the attention of all observers, and more particularly of botanists.
It is the fact that the Sargassum is always found floating upon the
deep sea, and is yet destitute of any apparent means of propagation.
Agardh remarked that no fruit nor root could be detected; and
expressed his belief that it grew in the depths of the ocean and
was torn up by the waves. This belief was very general at one
time, and it was supposed that the perfect plant was unknown; but
that the Gulf Stream collected together the torn-off masses of its
vesicular summits. Rumphius suggested that the Sargassum fed upon the
fat exhalations and oily effluvia of dead fish, and other organic
substances entangled in it. Even modern publications state that
there is reason to think that it is first attached to the bottom
of the comparatively shallow parts of the sea; but the Gulf-weed
is never found so attached. It always floats; and is healthy
and abundant in that condition, never exhibiting any organs of
fructification, though constantly putting out new fronds.
It does not appear that any other species of Sargassum is originally
destitute of roots, even those most closely allied to Sargassum
bacciferum, though some of them are not infrequently found both
in the fixed, and in considerable masses in the floating state,
retaining vitality, and probably propagating themselves in the same
manner. Professor Hervey conjectured that the Gulf-weed might be a
pelagic variety of Sargassum vulgare, in the same way as the variety
subcostatus of Fucus vesiculosus has never been found attached,
growing in salt marshes. In the Mediterranean vast quantities of
Fucus vesiculosus occur under a peculiar form, consisting entirely of
specimens derived from sea-born weed, carried in by the current which
sets in to that sea from the Atlantic.
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS
A
ABBREVIATE (_abbreviare_, to shorten), used to indicate that one
part is shorter than another.
ABERRANT, deviating from the natural form.
ABORTION, suppression of an organ, depending on non-development.
ABRADED, rubbed off.
ABRUPT, ending in an abrupt manner, as the truncated leaf of the
tulip-tree; _abruptly pinnate_, ending in two pinnæ--in other
words, paripinnate; _abruptly acuminate_, a leaf with a broad
extremity, from which a point arises.
ACAULESCENT, without an evident stem.
ACCESSORY, an addition to a usual number.
ACCRESCENT, when parts continue to grow and increase after
flowering, as the calyx of _Physalis_ and the styles of _Anemone
pulsatilla_.
ACCRETION, growing of one part to another.
ACCUMBENT, applied to the embryo of _Cruciferæ_ when the
cotyledons have their edges applied to the folded radicle.
ACEROSE, needle-like, narrow and slender, with a sharp point.
ACHÆNE, or ACHÆNIUM, a monospermous seed-vessel which does not
open, but the pericarp of which is separable from the seed.
ACHLAMYDEOUS, having no floral envelope.
ACHROMATIC, applied to lenses which prevent chromatic aberration,
_i. e._, show objects without any prismatic colors.
ACICULAR, like a needle in form.
ACICULUS, a strong bristle.
ACINACIFORM, shaped like a sabre or cimeter.
ACOTYLEDONOUS, having no cotyledons.
ACROCARPI, mosses having their fructification terminating the
axis.
ACROGENOUS, having a stem increasing by its summit.
ACULEATE, furnished with prickles.
ACULEUS, a prickle, a process of the bark, not of the wood, as in
the rose.
ACUMINATE, drawn out into a long point.
ACUTE, terminating in a sharp point.
ADHERENT, adhesion of parts that are normally separate, as when
the calyx is united to the ovary.
ADNATE, when an organ is united to another throughout its whole
length; as the stipules to the petiole in roses, and the filament
and anther in _Ranunculus_.
ADPRESSED, or APPRESSED, closely applied to a surface.
ADULT, full grown.
ADVENTITIOUS, organs produced in abnormal positions, as roots
arising from aerial stems.
ÆRUGINOUS, having the color of verdigris.
ÆSTIVATION, the arrangements of the parts of the flower in the
flower-bud.
AGGLOMERATED, collected in a heap or head.
AGGREGATE, gathered together.
ALA, a wing, applied to the lateral petals of papilionaceous
flowers, and to membranous appendages of the fruit, as in the
elm, or of the seed, as in pines.
ALBUMEN, the nutritious matter stored up with the embryo within
the seed, called also Perisperm and Endosperm.
ALBURNUM, the outer young wood of a dicotyledonous stem.
ALEXIPHARMIC, that which counteracts poisons.
