POLYCARPIC, plants which flower and fruit many times in the
course of their life.
POLYCOTYLEDONOUS, an embryo having many cotyledons, as in firs.
POLYGAMOUS, plants bearing hermaphrodite as well as male and
female flowers.
POLYMORPHOUS, assuming many shapes.
POLYPETALOUS, a corolla composed of separate petals.
POLYPHYLLOUS, a calyx or involucre composed of separate leaflets.
POLYSEPALOUS, a calyx composed of separate sepals.
POME, a fruit like the apple and pear.
POROUS VESSELS, same as pitted or dotted vessels.
POSTERIOR, applied to the part of the flower placed next the
axis; same as Superior.
POUCH, the short pod or silicle of some _Cruciferæ_.
PREMORSE, bitten; applied to a root terminating abruptly, as if
bitten off.
PRICKLES, hardened epidermal appendages of a nature similar to
hairs.
PRIMINE, the outer coat of the ovule.
PRIMORDIAL UTRICLE, the lining membrane of cells in their early
state.
PROCESS, any prominence or projecting part, or small lobe.
PROCUMBENT, lying on the ground.
PROEMBRYO, cellular body in an ovary, from which the embryo
and its suspensor are formed. Sometimes Proembryo is used for
Prothallus.
PROLIFEROUS, bearing abnormal buds.
PRONE, prostrate, lying flat on the earth.
PROPAGULUM, an offshoot or germinating bud attached by a thickish
stalk to the parent plant.
PROSENCHYMA, fusiform tissue forming wood.
PROTHALLIUM, or PROTHALLUS, names given to the first part
produced by the spore of an acrogen in germinating.
PROTOPLASM, the nitrogenous gelatinous matter in which the vital
activity of cells resides.
PSEUDO-BULB, the peculiar aerial stem of many epiphytic orchids.
PUBESCENCE, short and soft hairs covering a surface.
PULULATING, budding.
PULVERULENT, covered with fine powdery matter.
PULVINATE, shaped like a cushion or pillow.
PULVINOUS, cellular swelling at the point where the leaf-stalk
joins the axis.
PUNCTATED, applied to the peculiar dotted woody fibres of
_Coniferæ_.
PUTAMEN, the hard endocarp of some fruits.
PYCNIDES, cysts containing stylospores found in some lichens.
PYXIS, a capsule opening by a lid.
Q
QUATENARY, composed of parts in fours.
QUINARY, composed of parts in fives.
QUINATE, five leaves coming off from one point.
QUINCUNX, when the leaves in the bud are five, of which two are
exterior, two interior, and the fifth covers the interior with
one margin, and has its other margin covered by the exterior.
_Quincuncial_, arranged in a quincunx.
R
RACE, a permanent variety.
RACEME, an indefinite inflorescence, in which there is a primary
axis bearing stalked flowers.
RACEMOSE, flowering in racemes.
RACHIS, the axis of inflorescence; also applied to the stalk of
the frond in ferns, and to the common stalk bearing the alternate
spikelets in some grasses.
RADICAL, belonging to the root; applied to leaves close to the
ground, clustered at the base of a flower-stalk.
RADICLE, the young root of the embryo.
RAMENTA, little brown withered scales with which the stems of
some plants are covered.
RAMIFICATIONS, subdivisions of roots or branches.
RAPHE, the line which connects the hilum and the chalaza in
anatropal ovules.
RAPHIDES, crystals found in cells, which are hence called
_Raphidian_.
RECEPTACLE, the flattened end of the peduncle rachis, bearing
numerous flowers in a head; applied also generally to the
extremity of the peduncle or pedicel.
RECLINATE, curved downward from the horizontal, bent back up.
RECURVED, bent backward.
REDUPLICATE, edges of the petals or sepals turned outward in
æstivation.
REGMA, seed-vessels composed of elastic cocci, as in _Euphorbia_.
REGULAR, applied to an organ, the parts of which are of similar
form and size.
RELIQUIÆ, remains of withered leaves attached to the plant.
RENIFORM, in shape like a kidney.
REPAND, having a slightly undulated or sinuous margin.
REPLUM, a longitudinal division in a pod formed by the placenta,
as in _Cruciferæ_.
RESUPINATE, inverted by a twisting of the stalk.
RETICULATE, netted, applied to leaves having a network of
anastomosing veins.
RETINACULUM, the glandular viscid portion at the extremity of the
caudicle in some Pollinia.
