EXALBUMINOUS, without a separate store of albumen or perisperm.
EXANNULATE, without a ring; applied to some ferns.
EXCENTRIC, removed from the centre or axis; applied to a lateral
embryo.
EXCIPULUS, a receptacle containing fructification in lichens.
EXCORIATED, stripped of skin or bark.
EXCURRENT, running out beyond the edge or point.
EXOGEN, dicotyledon.
EXORHIZAL, radicle proceeding directly from the axis, and
afterward branching, as in exogens.
EXOSMOSE, the passing outward of a fluid through a membrane.
EXOSTOME, the outer opening of the foramen of the ovule.
EXOTHECIUM, the outer coat of the anther.
EXSERTED, extended beyond an organ, as stamens beyond the corolla.
EXSICCATED, dried up.
EXSTIPULATE, without stipules.
EXTINE, the outer covering of the pollen grain.
EXTRA-AXILLARY, removed from the axil of the leaf, as in the case
of some buds.
EXTRORSE, applied to anthers which dehisce on the side furthest
removed from the pistil.
F
FÆCULA, starchy matter.
FALCATE, or FALCIFORM, bent like a sickle.
FARINACEOUS, mealy, containing much starch.
FASCIATION, union of branches of stems so as to present a
flattened ribbon-like form.
FASCICLE, a shortened umbellate cyme, as in some species of
_Dianthus_.
FASCICULATE, arranged in bundles.
FASTIDIATE, having a pyramidal form, from the branches being
parallel and erect, as in Lombardy poplar.
FAUCES, the gaping part of a monopetalous corolla.
FEATHER-VEINED, a leaf having the veins passing from the midrib
at a more or less acute angle, and extending to the margin.
FECUNDATION, fertilization.
FENESTRATE, applied to a leaf with perforations.
FERRUGINOUS, rusty.
FERTILE, applied to pistillate flowers, and to the fruit-bearing
fronds of ferns.
FIBROUS, composed of numerous fibres, as some roots.
FIBRO-VASCULAR TISSUE, containing vessels and fibres.
FILAMENT, stalk supporting the anther.
FILAMENTOUS, a string of cells placed end to end.
FILIFORM, like a thread.
FIMBRIATED, fringed at the margin.
FISSIPAROUS, dividing spontaneously into two parts by means of a
septum.
FISSURE, a straight slit in an organ for the discharge of its
contents.
FISTULOUS, hollow, like stems of grasses.
FLABELLIFORM, fan-shaped, as the leaves of some palms.
FLACCID, feeble, weak.
FLAGELLUM, a runner, a weak creeping stem, bearing rooting buds
at different points, as in the strawberry.
FLEXUOSE, having alternate curvations in opposite directions.
FLOCCOSE, covered with wool-like tufts.
FLORETS, little florets forming a compound flower.
FOLIACEOUS, having the form of leaves.
FOLLICLE, a fruit formed by a single carpel dehiscing by one
suture, which is usually the ventral.
FOVEOLATE, having pits or depressions, called foveæ or foveolæ.
FOVILLA, minute granular matter in the pollen grain.
FROND, the leaf-like organ of ferns, bearing the fructification.
FRONDOSE, applied to cryptogams with foliaceous or leaf-like
expansions.
FRUCTIFICATION, the seed or fruit of plants.
FRUSTULES, the parts or fragments into which diatomaceæ separate.
FRUTICOSE, shrubby.
FUGACIOUS, evanescent, falling off early, as the petals of
_Cistus_.
FULVOUS, tawny, yellow.
FUNGOUS, having the substance of fungi or mushrooms.
FUNICULUS, the cord connecting the hilum of the ovule to the
placenta.
FURCATE, divided into two branches, like a two-pronged fork.
FURFURACEOUS, scaly or scurfy.
FUSCOUS, blackish brown.
FUSIFORM, shaped like a spindle.
G
GALBULUS, the polygynœcial fruit of juniper.
GAMOPETALOUS, same as monopetalous, petals united.
GAMOPHYLLOUS and GAMOSEPALOUS, same as monophyllous and
monosepalous, sepals united.
GEMINATE, twin organs combined in pairs; same as binate.
GEMMATION, the development of leaf-buds.
GEMMULE, same as plumule, the first bud of the embryo.