ALGOLOGY, the study of sea-weeds.
ALTERNATE, arranged at different heights on the same axis, and
toward different sides.
ALVEOLÆ, regular cavities on a surface, as in the receptacle of
the sunflower, and in that of _Nelumbium_.
ALVEOLATE, like a honeycomb.
AMENTUM, a catkin, or deciduous unisexual spike; plants having
catkins are _Amentiferous_.
AMNIOS, the fluid or semi-fluid matter in the embryo-sac.
AMORPHOUS, without definite form.
AMPHISARCA, an indehiscent, multilocular fruit, with a hard
exterior, and pulpy round the seeds, as seen in the Baobab.
AMPHITROPAL, an ovule, curved on itself, with the hilum in the
middle.
AMPLEXICAUL, embracing the stem over a large part of its
circumference.
AMPULLA, a hollow leaf, as in _Utricularia_.
AMYLACEOUS, starch-like.
ANASTOMOSING, inosculation of vessels.
ANASTOMOSIS, union of vessels; union of the final ramifications
of the veins of a leaf.
ANATROPAL, an inverted ovule, the hilum and micropyle being near
each other, and the chalaza at the opposite end.
ANCEPS, two-edged.
ANDRŒCIUM, the male organs of the flower.
ANDROGYNOUS, male and female flowers on the same peduncle, as in
some species of _Carex_.
ANDROPHORE, a stalk supporting the stamens, often formed by a
union of the filaments.
ANFRACTUOSE, wavy or sinuous, as the anthers of _Cucurbitaceæ_.
ANGIOSPERMOUS, having seeds contained in a seed-vessel.
ANISOSTEMONOUS, stamens not equal in number to the floral
envelopes, nor a multiple of them.
ANNOTINUS, a year old.
ANNULUS, applied to the elastic rim surrounding the sporangia of
some ferns, also to a cellular rim on the stalk of the mushroom,
being the remains of the veil.
ANTERIOR, same as inferior when applied to the parts of the
flower in their relation to the axis.
ANTHELMINTIC, a vermifuge.
ANTHER, the part of the stamen containing pollen.
ANTHERIDIUM, the male organ in cryptogamic plants, frequently
containing moving filaments.
ANTHERIFEROUS, bearing anthers.
ANTHEROZOIDS, moving filaments in an antheridium.
ANTHESIS, the opening of the flower.
ANTHOCARPOUS, applied to fruits, formed by the ovaries of several
flowers.
ANTHODIUM, the capitulum or head of flowers or the Composite
plants.
ANTHOPHORE, a stalk supporting the inner floral envelopes, and
separating them from the calyx.
ANTHOS, a flower; in composition, _Antho_; in Latin, _Flos_.
ANTHOTAXIS, the arrangement of the flowers on the axis.
APETALOUS, without petals; in other words, monochlamydeous.
APHYLLOUS, without leaves.
APICULATE, having an apiculus.
APICULUS, or APICULUM, a terminal soft point, springing abruptly.
APOCARPOUS, ovary and fruit composed of numerous distinct carpels.
APOPHYSIS, a swelling at the base of the theca in some mosses.
APOTHECIUM, the rounded, shield-like fructification of lichens.
APTEROUS, without wings or membraneous margins.
ARACHNOID, applied to fine hairs so entangled as to resemble a
cobweb.
ARBOREOUS, tree-like.
ARCHEGONIUM, the female organ in cryptogamic plants.
ARCUATE, curved in an arched manner.
AREOLÆ, little spaces on a surface.
AREOLATE, divided into distinct angular spaces, or areolæ.
ARILLATE, having an arillus.
ARILLUS and ARILLODE, an extra covering on the seed; the former
proceeding from the placenta, the latter from the exostome, as in
mace.
ARISTA, an awn, a long pointed process.
ARMATURE, the hairs, prickles, etc., covering an organ.
ARTICULATED, jointed, separated easily and cleanly at some point.
ASCENDING, applied to a procumbent stem which rises gradually
from its base: to ovules attached a little above the base of
the ovary; and to hairs directed toward the upper part of their
support.
ASCI, tubes containing the sporidia of the cryptogamia.
ASCIDIUM, a pitcher-like leaf, as in _Nepenthes_.
ASPERITY, roughness, as on the leaves of _Boraginaceæ_.
ATROPAL, the same as orthotropous.
