pronouns. This is due in part, at least, to the somewhat different
usages in Portugal and Brazil. In Portugal, for example, they would
say: =espero que me faça o favor=, _I hope you can do me the favor_,
and =não se lembrou do recado=, _he did not remember the message_;
while in Brazil they might use these identical expressions or they
might say =espero que faça me o favor= and =não lembrou-se do recado=.
However, aside from the simple rules here given, the position of the
pronoun is a matter of phonetics rather than of rules of grammar.
VII. VERBS
=103.= The Portuguese verbs are either _transitive_ or _intransitive_,
_reflexive_, or _impersonal_. They have _voice_, _mood_, _tense_,
_number_, and _person_.
CONJUGATIONS
=104.= The verbs have three conjugations which are distinguished by the
endings of the infinitives.
+Example+
ENDING INFINITIVE MEANING
First conjugation: =-ar= =andar= to walk
Second conjugation: =-er= =receber= to receive
Third conjugation: =-ir= =punir= to punish
=105.= =Regular and Irregular Verbs.=--Those verbs which are conjugated
like one of the three types are called _regular_; those which are not
so conjugated, or lack some of the parts, are called _irregular_ verbs.
GENERAL TERMINATIONS OF THE REGULAR VERBS
(See Exercise XXI, page 141)
=106.= The following are the terminations of all the forms of the
regular verbs. These are to be added to the roots of the verbs, except
in the cases of the _future_ and _conditional_ of the indicative where
the infinitive is used as the root.
+Indicative Mood+
TENSES 1ST CONJUG. 2D CONJUG. 3D CONJUG.
{ =o= =o= =o=
{ =as= =es= =es=
_Present_ { =a= =e= =e=
{ =amos= =emos= =imos=
{ =aes= =eis= =is=
{ =am=[34] =em= =em=
{ =ava= =ia= =ia=
{ =avas= =ias= =ias=
_Imperfect_ { =ava= =ia= =ia=
{ =avamos= =iamos= =iamos=
{ =aveis= =ieis= =ieis=
{ =avam=[34] =iam= =iam=
{ =ei= =i= =i=
{ =aste= =este= =iste=
_Preterit_ { =ou= =eu= =iu=
{ =amos= =emos= =imos=
{ =astes= =estes= =istes=
{ =áram=[34] =êram= =iram=
{ =ei= =ei= =ei=
{ =ás= =ás= =ás=
_Future_ { =á= =á= =á=
{ =emos= =emos= =emos=
{ =eis= =eis= =eis=
{ =ão=[34] =ão= =ão=
The future endings are added to the _infinitive_.
{ =ia= =ia= =ia=
{ =ias= =ias= =ias=
_Conditional_ { =ia= =ia= =ia=
{ =íamos= =íamos= =íamos=
{ =ieis= =ieis= =ieis=
{ =iam= =iam= =iam=
The conditional endings are added to the _infinitive_.
{ =ara= =era= =ira=
{ =aras= =eras= =iras=
_Pluperfect_ { =ara= =era= =ira=
{ =aramos= =eramos= =iramos=
{ =areis= =ereis= =iraes=
{ =aram=[35] =eram= =iram=
+Subjunctive Mood+
{ =e= =a= =a=
{ =es= =as= =as=
_Present_ { =e= =a= =a=
{ =emos= =ámos= =âmos=
{ =eis= =aes= =aes=
{ =em= =am= =am=
{ =asse= =esse= =isse=
{ =asses= =esses= =isses=
_Imperfect_ { =asse= =esse= =isse=
{ =assemos= =êssemos= =issemos=
{ =asseis= =esseis= =isseis=
{ =assem= =essem= =issem=
{ =ar= =er= =ir=
{ =ares= =eres= =ires=
_Future_ { =ar= =er= =ir=
{ =armos= =ermos= =irmos=
{ =ardes= =erdes= =irdes=
{ =arem= =erem= =irem=
+Imperative Mood+
_Present_ { =a= =e= =e=
{ =ae= =ei= =i=
+Infinitive+
_Impersonal_ =ar= =er= =ir=
{ =ar= =er= =ir=
{ =ares= =eres= =ires=
_Personal_ { =ar= =er= =ir=
{ =armos= =ermos= =irmos=
{ =ardes= =erdes= =irdes=
{ =arem= =erem= =irem=
+Participles+
_Pres. Part._ =ando= =endo= =indo=
_Past Part._ =ado= =ido= =ido=
MODEL VERBS
=107.= The tone vowels in this table are indicated by italics.