RETRORSE, turned backward.
RETUSE, when the extremity is broad, blunt, and slightly
depressed.
REVOLUTE, leaf with its edges rolled backward in vernation.
RHIZOME, a stem creeping horizontally, more or less covered by
the soil, giving off buds above and roots below.
RHIZOTAXIS, the arrangement of the roots.
RHOMBOID, quadrangular form, not square with equal sides.
RIB, the projecting vein of a leaf.
RINGENT, a labiate flower in which the upper lip is much arched.
ROOT-STOCK, same as Rhizome.
ROSETTE, leaves disposed in close circles forming a cluster.
ROSTELLUM, a prolongation of the upper edge of the stigmas in
orchids.
ROSTRATE, beaked.
ROTATE, a regular gamopetalous corolla, with a short tube, the
limbs spreading out more or less at right angles.
RUBEFACIENT, that which reddens the surface.
RUDIMENTARY, an organ in an abortive state arrested in its
development.
RUFOUS, rust-red.
RUGOSE, wrinkled.
RUMINATE, applied to mottled albumen.
RUNCINATE, a pinnatifid leaf with a triangular termination, and
sharp divisions pointing downward, as in dandelion.
RUNNERS, procumbent shoots which root at their extremity.
RUSTY, rust-colored.
S
SAGITTATE, like an arrow; a leaf having two prolonged
sharp-pointed lobes projecting downward beyond the insertion of
the petiole.
SAMARA, a winged dried fruit, as in the elm.
SAPONACEOUS, soap-like.
SARMENTOSE, yielding runners.
SARMENTUM, sometimes meaning the same as Flagellum, or runner; at
other times applied to a twining stem which supports itself by
means of others.
SCABROUS, rough, covered with very stiff short hair.
SCALARIFORM, vessels having bars like a ladder, seen in ferns.
SCALES, small processes resembling minute leaves.
SCANDENT, climbing by means of supports, as on a wall or rock.
SCAPE, a naked flower-stalk, bearing one or more flowers arising
from a short axis, and usually with radical leaves at its base.
SCARIOUS, or SCARIOSE, having the consistence of a dry scale,
membraneous, dry, and shriveled.
SCION, the young twig used as a graft.
SCLEROGEN, the thickening matter of woody cells.
SCORPIOIDAL, like the tail of a scorpion; a peculiar twisted
cymose inflorescence, as in _Boraginaceæ_.
SCURFY, applied to stems and leaves covered with loose scales.
SECUND, turned to one side.
SECUNDINE, the second coat of the ovule, within the primine.
SEGMENTS, divisions.
SEGREGATE, separated from each other.
SEMINAL, applied to the cotyledons, or seed-leaves.
SEPAL, one of the leaflets forming the calyx.
SEPTATE, divided by septa or partitions.
SEPTICIDAL, dehiscence of a seed-vessel through the septa or
edges of the carpels.
SEPTIFRAGAL, dehiscence of a seed-vessel through the back of the
loculaments, the valves also separating from the septa.
SEPTUM, a division in an ovary formed by the sides of the carpels.
SERICEOUS, silky; covered with fine, close-pressed hairs.
SERRATE, having sharp processes arranged like the teeth of a saw;
_Biserrate_, when these are alternately large and small, or where
the teeth are themselves serrated.
SERRULATE, with very fine serratures.
SESSILE, without a stalk, as a leaf without a petiole.
SETA, a bristle or sharp hair; also applied to the gland-tipped
hairs of _Rosaceæ_ and _Hieracium_, and to the stalk bearing the
theca of mosses.
SETACEOUS and SETIFORM, in the form of bristles.
SETIFORM, bristle-shaped.
SETOSE, covered with setæ and bristles.
SHEATH, the lower part of the leaf surrounding the stem.
SILICULA, a short pod with a double placenta and replum, as in
some _Cruciferæ_.
SILIQUA, a long pod, similar in construction to the silicle.
SIMPLE, not branching, not divided into separate parts. Simple
fruits are those formed by one flower.
SINUOUS, with a wavy or flexuous margin.
SINUS, the base or recesses formed by the lobes of leaves.
SLASHED, divided by deep and very acute incisions.
SOCIAL PLANTS, such as grow naturally in groups or masses.
SOREDIA, powdery cells on the surface of the thallus of some
lichens.
SPADIX, a succulent spike bearing male and female flowers, as in
_Arum_.