ATTENUATE, thin and slender.
AURICULATE, having appendages; applied to leaves having lobes
(ear-shaped) or leaflets at their base.
AWN and AWNED. See _Arista_.
AXIL, the upper angle, where the leaf joins the stem.
AXILE, or AXIAL, belonging to the axis.
AXIL-FLOWERING, flowering in the axilla.
AXILLARY, arising from the axil of a leaf.
AXIS is applied collectively to the stem and root--the ascending
and descending axis, respectively.
B
BACCA, berry, a unilocular fruit, having a soft outer covering
and seeds immersed in pulp.
BACCATE, resembling a berry.
BALAUSTA, the fruit of the pomegranate.
BARBATE, bearded, having tufts of hair.
BARK (_cortex_), the outer cellular and fibrous covering of the
stem; separate from the wood in dicotyledons.
BARREN, not fruitful; applied to male flowers, and to the
non-fructifying fronds of ferns.
BASAL, or BASILAR, attached to the base of an organ.
BASIDIUM, a cell bearing on its exterior one or more spores in
some fungi, which are hence called _Basidiosporous_.
BAST, or BASS, the inner fibrous bark of dicotyledonous trees.
BEAKED, like the sharp-pointed beak of a bird in form.
BEDEGUAR, a hairy excrescence on the branches and leaves of
roses, caused by an attack of a cynips.
BIDENTATE, having two tooth-like processes.
BIFARIOUS, in two rows, one on each side of an axis.
BIFID, two-cleft, cut down to near the middle into two parts.
BIFORINE, a raphidian cell with an opening at each end.
BILABIATE, having two lips.
BILOBED, divided into two lobes.
BILOCULAR, having two cells.
BINATE, applied to a leaf composed of two leaflets at the
extremity of a petiole.
BIPARTITE, cut down to near the base into two parts.
BIPINNATE, a compound leaf, divided twice in a pinnate manner.
BIPINNATIFID, a simple leaf, with lateral divisions extending to
near the middle, and which are also similarly divided.
BIPINNATIPARTITE, differing from bipinnatifid in the divisions
extending to near the midrib.
BIPLICATE, doubly folded in a transverse manner.
BISERRATE, when the serratures are themselves serrate.
BITERNATE, a compound leaf divided into three, and each division
again divided into three.
BLADE, the lamina or broad part of a leaf, as distinguished from
the petiole or stalk.
BLANCHING. See _Etiolation_.
BLETTING, a peculiar change in an austere fruit, by which, after
being pulled, it becomes soft and edible, as in the medlar.
BLISTERED, applied to raised spots in leaves.
BOLE, the trunk of a tree.
BOTHRENCHYMA, dotted or pitted vessels.
BRACT, a leaf more or less changed in form, from which a flower
or flowers proceed; flowers having bracts are called _bracteated_.
BRACTEOLE, a small bract at the base of a separate flower in a
multifloral inflorescence.
BRANCHLETS, little branches.
BRYOLOGY, the study of mosses; same as muscology.
BULB, an underground stem covered with scales.
BULBIL, or BULBLET, separate buds in the axil of leaves, as in
some lilies.
BYSSOID, very slender, like a cobweb.
C
CADUCOUS, falling off very early, as the calyx of a poppy.
CÆSIOUS, gray.
CÆSPITOSE, growing in tufts.
CALCAR, a spur, projecting hollow or solid process from the base
of an organ, as in the flower of Larkspur or Snap-dragon; such
flowers are called _calcarate_, or spurred.
CALCEOLATE, slipper-like, applied to the hollow petals of some
orchids; also to the corolla of _Calceolaria_.
CALLOSITY, or CALLOUS, a leathery or hardened thickening on a
limited portion of an organ.
CALYCIFLORÆ, a sub-class of polypetalous Exogens, having the
stamens attached to the calyx.
CALYCINE, belonging to the calyx.
CALYPTRATE, in form, resembling an extinguisher.
CALYX, the outer envelope of a flower.
CAMBIUM, the young active cells between the bark and the young
wood.
CAMPANULATE, shaped like a bell, as the flower of harebell.
CAMPYLOTROPAL, a curved ovule, with the hilum, micropyle, and
chalaza near each other.
CANALICULATE, channeled, having a longitudinal groove or furrow.
CANCELLATE, latticed, composed of veins alone.
CANESCENT, hoary.
