_Indic. Pres._ =ouço=, =ouves=, =ouve=, =ouvimos=, =ouvis=,
=ouvem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =ouça=, =ouças=, =ouça=, =ouçamos=, =ouçaes=,
=ouçam=.
=Pedir=, _to ask_.
_Indic. Pres._ =peço=, =pedes=, =pede=, =pedimos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =peça=, =peças=, =peça=, =peçamos=, =peçaes=, =peçam=.
The compounds =despedir= and =impedir= are conjugated in the same way.
=Remir=,[50] _to redeem_.
_Indic. Pres._ =redimo=, =redimes=, =redime=, =remimos=, =remis=,
=redimem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =redima=, =redimas=, =redima=, =redimâmos=, etc.
=Rir=, _to laugh_.
_Indic. Pres._ =rio=, =ris=, =ri=, =rimos=, =rides=, =riem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =ria=, =rias=, =ria=, =riâmos=, =riaes=, =riam=.
=Vir=, _to come_.
_Indic. Pres._ =venho=, =vens=, =vem=, =vimos=, =vindes=, =vêm=.
_Pret._ =vim=, =vieste=, =veio=, =viemos=, =viestes=, =vieram=.
_Imp._ =vinha=, =vinhas=, =vinha=, =vinhamos=, =vinheis=, etc.
_Plup._ =viera=, =vieras=, =vieramos=, =viereis=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =venha=, =venhas=, =venhâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =viesse=, =viesses=, =viéssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =vier=, =vieras=, =viermos=, etc.
_Past Part._ =vindo=.
In the same way are conjugated the compounds: =advir=, =avir-se=,
=contravir=, =convir=, =desavir=, =intervir=, =sobrevir=.
VARIABLE PARTICIPLES OF REGULAR VERBS
(See Exercise XXV, page 145)
=114.= Many verbs that are otherwise regular have two forms of the past
participle. These participles are not always interchangeable, however,
as will be seen from the following examples:
=Naquelle tempo já meu irmão era morto=, at that time my brother was
already dead.
=Naquelle tempo já meu irmão tinha morrido=, at that time my brother
had already died.
=Muitos povos eram sujeitos a Roma=, many people were subject to Rome.
=Roma tinha sujeitado muitos povos=, Rome had subjected many people.
In general when a verb has two forms of the past participle one of them
is commonly used in the active voice and the other in the passive voice
as in the examples above; some of them, however, are used in either
voice, though preference is generally given to the short forms: =elle
tem gasto=, =pago=, =ganho=. It should be observed that one form is
regular and the other irregular or rather contracted.
=115.= =List of Verbs having Two Forms of the Past Participle.=--[In
this list (_a._) indicates that the preceding form is used in the
active voice, (_p._) that it is used in the passive, (_a._ and _p._)
that it is used in both voices.]
FIRST CONJUGATION
=acceitar=, to accept =acceitado= (_a. p._) =acceito= (_p._)
=assentar=, to sit =assentado= (_a. p._) =assento= (_p._)
=dispersar=, to disperse =dispersado= (_a. p._) =disperso= (_p._)
=entregar=, to deliver =entregado= (_a. p._) =entregue= (_p._)
=enxugar=, to dry =enxugado= (_a. p._) =enxuto= (_p._)
=expressar=, to express =expressado= (_a. p._) =expresso= (_p._)
=expulsar=, to expel =expulsado= (_a._) =expulso= (_p._)
=fartar=, to satiate =fartado= (_a._) =farto= (_p._)
=findar=, to finish =findado= (_a. p._) =findo= (_p._)
=ganhar=, to gain =ganhado= (_a. p._) =ganho= (_a. p._)
=gastar=, to spend =gastado= (_a._) =gasto= (_a. p._)
=isentar=, to exempt =isentado= (_a._) =isento= (_p._)
=juntar=, to collect =juntado= (_a. p._) =junto= (_a. p._)
=limpar=, to clean =limpado= (_a._) =limpo= (_a. p._)
=matar=, to kill =matado= (_a._) =morto= (_a. p._)[51]
=occultar=, to hide =occultado= (_a. p._) =occulto= (_p._)
=pagar=, to pay =pagado=[52] (_a._) =pago= (_a. p._)
=salvar=, to save =salvado= (_a. p._) =salvo= (_a. p._)
=soltar=, to loose =soltado= (_a._) =solto= (_p._)
=sujeitar=, to subject =sujeitado= (_a. p._) =sujeito= (_p._)