GENICULATE, bent like a knee.
GERMEN, or GERM, a name for the ovary.
GERMINAL VESICLE, a germ contained in the embryo-sac, from which
the embryo is developed.
GERMINATION, the sprouting of the young plant.
GIBBOSITY, a swelling at the base of an organ, such as the calyx
or corolla.
GIBBOUS, swollen at the base, or having a distinct swelling at
some part of the surface.
GLABROUS, smooth, without hairs.
GLAND, an organ of secretion consisting of cells, and generally
occurring on the epidermis of plants.
GLANDULAR HAIRS, hairs tipped with a gland, as in _Drosera_ and
Chinese primrose.
GLANS, nut, applied to the acorn and hazel-nut, which are
inclosed in an involucre formed of consolidated bracts.
GLAUCOUS, covered with a pale green bloom.
GLOBOSE, round-shaped.
GLOBULE, male organ of Chara.
GLOCHIDIATE, barbed; applied to hairs with two reflexed points at
their summits.
GLOMERULE, a rounded cymose inflorescence, as in _Urtica_.
GLUMACEOUS, chaffy.
GLUME, a bract covering the organs of reproduction in the
spikelets of grasses.
GLUTEN, a highly nitrogenous substance found in seeds.
GONIDIA, green cells in the thallus of lichens.
GRAIN, caryopsis, the fruit of grasses.
GRUMOUS, collected into granular masses.
GYMNOGEN, a plant with naked seeds, _i. e._, seed not in a true
ovary.
GYMNOSPERMOUS, plants with naked seeds, _i. e._, seeds not in a
true ovary; such as conifers.
GYNANDROUS, stamen and pistil united in a common column, as in
the _Orchidaceæ_.
GYNOBASE, a central axis, to the base of which the carpels are
attached.
GYNŒCIUM, the female organs of the flower.
GYNOPHORE, a stalk supporting the ovary.
GYRATE, same as circinate.
H
HABIT, general external appearance.
HASTATE, halbert-shaped, applied to a leaf with two portions at
the base projecting more or less completely at right angles to
the blade.
HAULM, dead stems of herbs, as of the potato.
HAUSTORIUM, the sucker at the extremity of the parasitic root of
dodder.
HEART-WOOD, same as Duramen.
HELICOIDAL, having a coiled appearance like the shell of a snail;
applied to inflorescence.
HERB, a plant with an annual stem, opposed to a woody plant.
HERBACEOUS, green succulent plants which die down to the ground
in winter; annual shoots, with green-colored cellular parts.
HERMAPHRODITE, stamens and pistils in the same flower.
HESPERIDIUM, the fruit of the orange and other _Aurantiaceæ_.
HETEROCYSTS, peculiar large cells in _Nostochineæ_.
HETEROGAMOUS, composite plants having hermaphrodite and unisexual
flowers on the same head.
HETEROPHYLLOUS, presenting two different forms of leaves.
HILUM, the base of the seed to which the placenta is attached
either directly or by means of a cord. The term is also applied
to the mark at one end of some grains of starch.
HIRSUTE, covered with long stiff hairs.
HISPID, covered with long, very stiff hairs.
HISTOLOGY, the study of microscopic tissues.
HOMOGENEOUS, having a uniform structure or substance.
HYALINE, transparent or colorless.
HYBRID, a plant resulting from the fecundation of one species by
another.
HYMENIUM, the part which bears the spores in Agarics.
HYPANTHODIUM, the receptacle of _Dorstenia_, bearing many flowers.
HYPOCHILUM, the lower part of the labellum of orchids.
HYPOCRATERIFORM, shaped like a salver, as the corolla of
_Primula_.
HYPOGEOUS, under the surface of the soil; applied to cotyledons.
HYPOGYNOUS, inserted below the ovary or pistil.
I
IMBRICATE, parts overlying each other like tiles on a house.
_Imbricated æstivation_, the parts of the flower-bud alternately
overlapping each other, and arranged in a spiral manner.
IMPARI-PINNATE, unequally pinnate; pinnate leaf ending in an odd
leaflet.
INARCHING, a mode of grafting by bending two growing plants
toward each other, and causing a branch of the one to unite to
the other.
INARTICULATE, without joints or interruption to continuity.
INCISED, cut down deeply.