CAPILLARY, filiform, thread-like, or hair-like.
CAPITATE, pin-like, having a rounded summit, as some hairs.
CAPITULUM, head of flowers in _Compositæ_.
CAPREOLATE, having tendrils.
CAPSULE, a dry seed-vessel, opening by valves, teeth, pores, or a
lid.
CARINA, keel, the two partially united lower petals of
papilionaceous flowers.
CARINATE, keel-shaped.
CARPEL, the leaf which contains the ovules. Several carpels may
enter into the composition of one pistil.
CARPOLOGY, the study of fruits.
CARPOPHORE, a stalk bearing the pistil, and raising it above the
whorl of the stamens, as in _Lychnis_ and _Capparis_.
CARUNCLE, a fleshy or thickened appendage of the raphe of the
seed.
CARYOPSIS, the monospermal seed-vessel of a grass, the pericarp
being adherent with the seed.
CATKIN, same as Amentum.
CAUDATE, having a tail or feathery appendage.
CAUDEX, the stem of palms and of tree ferns.
CAUDICLE, the process supporting a pollen mass in orchids.
CAULESCENT, having an evident stem.
CAULICLE, the rudimentary axis of the embryo.
CAULINE, produced on the stem.
CAUSTICITY, having a burning quality.
CELLULAR, composed of cells.
CELLULOSE, the chemical substance of which the cell wall is
composed.
CENTIMETRE, a French measure, equal to 0.3937079 British inch.
CENTRIFUGAL, applied to that kind of inflorescence in which the
central flower opens first.
CENTRIPETAL, applied to that kind of inflorescence in which the
flowers at the circumference or base open first.
CERAMIDIUM, an ovate conceptacle, having a terminal opening, and
with a tuft of spores arising from the base; seen in Algæ.
CEREAL, a general term applied to wheat, oats, barley, and rye.
CHALAZA, the place where the nourishing vessels enter the nucleus
of the ovule.
CHLOROPHYLL, the green coloring matter of leaves.
CHORISIS, separation of a lamina from one part of an organ, so
as to form a scale or a doubling of the organ; it may be either
transverse or collateral.
CHROMULE, the coloring matter of the cells of flowers; also of
the lower _Algæ_.
CILIA (_cilium_), short, stiff hairs fringing the margin of a
leaf; also the delicate vibratile hairs of zoospores.
CILIATO-DENTATE, toothed and fringed with hairs.
CIRCINATE, rolled up like a crosier, as the young fronds of ferns.
CIRCUMSCISSILE, cut round in a circular manner, such as
seed-vessels opening by a lid.
CIRCUMSCRIPTION, the periphery or margin of a leaf.
CIRRHUS, a modified leaf in the form of a tendril.
CLATHRATE, latticed, like a grating.
CLAVATE, club-shaped, becoming gradually thicker toward the top.
CLAW, the narrow base of some petals, corresponding with the
petiole or leaves.
CLEFT, divided to about the middle.
CLOVES, applied to young bulbs, as in the onion.
CLYPEATE, having the shape of a buckler.
COCCIDIUM, a rounded conceptacle in _Algæ_ without pores, and
containing a tuft of spores.
COCHLEAR, a kind of æstivation, in which a helmet-shaped part
covers all the others in the bud.
COCHLEARIFORM, shaped like a spoon.
COCHLEATE, shaped like a snail shell.
COLEORHIZA, a sheath, surrounding the radicles of a
monocotyledonous embryo.
COLLATERAL, placed side by side, as in the case of some ovules.
COLLUM, neck, the part where the plumule and radicle of the
embryo unite.
COLUMELLA, central column in the sporangia of mosses.
COLUMN, a part of a flower of an orchid supporting the anthers
and stigma, and formed by the union of the styles and filaments.
COMA, a tuft of hair on a seed.
COMMISSURE, union of the faces of the two achænes in the fruit of
_Umbelliferæ_.
COMOSE, furnished with hairs, as the seeds of the willow.
COMPOUND, composed of several parts, as a leaf formed by several
leaflets.
COMPRESSED, flattened laterally or lengthwise.
CONCENTRIC, curves with common centre.
CONCEPTACLE, a hollow sac containing a tuft or cluster of spores.
CONCRETE, hardened into a mass.
CONDUCTING TISSUE, applied to the loose cellular tissue in the
interior of the style.