SPATHE, large membraneous bract covering numerous flowers.
SPAWN, same as Mycelium.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, the essential character of a species.
SPERMAGONE, a microscopic conceptacle in lichens, containing
reproductive bodies called spermatia; also a conceptacle
containing fructification in fungi.
SPERMATIA, motionless spermatozoids in the spermagones of lichens
and fungi.
SPERMODERM, the general covering of the seed, sometimes applied
to the episperm or outer covering.
SPHEROIDAL, nearly spherical.
SPIKE, inflorescence consisting of numerous flowers sessile on an
axis.
SPINE, or THORN, an abortive branch with a hard, sharp point.
SPIRAL VESSELS, having a spiral fibre coiled up inside a tube.
SPONGIOLE, the cellular extremity of a young root.
SPORANGIUM, a case containing spores.
SPORE, a cellular germinating body in cryptogamic plants.
SPORIDIUM, a cellular germinating body in cryptogamia, containing
two or more cells in its interior.
SPORULES, the small spores in cryptogamia.
SQUAMIFORM, like scales.
SQUAMOSE, covered with scales.
SQUARROSE, covered with processes spreading at right angles, or
in a greater degree.
STAMEN, the male organ of the flower formed by a stalk or
filament, and the anther containing pollen.
STAMINATE, applied to a male flower, or to plants bearing male
flowers.
STAMINODIUM, an abortive stamen.
STANDARD, same as Vexillum.
STELLATE, like a star.
STERIGMATA, cells bearing naked spores; also cellular filaments
bearing spermata and stylospores in the spermogones and pycnides.
STERILE, male flowers not bearing fruit.
STICHIDIA, pod-like receptacles, containing spores.
STIGMA, the upper cellular secreting portion of the pistil
uncovered with epidermis.
STIGMATIC, belonging to the stigma.
STIPE, the stalk of fern fronds; the stalk bearing the pileus in
Agarics.
STIPEL, appendage at the base of a leaflet.
STIPITATE, supported on a stalk.
STIPULATE, furnished with stipules.
STIPULE, appendage at the base of leaves.
STOLON, a sucker at first aerial, and then rooting.
STOLONIFEROUS, having creeping runners, which root at the joints.
STOMATA, openings in the epidermis of plants, especially in the
leaves.
STOOL, a plant from which layers are propagated by bending down
the branches so as to root in the soil.
STRAP-SHAPED, same as Ligulate; linear, or about six times as
long as broad.
STRIATED, marked by streaks or striæ.
STRIGOSE, covered with rough, strong, adpressed hairs.
STROBILUS, a cone, applied to the fruit of firs, as well as to
that of the hop.
STROPHIOLE, a swelling on the surface of a seed.
STRUMA, a cellular swelling at the point where a leaflet joins
the midrib; also a swelling below the sporangium of mosses.
STYLE, the stalk interposed between the ovary and the stigma.
STYLOPOD, an epigynous disk seen at the base of the styles of
_Umbelliferæ_.
STYLOSPORE, a spore-like body, borne on a sterigma, or cellular
stalk, in the pycnides of lichens.
SUBEROUS, having a corky texture.
SUBTERRANEAN, underground; same as Hypogeal.
SUBULATE, shaped like a cobbler’s awl.
SUCCULENT, soft and juicy.
SUFFRUTICOSE, having the characters of an under-shrub.
SULCATE, furrowed or grooved.
SUPERIOR, applied to the ovary when free, or not adherent to the
calyx; to the calyx, when it is adherent to the ovary; to the
part of a flower placed next the axis.
SUPERNATANT, floating on the surface.
SUPRA-DECOMPOUND, doubly compounded.
SUSPENDED, applied to an ovule which hangs from a point a little
below the apex of the ovary.
SUSPENSOR, the cord which suspends the embryo, and is attached to
the radicle in the young state.
SUTURAL, applied to that kind of dehiscence which takes place at
the sutures of the fruit.
SUTURE, the part where separate organs unite, or where the edges
of a folded organ adhere; the ventral suture of the ovary is that
next the centre of the flower; the dorsal suture corresponds with
the midrib.
SYMMETRY, applied to the flower, has reference to the parts being
of the same number, or multiples of each other.
SYNANTHEROUS, anthers united together.
SYNCARPOUS, carpels united so as to form one ovary or pistil.
SYNGENESIOUS, same as Synantherous.