=116.= +SECOND CONJUGATION+[53]
=accender=, to set fire =accendido= (_a. p._) =acceso= (_p._)
=eleger=, to elect =elegido= (_a._) =eleito= (_a. p._)
=envolver=, to involve =envolvido= (_a. p._) =envolto= (_a. p._)
=prender=, to take =prendido= (_a._) =preso= (_p._)
=suspender=, to suspend =suspendido= (_a. p._) =suspenso= (_p._)
=117.= +THIRD CONJUGATION+
=abrir=, to open =abrido=[54] (_a._) =aberto= (_a. p._)
=erigir=, to erect =erigido= (_a. p._) =erecto= (_p._)
=extinguir=, to extinguish =extinguido= (_a. p._) =extincto= (_p._)
=frigir=, to fry =frigido= (_a._) =frito= (_a. p._)
=imprimir=, to print =imprimido= (_a. p._) =impresso= (_a. p._)
=tingir=, to dye =tingido= (_a._) =tinto= (_p._)
=118.= There are still other verbs having two forms of the past
participle:
=afeiçoar=, to fashion afeiçoado afecto
=annexar=, to annex annexado annexo
=ignorar=, to ignore ignorado ignoto
=manifestar=, to manifest manifestado manifesto
=sepultar=, to bury sepultado sepulto[55]
=suspeitar=, to suspect suspeitado suspeito
=absolver=, to absolve absolvido absolto
=absorver=, to absorb absorbido absorto
=extender=, to extend extendido extenso
=torcer=, to twist torcido torto
=contrahir=, to contract contrahido contracto
=extrahir=, to extract extrahido extracto
=opprimir=, to oppress opprimido oppresso
=reprimir=, to repress reprimido represso
=submergir=, to submerge submergido submerso
DEFECTIVE VERBS
(See Exercise XXVI, p. 146)
=119.= In addition to those already mentioned in the list of irregular
verbs, the following verbs are defective:
{ =advir= }
{ =colorir= }
{ =descommedir-se= }
{ =emollir= }
{ =empedernir= } These verbs are used only in
I. { =extorquir= } the forms in which the =i= of
{ =fallir= } the infinitive occurs.
{ =florir= }
{ =renhir= }
{ =retorquir= }
II. =Precaver=, _to prevent_, =fremir=, _to roar_, and =soer=, _to be
accustomed_, are only used in the forms in which the roots =precav=,
=frem=, and =so= are followed by =e= or =i=: =precaves=, =precavia=.
THE SUBJECTS OF VERBS
(See Exercise XXVI, page 146)
=120.= In the main verbs agree with their subjects in number and person
as they do in English, but such a general rule is not always applicable
in Portuguese. The following rules cover the most important cases in
which there is a departure from English usage.
_a._ In case of compound subjects the verb may be plural as in English,
as =o sol e a lua são brilhantes=; but in certain cases it is singular,
as follows:
_b._ It is singular when a gradation is emphasized: =una palavra=, =um
gesto=, =um olhar bastava=.
_c._ It is singular when an enumeration ends with =tudo=, =nada=,
=nenhum=, =ninguem= or =cada um=. =O ouro, os diamantes, e as perolas
tudo é terra e da terra.=
_d._ It is singular when the compound subject follows the verb:
=passará o céo e a terra=. In case of proper names it is considered
better for the verb to be plural: =do mesmo pal nasceram Esau e Jacob=.
_e._ Infinitives and phrases take the verb in the singular: =perdoar
erros e engrandecer bons intentos é de espirito generoso=.
_f._ In case of contrasts the verb is plural: =amar, aggravar, e
empecer não se compadecem=.
_g._ The following have the verb either singular or plural
indifferently: =um e outro, nem um nem outro, mais de um=. =Um e outro
quer morrer.= =Um e outro fugiram.=
_h._ In certain idiomatic expressions singular subjects appear to have
plural verbs. (1) =Nos é que somos patriotas.= In this sentence =nos
é que= may, however, be regarded as an adverbial expression. Some
grammarians regard it as analytically equivalent to =que nós somos
patriotas é (facto)=. (2) =Tudo são trevas; o mundo são homens.=
_i._ Similarly a first person may be used with a verb of the third
person: =eu é que digo adeus=, _it is I who say good-by_.