CONDUPLICATE, followed upon itself, applied to leaves and
cotyledons.
CONE, a dry multiple fruit, formed by bracts covering naked seeds.
CONFERRUMINATE, indistinguishably united together.
CONFERVOID, formed of a single row of cells, or having
articulations like a _Conferva_.
CONFLUENT, when parts unite together in the progress of growth.
CONJUGATION, union of two cells, so as to develop a spore.
CONNATE, when parts are united, even in the early state of
development; applied to two leaves united by their bases.
CONNECTIVE, the part which connects the anther-lobes.
CONNIVENT, when two organs, as petals, arch over so as to meet
above.
CONSTRICTED, contracted in some particular place.
CONTORTED, when the parts in a bud are imbricated and regularly
twisted in one direction.
CONVOLUTE, when a leaf in the bud is rolled upon itself.
CORDATE, of leaves heart-shaped at the base.
CORDIFORM, having the shape of a heart.
CORIACEOUS, having a leathery consistence.
CORM, thickened underground stem, as in _Arum_ and _Colchicum_.
CORNUTE, horned.
COROLLA, the inner envelope of the flower.
COROLLIFLORÆ, gamopetalous exogens.
CORONA, a coralline appendage, as the crown of the daffodil.
CORPUSCLE, a small body or particle.
CORRUGATED, wrinkled or shriveled.
CORTEX, the bark.
CORTICAL, belonging to the bark.
CORYMB, a raceme, in which the lower stalks are the longest, and
all the flowers come very nearly to a level above.
COSTATE, provided with ribs; primary.
COTYLEDON, the temporary leaf of the embryo.
CREMOCARP, the fruit of _Umbelliferæ_, composed of two separable
achænes or mericarps.
CRENATE, having superficial, rounded, marginal notches.
CRENATURES, divisions of the margin of a crenate leaf.
CREST, an appendage to fruits or seeds.
CRIBRIFORM, riddled with holes.
CRISP, having an undulated margin.
CRUCIFORM, arranged like the parts of a cross, as the flowers of
_Cruciferæ_.
CRUSTACEOUS, hard, thin, and brittle.
CRYPTOGAMOUS, with the organs of reproduction obscure.
CUCULLATE, formed like a hood or cowl.
CULM, stem or stalk of grasses.
CUNEIFORM, or CUNEATE, shaped like a wedge.
CUPULA, the cup of the acorn, formed by aggregate bracts.
CUSPIDATE, prolonged into an attenuated point.
CUTICLE, the thin membrane that covers the epidermis.
CYCLOSIS, movement of the latex in laticiferous vessels, and of
the fluid cell contents within the cell.
CYMBIFORM, shaped like a boat.
CYME, a kind of definite inflorescence, in which the flowers are
in racemes, corymbs, or umbels, the successive central flowers
expanding first.
CYPSELA, monospermal fruit of _Compositæ_.
CYTOBLAST, the nucleus of a cell.
CYTOGENESIS, cell development.
D
DECIDUOUS, falling off after performing its functions for a
limited time, as the calyx of _Ranunculus_.
DECIDUOUS TREES, those which lose their leaves annually.
DECIMETRE, the tenth part of a metre, or ten centimetres.
DECLINATE, directed downward from its base.
DECOMPOUND, a leaf cut into numerous compound divisions.
DECORTICATED, deprived of bark.
DECUMBENT, lying flat along the ground, and rising from it at the
apex.
DECURRENT, leaves which are attached along the side of a stem
below their point of insertion; such stems are often called
winged.
DECUSSATE, opposite leaves crossing each other in pairs at right
angles.
DEDUPLICATION, same as Chorisis.
DEFINITE, applied to inflorescence when it ends in a single
flower, and the expansion of the flower is centrifugal; also
when the number of the parts of an organ is limited, as when the
stamens are under twenty.
DEFLEXED, bent downward in a continuous curve.
DEFOLIATION, the fall of the leaves.
DEGENERATION, when an organ is changed from its usual appearance,
and becomes less highly developed as when scales take the place
of leaves.
DEHISCENCE, mode of opening of an organ, as of the seed-vessels
and anthers.
DELTOID, like the Greek Δ in form.
DEMULCENT, an emollient.
DENTATE, toothed, having short triangular divisions of the margin.
DENTICULATE, finely toothed, having small tooth-like projections
along the margin.
DENTIFORM, tooth-shaped.