T
TAP-ROOT, root descending deeply in a tapering, undivided manner.
TEGMEN, the second covering of the seed; called also Endopleura.
TEGMENTA, scales protecting buds.
TENDRILS, curling, twining organs, with which plants grasp
supports.
TERATOLOGY, study of monstrosities and morphological changes.
TERCINE, the third coat of the ovule, forming the covering of the
central nucleus.
TERETE, nearly cylindrical.
TERMINAL, at the top or end.
TERNARY, parts arranged in threes.
TERNATE, compound leaves composed of three leaflets.
TESTA, the outer covering of the seed; some apply it to the
coverings taken collectively.
TETRADYNAMOUS, four long stamens and two short, as in _Cruciferæ_.
TETRAGONOUS, having four angles.
TETRAMEROUS; a flower is tetramerous when its envelopes are in
fours.
TETRASPORE, a germinating body in Algæ, composed of spore-like
cells, but also applied to those of three cells.
THALAMIFLORAL, parts of the floral envelope inserted separately
into the receptacle of the thalamus.
THALAMUS, the receptacle of the flower, or the part of the
peduncle into which the floral organs are inserted.
THALLOGENS, or THALLOPHYTES, plants producing a thallus.
THALLUS, cellular expansion in lichens and other cryptogams,
bearing the fructification.
THECA, sporangium or spore-case, containing spores.
THROAT, the orifice of a gamopetalous corolla.
THYRSUS, a sort of panicle, in form like a bunch of grapes, the
inflorescence being mixed.
TIGELLUS, the young embryonic axis.
TOMENTOSE, covered with cottony, entangled pubescence, called
tomentum.
TOMENTUM, dense, close hair.
TOOTHED, dentated.
TORUS, another name for Thalamus; sometimes applied to a
much-developed thalamus, as in _Nelumbium_.
TRANSPIRATION, the exhalation of fluids by leaves, etc.
TRIADELPHOUS, stamens united in three bundles by their filaments.
TRIANGULAR, having three angles, the faces being flat.
TRICHOTOMOUS, divided successively into three branches.
TRIFOLIATE, or TRIFOLIOLATE, same as Ternate. When the three
leaves come off at one point the leaf is _ternately trifoliate_;
when there are a terminal stalked leaflet and two lateral ones,
it is _pinnately trifoliate_.
TRIGONOUS, having three angles, the faces being convex.
TRIMEROUS; a trimerous flower has its envelopes in three or
multiples of three.
TRIPARTITE, deeply divided into three.
TRIPINNATE, a compound leaf three times divided in a pinnate
manner.
TRIPINNATIFID, a pinnatifid leaf with the segments twice divided
in a pinnatifid manner.
TRIQUETROUS, having three angles, the faces being concave.
TRITERNATE, three times divided in a ternate manner.
TRUNCATE, terminating abruptly, as if cut off at the end.
TRYMA, drupaceous fruit like the walnut.
TUBER, a thickened underground stem, as the potato.
TUBERCLE, the swollen root of some terrestrial orchids.
TUBERCULATE, covered with knobs or tubercles.
TUBEROUS, applied to roots in the form of tubercles.
TUBULAR, bell-shaped; applied to a campanulate corolla, which is
somewhat tubular in its form.
TUMID, swelling.
TUNIC, a coat or envelope.
TUNICATED, applied to a bulb covered by thin external scales, as
the onion.
TURBINATE, in the form of a top.
TURGID, swollen.
TYPICAL, applied to a specimen which has eminently the
characteristics of the species, or to a species or genus
characteristic of an order.
U
UMBEL, inflorescence in which numerous stalked flowers arise from
one point.
UMBELLULE, a small umbel, seen in the compound umbellate flowers
of many _Umbelliferæ_.
UMBILICATE, fixed to a stalk by a point in the centre.
UMBILICUS, the hilum or base of a seed.
UNARMED, without prickles or spines.
UNCINATE, provided with an uncus, or hooked process.
UNCTUOUS, oily.
UNDULATE, waved.
UNGUICULATE, furnished with a short unguis.
UNGUIS, claw, the narrow part of a petal; such a petal is called
_Unguiculate_.
UNICELLULAR, composed of a single cell, as some Algæ.
UNILATERAL, arranged on one side, or turned to one side.
UNISEXUAL, of a single sex; applied to plants having separate
male and female flowers.
URGEOLATE, urn-shaped; applied to a gamopetalous globular corolla
with a narrow opening.