+Indicative+
{ =f_a_lo= (I speak) =d_e_vo= (I owe) =p_a_rto= (I depart)
{ =f_a_las= =d_e_ves= =p_a_rtes=
_Present_ { =f_a_la= =d_e_ve= =p_a_rte=
{ =fal_a_mos= =dev_e_mos= =part_i_mos=
{ =fal_a_es= =dev_e_is= =part_i_s=
{ =f_a_lam= =d_e_vem= =p_a_rtem=
{ =fal_a_va= =dev_i_a= =part_i_a=
(I spoke or (I owed (I departed
was speaking) or was owing) or was departing)
{ =fal_a_vas= =dev_i_as= =part_i_as=
_Imperfect_ { =fal_a_va= =dev_i_a= =part_i_a=
[36] { =fal_a_vamos= =dev_i_amos= =part_i_amos=
{ =fal_a_veis= =dev_i_eis= =part_i_eis=
{ =fal_a_vam= =dev_i_am= =part_i_am=
{ =fal_ei_= =dev_i_= =part_i_=
(I spoke or (I owed) (I departed)
have spoken)
{ =fal_a_ste= =dev_e_ste= =part_i_ste=
_Preterit_ { =fal_ou_= =dev_eu_= =part_iu_=
[36] { =fal_á_mos= =dev_e_mos= =part_i_mos=
{ =fal_a_stes= =dev_e_stes= =part_i_stes=
{ =fal_a_ram= =dev_e_ram= =part_i_ram=
{ =falar_e_i= =dever_e_i= =partir_e_i=
(I shall speak) (I shall owe) (I shall depart)
{ =falar_á_s= =dever_á_s= =partir_á_s=
_Future_ { =falar_á_= =dever_á_= =partir_á_=
{ =falar_e_mos= =dever_e_mos= =partir_e_mos=
{ =falar_e_is= =dever_e_is= =partir_e_is=
{ =falar_ão_= =dever_ão_= =partir_ão_=
{ =falar_i_a= =dever_i_a= =partir_i_a=
(I should or (I should or (I should or
would speak) would owe) would depart)
{ =falar_i_as= =dever_i_as= =partir_i_as=
_Conditional_ { =falar_i_a= =dever_i_a= =partir_i_a=
{ =falar_i_amos= =dever_i_amos= =partir_i_amos=
{ =falar_i_eis= =dever_i_eis= =partir_i_eis=
{ =falar_i_am= =dever_i_am= =partir_i_am=
{ =fal_á_ra= =dev_ê_ra= =part_í_ra=
(I had spoken) (I had owed) (I had departed)
{ =fal_á_ras= =dev_ê_ras= =part_í_ras=
_Pluperfect_ { =fal_á_ra= =dev_ê_ra= =part_í_ra=
{ =fal_á_ramos= =dev_ê_ramos= =part_í_ramos=
{ =fal_á_reis= =dev_ê_reis= =part_í_reis=
{ =fal_á_ram= =dev_ê_ram= =part_í_ram=
+Subjunctive+
The subjunctive is to be translated into English according to the
context, by _may_, _can_, _must_, _might_, _could_, _would_, and
_should_. When it is used in place of the imperative it is translated
as a command or request.
