aulu-Gelle». A college literary catalogue may safely use the
more nearly transliterated forms which are coming into use, like
«Aiskulos», «Homeros», but used in a town-library catalogue they would
only puzzle and mislead its readers. For that I should prefer the
English forms, as «Homer», «Horace».
For _modern Greek_ names Professor Abbot proposes the following
plan: Works in Romaic to be entered in a supplement, the names not
transliterated but printed in the Greek type. Translations of works
of modern Greek authors to be put under their Greek names in the
supplement, with references in the main catalogue under the forms
(whatever they may be) which their names assume in the translation.
Original works written in French, German, English, etc., by modern
Greek authors may be treated in the same way if their authors have not
become French, German, or English by residence and literary labors, in
which case they should be entered under the French, German, or English
forms which they have chosen for their names, with cross-references,
if necessary, from the Greek supplement to these names. If, however,
transliteration is attempted the following table of equivalents may be
used:
αι æ
αυ av
ει ei
ευ ev
η i
ηυ iv
οι œ
υ y
υι yi
β v
γ gh
γ before κ, γ, χ, ξ n
δ dh
κ after γ g
ξ x
ου u
ρ r
χ kh
When _Hindus_ themselves transliterate their names, use their form,
whether or not according to our rules. (Appendix II.)
In _Hungarian_ names write «ö», «ü», with the diæresis (not «oe»,
«ue»), and arrange like the English «o», «u».
In _Spanish_ names use the modern orthography «i» and «j» rather than
the ancient «y» and «x».
In _Swedish_ names «ä», «å», «ö», should be so written (not «ae»,
«oe»), and arranged as the English «a», «o».
Ballhorn’s Grammatography (London, 1861) will be found very useful on
such points. {27}
37. When an author living in a foreign country has transliterated his
name according to the practice of that country and always uses it in
that form, take that as the heading, referring from the form which
the name would have under § 36; but if he has written much in his own
language, use the English transliterated form.
_Ex._ «Bikelas», Demetrius, with reference from «Vikelas», Dmitri.
38. If a name which would properly be spelled by the English alphabet
has been transliterated into a foreign alphabet, refer from the foreign
form.
_Ex._ «Šifner.» See «Schiefner».
(b.) CORPORATE.
_General principle._
39. Bodies of men are to be considered as authors of works published in
their name or by their authority.
The chief difficulty with regard to bodies of men is to determine
(1) what their names are, and (2) whether the name or some other
word shall be the heading. In regard to (2) the catalogues hitherto
published may be regarded as a series of experiments. No satisfactory
usage has as yet been established. Local names have always very strong
claims to be headings; but to enter the publications of all bodies of
men under the places with which the bodies are connected is to push a
convenient practice so far that it becomes inconvenient and leads to
many rules entirely out of harmony with the rest of the catalogue.
_Details._
40. Enter under places (countries, or parts of countries, cities,
towns, ecclesiastical, military, or judicial districts) the works
published officially by their rulers (kings,[18] governors, mayors,
prelates, generals commanding, courts,[19] etc.). Refer from the name
of the ruler.
[note] 18. Of course this does not affect works written privately by
kings, etc., as K. James’s “Counterblast.”[/note]
[note] 19. The relation of courts to judicial districts is a little
different from the others, but it is convenient to treat them alike.
The opinion of a single judge should be entered under his name.
_Ex._ UNITED STATES. _Supreme Court._ Opinions of the judges in the
case of Smith _vs._ Turner, etc.