_j._ When one subject is in the first person and another is of the
second or third, the verb is first person plural. =Eu e tu temos=, the
=eu= and =tu= being equivalent to =nós=. =Nem eu nem vós sabemos come
nasce amor=, literally, _neither I nor you_, (that is, _we_) _do not
know how love begins_.
_k._ When one subject is in the second person and another is in the
third, the verb is second person plural. =Tu e Carlos estaes bons=,
_you and Carlos are good_.
=121.= =Impersonal Verbs.=[56]--(See Exercise XXVII, page 147.)
Impersonal verbs are used only in the third person. The English
impersonal _it_ is not separately expressed in this impersonal use.
Examples: =ha homens sabios=, _there are wise men_; =houve festas=,
_there were feasts_ (festivities); =faz calor=, _it is warm_; =faz
uma semana hoje=, _it is a week to-day_; =é facil=, _it is easy_; =é
justo=, _it is just_; =é bem que=, _it is well that_; =é preciso=, _it
is necessary_; =são duas horas=, _it is two o’clock_; =dizem=, _they
say_. Other forms especially characteristic of the Portuguese, but used
in various tenses, are:
=acontece=, it happens
=apraz-me=, it pleases me
=basta=, it is enough
=carece=, it is necessary, there is need that
=chega=, that will do
=convem=, it is well, it suits
=cumpre=, it is necessary: =cumpre dizel-o=, it must be said
=custa=, it costs: =custa dormir=, it is hard to sleep
=dar-se=, to happen: =deu-se esse facto=, this is what happened
=é=, =era=, =foi=, etc., from =ser= (§ 109), it is, was, etc.
=faz=, =fazia=, =fez=, from =fazer= (§ 112), it is, was, etc.
=fica=, it remains, rests, is, etc., as =fica combinado=, it is agreed
=ha=, =havia=, =houve=, from =haver= (§ 109), there is, there are,
there was, there has been
=importa=, it matters
=parece=, it seems
=praz-me=, it pleases me, I am pleased
=urge=, it is urgent
=resta=, it remains
_a._ There are also the usual forms expressing operations of nature,
such as =chove=, _it rains_.
_b._ The impersonal verbs are often used in the passive voice, as =alli
se vive sem desejo=, _there one lives without desire_; =diz-se que=,
_it is said that_; =precisa-se de um criado=, _a servant is wanted_.
=122.= =Prepositions Required by Verbs.=--Some verbs are followed by
certain prepositions, such as =a=, =até=, =com=, =de=, =em=, =para=,
=por=, =sobre=, in their various forms. Some of these usages correspond
to the English, but most of them do not. Only a few of the cases where
the usage differs from English are given here.
_a._ =A=, _to_, _of_, is used after =perguntar=, =prohibir=, and
=perdoar=: =perguntou ao medico=, _he asked the physician_; =prohibiu
ao moço=, _he forbade the youth_. =Eu perdôo a quantos me fizeram mal=,
_I forgive all those who have ill used me_. =A= is used with the
infinitive when it is the object of a verb, as explained at § 123_d_.
_b._ The use of =a= after =querer= determines the meaning of the verb:
=querer a alguma pessoa= is _to esteem_ or _love some one_, while
=querer alguma cousa= is _to desire something_.
_c._ =Até=, _to_, _at_, is used after =chegar= and =ir=: =fui até a
cidade=, _I went as far as the city_.
_d._ =Com=, _with_, is used after =estar=, _to be_, =ter=, _to have_,
and =casar=, _to marry_; =estou com fome=, _I am hungry_; =estou com
frio=, _I am cold_; =fui ter com elle=, _I went to have an interview
with him_; =casou com a filha de T=, _he married the daughter of T_.
_e._ =De=, _of_, is used after:
=approveitar-se=, to improve the opportunity
=cessar=, to cease
=depender=, to depend
=deixar=, to leave
=gostar=, to like
=morrer=, to die
=precizar=, to need
and after certain reflexive forms, such as,
=lembrar-se=, to remember
=esquecer-se=, to forget
and verbs implying _motion from_. Examples:
=Gosto de café=, I like coffee
=Morre de fome e de frio=, he is dying of hunger and cold
=Deixa de asneiras=, stop your folly
=Lembrou-se da occasião=, he remembered the occasion
For =de= before an infinitive objective, see § 123_f_.
_f._ Classic writers use =de= with several other verbs, such as,
=d’esta agua não beberei=, I shall not drink of this water;
=d’este pão não comerei=, I shall not eat of this bread.