{ =f_a_le= =d_e_va= =p_a_rta=
(I may speak) (I may owe) (I may depart)
{ =f_a_les= =d_e_vas= =p_a_rtas=
_Present_ { =f_a_le= =d_e_va= =p_a_rta=
{ =f_a_lemos= =dev_á_mos= =p_a_rtamos=
{ =f_a_leis= =d_e_vaes= =p_a_rtaes=
{ =f_a_lem= =d_e_vam= =p_a_rtam=
{ =fal_a_sse= =dev_e_sse= =part_i_sse=
(I should speak) (I should owe) (I should depart)
{ =fal_a_sses= =dev_e_sses= =part_i_sses=
_Imperfect_ { =fal_a_sse= =dev_e_sse= =part_i_sse=
{ =fal_a_ssemos= =dev_ê_ssemos= =part_i_ssemos=
{ =fal_a_sseis= =dev_e_sseis= =part_i_sseis=
{ =fal_a_ssem= =dev_e_ssem= =part_i_ssem=
{ =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
(I should speak) (I should owe) (I should depart)
{ =fal_a_res= =dev_e_res= =part_i_res=
_Future_ { =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
{ =fal_a_rmos= =dev_e_rmos= =part_i_rmos=
{ =fal_a_rdes= =dev_e_rdes= =part_i_rdes=
{ =fal_a_rem= =dev_e_rem= =part_i_rem=
+Imperative+
_Present_ { =f_a_la= (speak) =d_e_ve= (owe) =p_a_rte= (depart)
{ =f_a_lae= (_pl._) =d_e_vei= =p_a_rti=
+Infinitive+
_Impersonal_ { =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
(to speak) (to owe) (to depart)
{ =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
{ =fal_a_res= =dev_e_res= =part_i_res=
_Personal_ { =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
{ =fal_a_rmos= =dev_e_rmos= =part_i_rmos=
{ =fal_a_rdes= =dev_e_rdes= =part_i_rdes=
{ =fal_a_rem= =dev_e_rem= =part_i_rem=
+Participles+
_Pres. Part._[37] =fal_a_ndo= (speaking)
=dev_e_ndo= (owing)
=part_i_ndo= (departing)
_Past Part._ =fal_a_do= (spoken)
=dev_i_do= (owed)
=part_i_do= (departed)
OBSERVATIONS ON THE REGULAR VERBS
(See Exercise XXII, page 142)
=108.= Formerly the third person plural of the indicative present of
the first conjugation ended in =ão=; now it is written =am=; only the
future indicative retains the =ão= ending except in short words where
the =ão= is the predominant sound as =são=, =dão=, =hão=.
The following changes (_a._ to _g._) are required by the necessity of
preserving the hard or soft sounds.
Verbs ending in
_a._ =car= change the =c= to =qu= before =e=: =arrancar=, pret.
=arranquei=, pres. sub. =arranque=; =ficar=, pret. =fiquei=.
_b._ =gar= change the =g= to =gu= before =e=: =apagar=, =apague=;
=jogar=, =jogue=; =cegar=, pret. =ceguei=; =julgar=, pret. =julguei=.
_c._ =ger= and =gir= change the =g= to =j= before =o= and =a=:
=abranger=, =abranjo=; =fugir=, =fujo=, =fuja=.
_d._ =guer= and =guir= drop the =u= before =a= and =o=: =erguer=,
=ergo=; =distinguir=, =distingo= (except =arguir=).
_e._ =çar= drop the cedilla before =e=: =alcançar=, =alcance=.
_f._ =cer= change =c= to =ç= before =a= and =o=: =adoecer=, =adoeço=,
=adoeça=.
_g._ In the third conjugation verbs that have =u= in the final
syllables change it to =o= in the present:
=consume=, 3d per. =consome=
=destruo=, ” ” =destroe=
=acudo=, ” ” =acode=
=fujo=, ” ” =foge=
=cuspo=, ” ” =cospe=
=engulo=, ” ” =engole=
=tusso=, ” ” =tosse=
=bulo=, ” ” =bole=
=cubro=, ” ” =cobre=
=subo=, ” ” =sobe=
=sumo=, ” ” =some=
Analogous changes are made in the first person of the present
indicative of the following: =dormir= becomes =durmo=; =servir=,
=sirvo=; =seguir=, =sigo=; =impedir= (formerly =impido=, now) =impeço=.
AUXILIARY VERBS
(See Exercise XXIII, page 143)
=109.= The principal auxiliary verbs are =ter=, _to have_, and =haver=,
=ser=, and =estar=, _to be_. These verbs, however, are not used
exclusively as auxiliaries, while other verbs are often used as such,
especially =andar= and =ir=, _to go_, and =vir=, _to come_. =Ando
procurando uma casa=, _I am looking for a house_.
_a._ =Ter= and =haver= when used with an infinitive require the
preposition =de=: =tenho de escrever=, or =hei de escrever=, _I have
to write_. In such uses of these verbs, =ter= shows that the thing is
done by necessity, as =temos de morrer=, _we must die_; while =haver=
is used to indicate that it will be done with certainty, or the
resolution to do it.
=Ter= sometimes means _to have_ in the sense of possession, as =tenho
um cavallo=, _I have a horse_; =teve razão=, _he had reason_ or _he
was right_, but it is also used as an auxiliary verb just as it is in
English.
_b._ These particular auxiliaries are often used in place of the
regular future forms of the verbs: =hei-de ir= for =irei=, =ha-de ir=
for =irá=, etc. The hyphen is not always used before the =de=; it may
be written =ha de ir=.