INCLUDED, applied to the stamens when inclosed within the
corolla, and not pushed out beyond its tube.
INCUMBENT, cotyledons with the radicle on their back.
INCURVED, bending inward.
INDEFINITE, applied to inflorescence with centripetal expansion;
also to stamens above twenty, and to ovules and seeds when very
numerous.
INDEHISCENT, not opening, having no regular line of suture.
INDIGENOUS, an aboriginal native in a country.
INDUPLICATE, edges of the sepals or petals turned slightly inward
in æstivation.
INDUSIUM, epidermal covering of the fructification in some ferns.
INFERIOR, applied to the ovary where it seems to be situated
below the calyx, and to the part of the flower furthest from the
axis.
INFLEXED, bending inward.
INFLORESCENCE, the mode in which the flowers are arranged on the
axis.
INFUNDIBULIFORM, in shape like a funnel, as seen in some
gamopetalous corollas.
INNATE, applied to anthers when attached to the top of the
filament.
INSPISSATED, thickened or dried-up juice or sap.
INTERNODE, the portion of the stem between two nodes or leaf-buds.
INTERPETIOLAR, between the petioles.
INTERRUPTEDLY-PINNATE, a pinnate leaf in which pairs of small
pinnæ occur between the larger pairs.
INTINE, the inner covering of the pollen grains.
INTRAMARGINAL, within the margin.
INTRORSE, applied to anthers which open on the side next the
pistil.
INVERSE, inverted.
INVOLUCEL, bracts surrounding the partial umbel of _Umbelliferæ_.
INVOLUCRE, bracts surrounding the general umbel in _Umbelliferæ_,
the heads of flowers in _Compositæ_, and in general any
verticillate bracts surrounding numerous flowers.
INVOLUTE, edges of leaves rolled inward spirally on each side in
æstivation.
IRREGULAR, a flower in which the parts of any of the verticils
differ in size.
ISOMEROUS, when the whorls of a flower are composed each of an
equal number of parts.
ISOSTEMONOUS, when stamens and floral envelopes have the same
number of parts or multiples.
ISOTHERMAL, lines passing through places which have the same mean
annual temperature.
J
JUGATE, applied to the pairs of leaflets in compound leaves;
_Unijugate_, having one pair; _Bijugate_, two pairs, and so on.
K
KEEL, same as Carina.
KNOTTED, when a cylindrical stem is swollen at intervals into a
knob.
L
LABELLUM, lip. one of the divisions of the inner whorl of the
flower in orchids. This part is in reality superior, but becomes
inferior by the twisting of the ovary.
LABIATE, lipped; applied to irregular gamopetalous flowers, with
an upper and under portion separated more or less by a hiatus or
gap.
LACINIATE, irregularly cut into narrow segments.
LACTESCENT, yielding milky juice.
LACUNA, a large space in the midst of a group of cells.
LAMELLÆ, gills of an Agaric; also applied to flat divisions of
the stigma.
LAMINA, the blade of the leaf; the broad part of the petal or
sepal.
LANCEOLATE, tapering to each end, but broadest _below_ the middle.
LATERAL, arising from the side of the axis, not terminal.
LATEX, granular fluid contained in laticiferous vessels.
LATICIFEROUS, vessels containing latex which is anastomose.
LAX, not compact.
LEAFLETS, the small portions of compound leaves.
LEGUME, a pod composed of one carpel, opening usually by a
ventral and dorsal suture, as in the pea.
LEGUMINOUS, plants bearing pods.
LENTICEL, a small cellular process on the bark of the willow and
other plants.
LENTICULAR, in the form of a doubly-convex lens.
LEPIDOTE, covered with scales or scurf.
LIANES, twining woody plants.
LIBER, the fibrous inner bark of endophlœum.
LID, the calyx which falls from the flower in one piece.
LIGNINE, woody matter which thickens the cell walls.
LIGULATE, strap-shaped.
LIGULE, a process arising from the petiole of grasses, where it
joins the blade.
LIGULIFLORÆ, composite plants having ligulate florets.
LIMB, the blade of the leaf; the broad part of a petal or sepal.
When sepals or petals are united, the combined broad parts are
denominated collectively the limb.
LINE, the twelfth part of an inch.
LINEAR, very narrow when the length greatly exceeds the breadth.