_g._ =Em=, _in_, is used after =estar=: =o dono está em casa?= _is the
proprietor at home?_
_h._ =Para=, _for_, _to_, is used after certain verbs implying motion
towards: =ir=, =partir=, =vir=, =buscar=, =olhar=, and =deitar=:
=Vou para casa=, I am going home
=Partiu para Lisboa=, he has gone to Lisbon
=Olhe para cá=, look this way
=A janella deita para o rio=, the window opens toward the river
_i._ +Note.+--On the other hand several verbs which in English are
followed by prepositions do not require prepositions in Portuguese.
Such are:
=Agradecer=, to thank for: =agradeço-lhe o presente=, I thank you for
the present.
=Almoçar=, to breakfast on: =almoçou peixe=, he breakfasted on fish.
=Calçar=, to put on (the feet): =calcei chinellas=, I put on slippers.
=Cear=, to sup on: =ceou cha=, he supped on tea.
=Falar=, to speak of: =falou politica=, he talked about politics.
=Subir=, to climb up: =subiu a serra=, he climbed up the mountain.
=Vestir=, to put on: =vesti o paletó=, I put on the coat.
OBJECTS OF VERBS
(See Exercise XXVIII, page 148)
=123.= The objects of verbs differ in the following respects from
usages in English:
_a._ When the direct object of a verb is a person or living being, that
name is preceded by the preposition =a=, _to_, especially when it is
necessary to distinguish the object from the subject. =Ama a Deus=,
_love God_; =a Pompeu venceu Cesar=, _Cæsar overcame Pompey_; =elle
subjugou ao tigre=, _he overcame the tiger_. But when the object is
an animal other than man the =a=, _to_, may be omitted as =subjugou o
tigre=.
_b._ When the direct object precedes the verb or when ambiguity is
possible, the preposition =a=, _to_, precedes the object: =vence o dia
á noite= or =á noite vence o dia=, _day overcomes night_.
_c._ When the direct object is one of the pronouns =mim=, =ti=, =si=,
=elle=, =a=, =nos=, =vos=, =elles=, and =os= they are preceded by the
preposition =a=: =elle os colheu a mim e não a ti=.
_d._ When the direct object is an infinitive the following verbs take
the preposition =a=: =aprender=, =começar=, =ensinar=, =principiar=.
Example: =ensinou a falar=.
_e._ These verbs, when followed by the infinitive denoting the
beginning of action, require =a=: =começar=, =deitar=, =entrar=,
=meter=, =desatar=, =botar=. =Começou a escrever=, _he began to write_;
=deitaram a fugir=, _they began to flee_.
_f._ When the direct object of a verb is an infinitive, certain of
these verbs when signifying the beginning, continuation or cessation of
action, take =de= before that infinitive. These verbs are: =acabar=,
=arrancar=, =cessar=, =começar=, =continuar=, =deixar=, =tomar=,
=travar=. Example: =acabou de escrever=, _he has done writing_;
=comecei de= (_or_ =a=) =almoçar=, _I began to breakfast_.
SPECIAL USES OF VERBS
(See Exercise XXVIII, page 148)
=124.= _a._ To express existence in its various phases, besides
=estar= and =ser=, many verbs are used. Some of these are here
illustrated: =acho-me doente=, literally, _I find myself ill_;
=sinto-me envelhecido=, literally, _I feel myself grown old_; =viu-se
empobrecido=, literally, _he saw himself impoverished_; =anda alegre=,
literally, _he goes joyous_, that is, _he is happy_.
_b._ Certain verbs are combined to express movement and perception:
=ouvi cantar=, _I heard_ (_him_) _sing_; =vi sahir=, _I saw_ (_him_)
_go out_; =mandei fazer=, _I ordered made_; =fiz concertar=, _I had_
(_it_) _mended_.
_c._ When a participle is used as an adjective it is often followed
by =de=: =cercada e ornada de flores=, _surrounded and decorated with
flowers_. This is especially true of the verbs =acompanhar=, =seguir=,
=preceder=, =cercar=, =forrar=, =cobrir=, =pintar=, =fazer=, =vestir=.
Some grammarians explain the use of =de= in these instances as part of
elliptical phrases.
PERIPHRASTIC VERB PHRASES
(See Exercise XXIX, page 149)
=125.= The Portuguese has periphrastic active, and passive verb phrases
formed by the aid of auxiliaries. (See auxiliaries § 109).