V
VALVATE, opening by valves, like the parts of certain
seed-vessels, which separate at the edges of the carpels.
VALVATE ÆSTIVATION and VERNATION, when leaves in the flower-bud
and leaf-bud are applied to each other by the margins only.
VALVES, the portions which separate in some dehiscent capsules.
VASCULAR TISSUE, composed of vessels.
VEINS, fibro-vascular skeleton of leaves.
VELUM, veil; the cellular covering of the gills of an Agaric in
its early state.
VENATION, the arrangement of the veins.
VENTRAL, applied to the part of the carpel which is next the axis.
VERNATION, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud.
VERRUCOSE, covered with wart-like excrescences.
VERSATILE, applied to an anther which is attached by one point of
its back to the filament, and hence is very easily turned about.
VERTEX, the uppermost point.
VERTICAL, perpendicular.
VERTICIL, a whorl; parts arranged opposite to each other at the
same level, or, in other words, in a circle round an axis. The
parts are said to be _Verticillate_.
VERTICILLASTER, a false whorl, formed of two nearly sessile
cymes, placed in the axils of opposite leaves, as in dead nettles.
VESICLE, another name for a cell or utricle.
VEXILLARY, applied to æstivation when the vexillum is folded over
the other parts of the flower.
VEXILLUM, standard, the upper or posterior petal of a
papilionaceous flower.
VILLOUS, covered with long soft hairs, and having a wooly
appearance.
VIRESCENT, green.
VIRGATE, long and straight, like a wand.
VISCOUS, or VISCID, clammy, like bird-lime.
VITELLUS, the embryo-sac when persistent in the seed.
VITTÆ, cells or clavate tubes containing oil in the pericarp of
_Umbelliferæ_.
VIVIPAROUS, plants producing leaf-buds instead of fruit.
VOLUBILE, twining; a stem or tendril twining round other plants.
VOLVA, wrapper; the organ which incloses the parts of
fructification in some fungi in their young state.
VULNERARY, having a healing power.
W
WATTLED, having processes like the wattles of a cock.
WHORLED, same as Verticillate.
WINGS, the two lateral petals of a papilionaceous flower, or the
broad flat edge of any organ.
X
XANTHOPHYLL, yellow coloring matter in plants.
Z
ZONES, stripes or belts.
ZOOSPORE, a moving spore provided with cilia, called also
Zoosperm and Sporozoid.
END OF VOLUME THREE
FOOTNOTES:
[1] In the Eocene of Australia.
[2] The writer has shown that much of the material of the great
lignite beds of the Canadian Northwest consists of wood of _Sequoia_
of both the modern types.
[3] This famous tree was blown down by a storm in 1868. It was
believed to have been five or six thousand years old.--E. S.
[4] Asplenium Ruta muraria.
[5] I need hardly observe that, botanically, these are not true
seeds, but rather motile buds.
[6] Some two out of one hundred and fifty species of Solanum are
useful to man.
[7] Silk-plant, Stipa pennata.
[8] Isabel color is a pale yellow, or buff, the shade of old linen,
and received its name from Isabel of Austria, daughter of Philip II
of Spain, who at the siege of Ostende, made the singular vow not
to change her linen until that town fell into her hands. The siege
lasted over three years.--E. S.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.
Some hyphens in words have been silently removed, some added,
when a predominant preference was found in the original book.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 913: ‘sucessfully cultivated’ replaced by ‘successfully cultivated’.
Pg 932: ‘in in this zone’ replaced by ‘in this zone’.
Pg 954: ‘aborescent grasses’ replaced by ‘arborescent grasses’.
Pg 1105: ‘of Delphinum’ replaced by ‘of Delphinium’.
Pg 1180: ‘the Mauritus palm’ replaced by ‘the Mauritius palm’.
Pg 1233: ‘in differnt parts’ replaced by ‘in different parts’.
Pg 1236: ‘slivery leaves’ replaced by ‘silvery leaves’.
Pg 1272: ‘hav- a terminal’ replaced by ‘having a terminal’.
Pg 1276: ‘sepals or p tals’ replaced by ‘sepals or petals’.
Pg 1277: ‘which anastomose’ replaced by ‘which is anastomose’.
Pg 1280: ‘Peoliferous’ replaced by ‘Proliferous’.
Pg 1282: ‘adpresse hairs’ replaced by ‘adpressed hairs’.