LINGUIFORM, strap-shaped.
LIPPED, having a distinct lip or labellum.
LOBE, large division of a leaf or any other organ, applied often
to the divisions of the anther.
LOCULAMENTS, divisions of the cells of a seed-vessel.
LOCULICIDAL, fruit dehiscing through the back of the carpels.
LOCULUS, a cavity in an ovary. The terms are also applied to the
anther.
LOCUSTA, a spikelet of grasses.
LODICULE, a scale at the base of the ovary of grapes.
LOMENTUM, an indehiscent legume or pod with transverse
partitions, each division containing one seed.
LURID, a color combining yellow, purple, and gray.
LYRATE, a pinnatifid leaf with a large terminal lobe, and smaller
ones as we approach the petiole.
M
MACROPODOUS, applied to the thickened radicle of a
monocotyledonous embryo.
MARCESCENT, withering, but not falling off until the part bearing
it is perfected.
MEDULLA, the pith.
MEDULLARY RAYS, cellular prolongation uniting the pith and the
bark.
MEDULLARY SHEATH, sheath containing spiral vessels, surrounding
the pith in exogens.
MEMBRANEOUS, having the consistence, aspect, and structure of a
membrane.
MERICARP, carpel forming one-half of the fruit of _Umbelliferæ_.
MERITHAL, a term used in place of internode; applied by
Gaudichaud to the different parts of the leaf.
MESOCARP, middle covering of the fruit.
MESOCHILUM, middle portion of the labellum of orchids.
MESOPHLŒUM, middle layer of bark.
METRE, equal to 39.3707 inches British.
MICROMETER, instrument for measuring microscopic objects.
MICROPYLE, the opening or foramen of the seed.
MILLIMETRE, equal to 0.0393707 English inch.
MONADELPHOUS, stamens united into one bundle by union of their
filaments.
MONILIFORM, beaded; cells united with interruptions, so as to
resemble a string of beads.
MONOCARPIC, producing flowers and fruit once during life, and
then dying.
MONOCHLAMYDEOUS, flowers having a single envelope.
MONOCLINOUS, stamens and pistils in the same flower.
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS, having one cotyledon in the embryo.
MONŒCIOUS, stamens and pistils in different flowers on the same
plant.
MONOPETALOUS, same as gamopetalous.
MONOPHYLLOUS, same as gamophyllous.
MONOSEPALOUS, having one sepal or division in the calyx. Same as
gamosepalous.
MONSTROSITY, an abnormal development; applied more especially to
double flowers.
MORPHOLOGY, the study of the forms which the different organs
assume, and the laws that regulate their metamorphoses.
MUCILAGE, a thick viscid fluid.
MUCRO, a stiff point abruptly terminating an organ.
MUCRONATE, having a mucro.
MUCRONULATE, having a little hard point.
MURICATE, covered with firm sharp points or excrescences.
MURIFORM, like bricks in a wall; applied to cells.
MYCELIUM, the cellular spawn of fungi.
N
NAKED, applied to seeds not contained in a true ovary; also to
flowers without any floral envelopes.
NAPIFORM, shaped like a turnip.
NATURALIZED, originally introduced by artificial means, but
become apparently wild.
NAVICULAR, hollowed like a boat.
NECTARY, any abnormal part of a flower. It ought to be restricted
to organs secreting a honey-like matter, as in the Crown Imperial.
NERVATION, same as Nevation.
NERVES, the veins of leaves.
NETTED, applied to reticulated nevation.
NODDING, drooping.
NODE, the part of a stem from which the leaf-bud proceeds.
NODOSE, having swollen nodes or articulations.
NUCLEUS, the body which gives origin to new cells; also applied
to the central cellular portion of the ovule and seed.
NUCULE, female part of fructification in the _Characeæ_.
NUT, any dry one-celled indehiscent fruit with hard pericarp.
O
OBCORDATE, inversely heart-shaped, with the divisions of the
heart at the opposite end from the stalk.
OBLONG, about three-fourths as long as broad.
OBOVATE, reversely ovate, the broad part of the egg being
uppermost.
OBSOLETE, imperfectly developed or abortive; applied to the calyx
when it is in the form of a rim.
OBTUSE, not pointed, with a rounded or blunt termination.
OCHRACEOUS, clay or ochre color.