_a._ _Periphrastic active phrases_ are made by placing the required
forms of =ter=, _to have_ (see page 79), before the perfect participle
masculine singular of the main verb: =tenho escrito a carta=, _I have
written the letter_.
=tenho escrito=, I have written
=tens escrito=, thou hast written
=tem escrito=, he (she) has written
=temos escrito=, we have written
_b._ _Periphrastic passive phrases_ are formed by the use of =ser= or
=estar=, _to be_, and the participle of the main verb which must agree
with the subject. (See notes on =ser= and =estar= on page 78.)
=Tenho sido transportado=, I have been carried
=José foi morto=, Jose was killed
=Maria estava molhada pela chuva=, Maria was wet by the rain
_c._ The active voice is often used where the passive would be used
in English. =Mandou preparar o jantar=, _he ordered dinner to be
prepared_. =Mandei trazer um livro=, _I ordered a book to be brought_.
=É de suppor=, =é de ver=, =é de crer= are all translatable only in
passive forms.
_d._ Progressive phrases are formed by the use of =estar=, _to be_,
=ficar=, _to remain_, =ir=, _to go_, and some others with the present
participle of the main verb. =Estou fallando=, _I am speaking_; =fica
sabendo que ----=, _know that ----_.
REFLEXIVE VERBS
(See Exercise XXX, page 150)
=126.= The reflexive verbs are conjugated by connecting the reflexive
pronouns =me=, =te=, =se=, =nos=, and =vos= with the verb: =não me
metto nisto=, _I do not meddle in this affair_; =vá se deitar=, _go lie
down_; =vá se embora=, _go away_:
_a._ A certain force and grace are sometimes imparted by the use of
reflexive forms even when the verb is intransitive. =Ella morre de
tristeza=, _she is dying of grief_, is grammatically correct, but =ella
se morre de tristeza= is a more expressive way to say the same thing
owing to the attention called to the subject by the use of =se=.
_b._ Certain verbs are much used in the reflexive sense: =queixar-se=,
_to complain_, and =arrepender-se=, _to repent_, are used only in the
reflexive forms; =despedir-se=, _to take leave_, and =calar-se=, _to
hush_, are used in both the active and reflexive forms, but the active
forms have different meanings.
_c._ Neuter or impersonal reflexives with =me=, =se=, etc., are
much used: =me dizem= or =dizem-me=, _they tell me_; =me parece= or
=parece-me=, _it seems to me_.
_d._ The reflexive verbs do not take as objects the pronouns =o=, =a=,
=os=, =as=.
IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE
(See Exercise XXXI, page 151)
=127.= Colloquially the imperative is not so much used as the
subjunctive which is used in its place. Thus =fale= (subj. pres.) =com
ella= would be used in place of =fala= (imper.) =com ella=, _speak to
her_; the latter is regarded as less polite, possibly because =fala=
has =tu= (understood) as its subject, while =fale= has for its subject
=o Senhor=, =você=, etc. For the same reason =tenha paciencia= (subj.),
_have patience_, is used in place of =tem paciencia= (imper.).[57]
=Preste= (not =presta=) =attenção=, _pay attention_.
_a._ It is especially to be noted that when there is a negative the
subjunctive should be used instead of the imperative: =não deva=, _you
ought not_ (not =não deve=); =não me fale= (subj.), _don’t talk to me_
(not =não me fala=, imperative).
_b._ One of the most common errors in Portuguese is the use of the
present indicative in place of the imperative (or subjunctive). The
following are examples: =Traz-me um copo d’agua=, should be =traze-me=
(_or_ =traga-me=) =um copo d’agua=, _fetch me a glass of water_; =diz a
seu pai que=, should be =dize a teu pai= (_or_ =diga a seu pai=) =que=,
_tell your father that_; =traduz este carta=, should be =traduze esta
carta=, _translate this letter_.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND THE INDICATIVE
=128.= In certain dependent sentences the subjunctive or the indicative
is used according to circumstances. When the fact is doubtful the
subjunctive is used, otherwise the indicative:
=É incerto que venha=, it is uncertain about his coming.
=É certo que vem=, it is certain that he is coming.
=Não conheço pintor que faça este quadro=, I know no painter who could
make this picture.
=Não conheço o pintor que fez este quadro= means: I do not know the
painter who made this picture.