DEPENDENT, hanging down.
DEPRESSED, flattening of a solid organ from above downward.
DETERGENT, having a cleansing power.
DIADELPHOUS, stamens in two bundles, united by their filaments.
DIANDROUS, having two stamens.
DIAPHANOUS, transparent.
DICHLAMYDEOUS, having calyx and corolla.
DICHOTOMOUS, stem dividing by twos.
DICLINOUS, unisexual flower either monœcious or diœcious.
DICOTYLEDONOUS, embryo having two cotyledons.
DICTYOGENOUS, applied to monocotyledons having netted veins.
DIDYNAMOUS, two long and two short stamens.
DIFFUSE, scattered.
DIGITATE, compound leaf, composed of several leaflets attached to
one point.
DIGYNOUS, having two styles.
DIMEROUS, when the parts of a flower are in twos.
DIMIDIATE, when one-half of an organ is smaller than the other
half.
DIŒCIOUS, staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers on separate
plants.
DIPLOSTEMONOUS, stamens double the number of the petals or sepals.
DIPTEROUS, having two wings.
DISCOID, in the form of a disk or flattened sphere; _discoid
pith_, divided into cavities by disks.
DISK, a part intervening between the stamens and the pistils in
the form of scales, a ring, etc.
DISKS, the peculiar rounded and dotted markings on the fibres of
coniferous wood.
DISSECTED, cut into a number of narrow divisions.
DISSEPIMENT, a division in the ovary; true when formed by the
edges of the carpels, false when formed otherwise.
DISTICHOUS, in two rows on opposite sides of a stem.
DIVARICATING, branches coming off from the stem at a very wide or
obtuse angle.
DODECANDROUS, having twelve stamens.
DOLABRIFORM, shaped like an axe.
DORSAL, applied to the suture of the carpel which is furthest
from the axis.
DOUBLE FLOWER, when the organs of reproduction are converted into
petals.
DRUPE, a fleshy fruit like the cherry, having a stony endocarp.
DRUPELS, small drupes aggregated to form a fruit, as in the
raspberry.
DURAMEN, heart-wood of dicotyledonous trees.
E
ELATERS, spiral fibres in the spore-cases of _Hepaticæ_.
ELLIPTICAL, having the form of an ellipse.
EMARGINATE, with a notch at the end.
EMBRACING. This is said to be the case when a leaf clasps the
stem.
EMBRYO, the young plant contained in the seed.
EMBRYO-SAC, the cell in which the embryo is formed.
ENDOCARP, the inner layer of the pericarp, next the seed.
ENDOCHROME, the coloring matter within the cells of the lower
plants.
ENDOGEN, a monocotyledon.
ENDOPHLŒUM, the fibrous inner bark or liber.
ENDOPLEURA, the inner covering of the seed.
ENDORHIZAL, numerous rootlets arising from _within_ a common
radicle, and passing through sheaths, as in endogenous
germination.
ENDOSMOSE, movement of fluids inward through a membrane.
ENDOSPERM, albumen formed within the embryo-sac.
ENDOSTOME, the inner foramen of the ovule.
ENDOTHECIUM, the inner coat of the anther.
ENSIFORM, in the form of a sword, as the leaves of _Iris_.
ENTIRE (_integer_), without marginal divisions.
ENVELOPES, FLORAL, the calyx and corolla.
EPICALYX, outer calyx formed either of sepals or bracts, as in
mallow and _Potentilla_.
EPICARP, the outer covering of the fruit.
EPICHILIUM, the terminal portion of the lip (_labellum_) in
orchids.
EPIDERMIS, the cellular layer covering the external surface of
plants.
EPIGYNOUS, above the ovary by adhesion to it.
EPIPETALOUS, inserted on the petals.
EPIPHYLLOUS, growing upon a leaf.
EPIPHYTES, attached to another plant, and growing suspended in
the air.
EPISPERM, the external covering of the seed.
EQUITANT, applied to leaves folded longitudinally, and
overlapping each other without any involution.
ERECT, applied to an ovule which rises from the base of the ovary.
ERODED, gnawed or bitten.
EROSE, irregularly toothed, as if gnawed.
ERUMPENT, as if bursting through the epidermis.
ESCHAROTIC, having the power to scar or burn the skin.
ETÆRIO, the aggregate drupes forming the fruit of _Rubus_.