OCHREA, the sheathing stipule of _Polygonaceæ_.
OFFICINAL, sold in the shops.
OLERACEOUS, used as an esculent pot-herb.
OLIVACEOUS, having the color of olives.
OOPHORIDIUM, organ, in Lycopodiaceæ containing large spores.
OPAQUE, dull, not shining.
OPERCULAR, covered with a lid.
OPERCULUM, lid; applied to the separable part of the theca of
mosses; also applied to the lid of certain seed-vessels.
OPPOSITE, applied to leaves placed on opposite sides of the same
stem at the same level.
ORBICULAR, rounded leaf with petiole attached to the centre of it.
ORGANOGRAPHY, the description of the organs of plants.
ORTHOTROPAL, ovule with foramen opposite to the hilum; embryo
with radicle next the hilum.
OSMOSE, the force with which fluids pass through membranes in
experiments on exosmose and endosmose.
OVAL, elliptical, blunt at each end.
OVARY, the part of the pistil which contains the ovules.
OVATE, shaped like an egg; applied to the broader end of the egg
next the petiole or axis.
OVOID, egg-shaped.
OVULE, the young seed contained in the ovary.
P
PALE, the part of the flower of grasses within the glume; also
applied to the small scaly laminæ which occur in the receptacle
of some _Compositæ_.
PALÆPHYTOLOGY, the study of fossil plants.
PALEACEOUS, chaffy, covered with small, erect, membraneous scales.
PALMATE and PALMATIFID, applied to a leaf with radiating
venation, divided into lobes to about the middle.
PALMATIPARTITE, applied to a leaf with radiating venation, cut
nearly to the base in a palmate manner.
PANDURIFORM, shaped like a fiddle.
PANICLE, inflorescence of grasses, consisting of spikelets on
long peduncles coming off in a racemose manner.
PANICULATE, forming a panicle.
PAPILIONACEOUS, corolla composed of vexillum, two alæ, and
carina, as in the pea.
PAPILLOSE, covered with small nipple-like prominences.
PAPPUS, the hairs at the summit of the ovary in _Compositæ_. They
consist of the altered calycine limb. _Pappose_, provided with
pappus.
PARAPHYSES, filaments, sometimes articulated, occurring in the
fructification of mosses and other cryptogams.
PARASITE, attached to another plant, and deriving nourishment
from it.
PARENCHYMA, cellular tissue.
PARIETAL, applied to placentas on the wall of the ovary.
PARIPINNATE, a compound of pinnate leaf ending in two leaflets.
PARTHENOGENESIS, production of perfect seed with embryo, without
the application of pollen.
PATENT, spreading widely.
PATULUS, spreading less than when patent.
PECTINATE, divided laterally into narrow segments like the teeth
of a comb.
PEDATE and PEDATIFID, a palmate leaf of three lobes, the lateral
lobes bearing other equally large lobes on the edges next the
middle lobe.
PEDICEL, the stalk supporting a single flower.
PEDUNCLE, the general flower-stalk or floral axis; sometimes it
bears one flower, at other times it bears several sessile or
pedicellate flowers.
PELAGIC, growing in the ocean.
PELLUCID, transparent.
PELORIA, a name given to a teratological phenomenon, which
consists in a flower that is usually irregular becoming regular;
for instance, when _Linaria_, in place of one spur, produces five.
PELTATE, shield-like, fixed to the stalk by a point within the
margin; peltate hairs, attached to their middle.
PENDULOUS, applied to ovules which are hung from the upper part
of the ovary.
PENICILLATE, resembling a camel’s-hair pencil.
PENNI-NERVED, and PENNI-VEINED, the veins disposed like a
feather, running from the middle of the leaf to the margin.
PENTAMEROUS, composed of different whorls in five, or multiples
of that number.
PEPO, the fruit of the melon, cucumber, and other _Cucurbitaceæ_.
PERENNIAL, living, or rather flowering, for several years.
PERFOLIATE, a leaf with the lobes at the base, united on the side
of the stem opposite the blade, so that the stalk appears to pass
through the leaf.
PERIANTH, a general name for the floral envelopes; applied in
cases where there is only a calyx, or where the calyx and corolla
are alike.
PERICARP, the covering of the fruit.
PERICHÆTIAL, applied to the leaves surrounding the fruit-stalk or
seta of mosses.