=129.= When the adverb =talvez=, _perhaps_, precedes a verb it should
be subjunctive; when it follows the verb, it should be indicative:
=talvez seja isso exacto=, or =isso é talvez exacto=, _perhaps this_
(or _it_) _is so_.
=130.= Certain idiomatic expressions use the subjunctive with the
indefinite and relative pronouns as explained at § 102.
=131.= Similarly the subjunctive is used with =como=: =seja como for=,
_be that as it may_.
=132.= The subjunctive is sometimes used in the sense of a conjunction:
=estão ao alcance de todos os que as buscam, seja como estudo, seja
como curiosidade= (+Herculano+). _They are within the reach of all who
seek them whether for study or (as a mere matter of) curiosity._
PERSONAL INFINITIVE
(See Exercise XXXI, page 151)
=133.= The personal infinitive is an inflected form of the infinitive.
It is found in the oldest Portuguese writings, and it is likewise
different in use from anything in any other language.[58] Its use is
best explained by examples:
Impersonal: =comprei este livro para estudar=, _I bought this book (for
me) to study_.
Personal: =comprei este livro para estudardes=, _I bought this book
for you to study_. =O nosso mestre está contente por sabermos a
lição=, _our teacher is pleased because we know the lesson_. =Ficou
surprehendido de não estarem os soldados devidamente em ordem=, _he
was surprised that the soldiers were not duly in order_. =É preciso
comprarmos=, _it is necessary to buy (that we buy)_.
FOOTNOTES:
[34] On the ending =am= and =ão= see § 9_b_ foot-note and § 108.
[35] On the ending =am= and =ão= see § 9_b_ foot-note and § 108.
[36] The English _perfect_ tense is represented by the _imperfect_ and
_preterit_ of the Portuguese, and the discriminate use of these tenses
in the Portuguese is one of the greatest difficulties for English
speaking persons.
[37] Some grammarians call this the gerund.
[38] For its use in expressing the time of day see § 64.
[39] For meanings see § 109.
[40] =Ser= is an auxiliary only in the passive voice. It is called a
mixed verb on account of its being made up of different verbs: =sou=,
=somos= (Lat. _sum_, etc.); =era=, =eramos= (Lat. _eram_); =fui=,
=fomos= (Lat. _fui_); =serei=, =seria=, =seja= (Lat. _sedere_).
[41] Contracted to =hemos=, =heis=.
[42] This was formerly written =he=.
[43] Formerly written =sam=.
[44] See note on page 71 on the conditional and pluperfect.
[45] Contracted to =hia=, etc.
[46] Some grammarians regard =por= and its compounds as a fourth
conjugation.
[47] In these forms Bento José de Oliveira in his _Nova Gramatica
Portuguesa_, ed. of 1904, uses =u= instead of =o=, =os=:--=puseste=,
=pusera=, =pusesse=.
[48] In these forms Bento José de Oliveira in his _Nova Gramatica
Portuguesa_, ed. of 1904, uses =u= instead of =o=, =os=:--=puseste=,
=pusera=, =pusesse=.
[49] This is really a defective verb made up of parts of three
different verbs: =ir=, =irmos=, =irdes=, etc., from the Latin _ire_;
=vou=, =vaes=, =vão=, etc. from the Latin _vadere_; =fui=, =fosse=,
=fôr=, etc., from =fui= of the verb =ser=.
[50] =Remir= and =redimir= are forms of the same verb.
[51] The form =morto= is usurped from the verb =morrer=, _to die_.
[52] =Pagado= is now quite antiquated.
[53] Grammarians often give =escrevido= here as a regular participle
from =escrever=, but as a matter of fact the word is not used.
[54] Used only in the compound form =desabrido=.
[55] =Sepulto= used only in compound form =insepulto=.
[56] These verbs are sometimes called “unipersonal” in Portuguese, for
their forms are not always confined to the third person. For example,
=haver=, =ser=, and =fazer= and others have all the persons.
[57] One often hears =tenha a paciencia=, which is correct when the
sentence has a complement, as =tenha a paciencia de ler esta carta=.
[58] Bento José de Oliveira, in his _Nova Gramática Portuguesa_, 26_a_
ed. p. 46, says that the personal infinitive should be regarded as an
aorist form of the subjunctive.
VIII. THE INDECLINABLES
ADVERBS
(See Exercise XXXII, page 152)
=134.= Adverbs may be single words as =bem=, _well_, =logo=,[59]
_presently_, =cedo=, _early_.
_a._ Or they may be adverbial phrases such as the following: