_a._ In French, under the prefix when it is or contains an article,
«Le», «La», «L’», «Du», «Des»; under the word following when the prefix
is a preposition, «de», «d’».
When the name is printed by the author as one word the entry is made
under the preposition, as «Debucourt», «Decamps».
_b._ In English, under the prefix, no matter from what language the
name is derived, as «De Quincey», «Van Buren», with references when
necessary.
_c._ In all other languages, under the name following the prefix, as
«Gama», Vasco da. with references whenever the name has been commonly
used in English with the prefix, as «Del Rio», «Vandyck», «Van Ess».
But when the author prints his name as one word entry is made under
the prefix, as «Vanderhaeghen».
_d._ Naturalized names are to be treated by the rules of the nation
adopting them.
Thus German names preceded by von when belonging to Russians are to
be entered under «Von». _E. g._, Фонь Визин is to be entered as «Von
Vizin» (not «Vizin», von), as this is the Russian custom. So when
Dutch names compounded with van are adopted into French or English (as
«Van Laun») the «Van» is treated as part of the family name.
Prefixes are d’, de, de «La» (the name goes under _La_ not _de_), Des,
Du, L’, La, Le, Les, St., Ste. (to be arranged as if written Saint,
Sainte), Van, A’, Ap, O’, Fitz, Mac (which is to be printed as it is
in the title, whether M’, or Mc, or Mac, but to be arranged as if
written Mac). {24}
25. Put names of Latin authors under that part of the name chosen in
Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography, unless there is some
good reason for not doing so.
26. Put names of capes, lakes, mountains, rivers, forts, _etc._,
beginning with Cape, Lake, Mt., etc., under the word following the
prefix, but when the name is itself used as a prefix, do not transpose
Cape, etc., nor in such names as Isle of the Woods, Isles of Shoals.
_Ex._ «Cod, Cape»; «George, Lake»; «Washington, Mt.»; «Moultrie,
Fort»; but «Cape Breton Island». When the name of a fort becomes the
name of a city, of course the inversion must be abandoned, as «Fort
Wayne».
(iii.) _Under what form of the name._
27. Give the names, both family and Christian, in the vernacular
form,[16] if any instance occurs of the use of that form in the printed
publications of the author.[17]
[note] 16. The vernacular form of most Christian names may be found in
Michaelis’s “Wörterbuch der Taufnamen” (Berlin, 1856). There are also
meagre lists in foreign dictionaries. For the forms of mediæval names
much assistance can be had from A. Potthast’s “Bibliotheca historica
medii aevi, Berlin, Weber, 1862,” O, and “Supplement, 1868,” O; also
from Alfred Franklin’s “Dictionnaire des noms, surnoms, et pseudonymes
latins de l’histoire littéraire du Moyen Age (1100 à 1530), Paris,
1876,” O. (On the names of sovereigns, see § 19; on the Latin names of
Greek authors, see § 36; on the names of Greek gods, see § 100.)[/note]
[note] 17. This is the British Museum rule. It will obviously be
sometimes impossible and often difficult to determine this point in a
library of less extent than the Museum, and the cataloguer must make
up his mind to some inconsistency in his treatment of mediæval names,
and be consoled by the knowledge that if proper references are made no
harm will be done. Against a too great preference for the vernacular
Professor De Morgan writes in the preface to his “Arithmetical
books:” “I have not attempted to translate the names of those who
wrote in Latin at a time when that language was the universal medium
of communication. I consider that the Latin name is that which the
author has left to posterity, and that the practice of retaining it
is convenient, as marking, to a certain extent, the epoch of his
writings, and as being the appellation by which his contemporaries and
successors cite him. It is well to know that Copernicus, Dasypodius,
Xylander, Regiomontanus, and Clavius were Zepernik, Rauchfuss,
Holtzmann, Müller, and Schlüssel. But as the butchers’ bills of these
eminent men are all lost, and their writings only remain, it is best
to designate them by the name they bear on the latter rather than the
former.”
The same may be said of Camerarius (Kämmerer), Capito (Kopflein),
Mercator (Kramer), Œcolampadius (Hausschein), where it would be
useless to employ the vernacular name; if both forms are in use, as in
the case of Pomeranius = Bugenhagen, the vernacular should have the
preference. Reuchlin is much more common than its equivalent, Capnio.
Before the Reformation the presumption is in favor of the Latin form;
after it in favor of the vernacular.
Short will consult the convenience of his readers if he uses the
English forms of names like «Homer», «Horace», «Virgil», in place of
«Homerus», «Horatius», «Vergilius».
The vernacular names of the Middle Ages often appear in various forms.
The form which has survived to the present time is to be preferred (as
«Jean» to «Jehan»), unless a name is commonly used in the old form, as
in the romances «Jehan» de Lançon. Refer from the one not chosen.[/note]
{25}
28. If an author has written in several modern languages, choose that
in which he has written most.
29. In languages which use a masculine and a feminine form of family
names (as «Modjeski» and «Modjeska»), use that which the authoress
herself chiefly employs.
30. When an author’s name is variously spelled, select the best
authorized form as heading, add the variants in parentheses, and make
references from them to the form adopted.
Of course, great care must be taken not to enter separately works in
which an author spells his name differently, as Briant and Bryant,
Easterbrookes and Estabrook, Erdmann and Erdtmann. On the other
hand, different people who spell their names differently should be
separated, as Hofmann and Hoffmann, Maier, Mair, Majer, Mayer, Mayr,
Meier, Meir, Mejer, Meyer, Meyr, Schmid, Schmidt, Schmied, Schmiedt,
Schmit, Schmitt. (On the arrangement of such names in a card catalogue
see § 218.)
In German Christian names there is a want of uniformity in the use of
C and K (Carl, Conrad, Karl, Konrad) and f and ph (Adolf, Adolph).
Occasionally an author uses both forms in different books, or writing
only in Latin (Carolus, Rudolphus), does not show which form he
prefers. Where the author thus leaves the point undecided, K and f
should be preferred to C and ph (except in Christoph). Swedish f is to
be preferred to v, as Gustaf, not Gustav.
31. When family names are written differently by different persons,
follow the spelling adopted by each, even though it should separate
father and son.
32. Forenames are to be used in the form employed by their owners,
however unusual, as Will «Carleton», Sally (Pratt) «McLean», Hans
«Droysen», Fritz «Reuter».