PERICLADIUM, the large sheathing petiole of _Umbelliferæ_.
PERIDERM, a name applied to the outer layer of the barks.
PERIDIUM, the envelope of the fructification in gasteromycetous
fungi.
PERIGONE, same as Perianth. Some restrict the term to cases in
which the flower is female, or pistilliferous. It has also been
applied to the involucre of _Jungermannieæ_.
PERIGYNOUS, applied to the corolla and stamens when attached to
the calyx.
PERIGYNUM, applied to the pistil in the genus _Carex_.
PERIPHERICAL, applied to an embryo curved so as to surround the
albumen, following the inner part of the covering of the seed.
PERISPERM, the albumen or nourishing matter stored up with the
embryo in the seed.
PERISTOME, the opening of the sporangium of mosses after the
removal of the calyptra and operculum.
PERITHECIUM, a conceptacle in cryptogams, containing spores, and
having an opening at one end.
PERSISTENT, not falling off, remaining attached to the axis until
the part which bears it is matured.
PERSONATE, a gamopetalous irregular corolla, having the lower lip
pushed upward, so as to close the hiatus between the two lips.
PERTUSE, having slits or holes.
PERULÆ, the scales of the leaf-bud.
PETALOID, like a petal.
PETALS, the leaves forming the coralline whorl.
PETIOLATE, having a stalk or petiole.
PETIOLE, a leaf-stalk; _Petiolule_, the stalk of a leaflet in a
compound leaf.
PHÆNOGAMOUS, same as Phanerogamous.
PHANEROGAMOUS, having conspicuous flowers.
PHYCOLOGY, the study of _Algæ_, or sea-weeds.
PHYLLARIES, the leaflets forming the involucre of composite
flowers.
PHYLLODIUM, the leaf-stalk, enlarged so as to have the appearance
of a leaf.
PHYLLOTAXIS, the arrangement of the leaves on the axis.
PHYSIOGNOMY, general appearance, without reference to botanical
characters.
PHYSIOLOGY, vegetable, the study of the functions of plants.
PHYTOLOGY, the study of plants; same as botany.
PHYTOZOA, moving filaments in the antheridia of cryptogams.
PILEATE, having a cup or lid like the cup of a mushroom.
PILEORHIZA, a covering of the root, as in _Lemna_.
PILEUS, the cap-like portion of the mushroom, bearing the
hymenium on its under side.
PILOSE, provided with hairs; applied to pappus composed of simple
hairs.
PINNA, the leaflet of a pinnate leaf.
PINNATE, a compound leaf having leaflets arranged on each side of
a central rib.
PINNATIFID, a simple leaf cut into lateral segments to about the
middle.
PINNATIPARTITE, a simple leaf cut into lateral segments, the
divisions extending nearly to the central rib.
PINNULE, the small pinnæ of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf.
PISTIL, the female organ of the flower, composed of one or more
carpels; each carpel being composed of ovary, style, and stigma.
PISTILLATE and PISTILLIFEROUS, applied to a female flower or a
female plant.
PISTILLIDIUM, the female organ in cryptogams.
PITCHERS, vessels of this form at the end of the leaves of
_Nepenthes_, etc.
PITH, same as Medulla.
PLACENTA, the cellular part of the carpel, bearing the ovule.
PLACENTATION, the formation and arrangement of the placentas.
PLEURENCHYMA, woody tissue.
PLEUROCARPI, mosses with the fructification proceeding laterally
from the axils of the leaves.
PLICATE, folded like a fan.
PLUMOSE, feathery; applied to hairs having two longitudinal rows
of minute cellular processes.
PLUMULE, the first bud of the embryo, usually inclosed by the
cotyledons.
PLURILOCULAR, having many loculaments.
PODETIUM, a stalk bearing the fructification in some lichens.
PODOSPERM, the cord attaching the seed to the placenta.
POLLARD-TREES, cut down so as to leave only the lower part of the
trunk, which gives off numerous buds and branches.
POLLEN, the powdery matter contained in the anther.
POLLEN-TUBE, the tube emitted by the pollen grain after it is
applied to the stigma.
POLLINIA, masses of pollen found in orchids and asclepiads.
POLYADELPHOUS, stamens united by their filaments so as to form
more than two bundles.