_c._ In the use of =haver= with the preposition =de= the latter is
joined to the verb form: =hei-de escrever=; =hão-de dizer=.
_d._ In general =ter= is used more than =haver=.
_e._ When =andar= is used as an auxiliary it is either followed by
the present participle of another verb or by =a= and the infinitive,
and conveys the idea that the subject of the first verb constantly
practises the action implied by the second: =José anda vadeando= or
=José anda a vadear= means that _Jose is idling constantly_.
_f._ The verbs =ir= and =vir= followed by the present participle of
another verb expresses the gradual realization of the action of the
second verb: =vou acabando=, _I am gradually finishing_, _I am nearing
the end_.
_g._ The verb =ir= followed by the infinitive expresses immediate
future action: =vou passear=, _I am going to take a walk_.
_h._ =Haver= is generally defined as meaning _to have_, but in the
third person it is more nearly equivalent to the verb _to be_. For
example: =não ha agua=, _there is no water_; =houve um temporal=,
_there was a storm_; =se houvesse tempo=, _if there were time_.
_i._ =Ser= means _to be_ in a permanent sense: =sou Americano=, _I
am an American_. It is used as an auxiliary, but only in the passive
voice: =a terra é cultivada=, _the land is cultivated_.[38]
_j._ =Estar= means _to be_, in a transitory or temporary sense: =estou
aqui=, _I am here_; =estou com fome=, _I am hungry_; =estou doente=, _I
am ill_; but =sou doente= means _I am ill beyond recovery_, that is, _I
am an invalid_. =Estou cego=, _I am blind_ (temporarily); =sou cego=,
_I am blind_ (permanently).
_k._ =Estar= is sometimes used to indicate nearness in point of time
where =ser= indicates remoteness, as =elle está morto= means _he has
just died_, whereas =elle é morto= implies that _he died long ago_.
Sometimes either =ser= or =estar= can be used with equal propriety as:
=é claro que= or =está claro que=, _it is evident that_....
_l._ The verb =estar= followed by the preposition =a= or =para= and
an infinitive means that the action of the second verb is to take
place shortly: =Carlos está para casar=, _Charles is on the point of
marrying_; =o vapor está a partir=, _the steamer is about to start_.
_m._ =Estar a= indicates an act in process at the time of the remark:
=ha mais de meia hora está aquelle menino a chorar=, _for more than
half an hour that boy has been crying_.
_n._ =Vir= followed by the preposition =a= and an infinitive expresses
the same idea as would be expressed by the second verb and =por
fim=: =estas palavras veem a significar or estas palavras por fim
significam=, _in the end these words mean_, or _these words amount to_.
_o._ The English auxiliary _do_ has no equivalent in Portuguese.
+Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verbs+
=Ter=[39] =Haver=[39] =Ser=[40] =Estar=[39]
_to have_ _to be_ _to be_ _to be_
_to have_
+Indicative+
{ =tenho= (I have) =hei= =sou= (I am) =estou= (I am)
{ =tens= =has= =és= =estas=
{ =tem= =ha= =é=[42] =está=
_Present_ { =temos= =havemos=[41] =somos= =estamos=
{ =tendes= =haveis= =sois= =estaes=
{ =têm= =hão= =são=[43] =estão=
{ =tinha= (I had) =havia= =era= (I was) =estava= (I was)
{ =tinhas= =havias= =eras= =estavas=
{ =tinha= =havia= =era= =estava=
_Imperfect_ { =tinhamos= =haviamos= =éramos= =estavamos=
{ =tinheis= =havieis= =ereis= =estaveis=
{ =tinham= =haviam= =eram= =estavam=
{ =tive= (I had) =houve= =fui= (I was) =estive= (I was)
{ =tiveste= =houveste= =foste= =estiveste=
{ =teve= =houve= =foi= =esteve=
_Preterit_ { =tivemos= =houvemos= =fomos= =estivemos=
{ =tivestes= =houvestes= =fostes= =estivestes=
{ =tiveram= =houveram= =foram= =estiveram=
{ =terei= =haverei= =serei= =estarei=
{ =terás= =haverás= =serás= =estarás=
_Future_ { =terá= =haverá= =será= =estará=
{ =teremos= =haveremos= =seremos= =estaremos=
{ =tereis= =havereis= =sereis= =estareis=
{ =terão= =haverão= =serão= =estarão=
{ =teria= =haveria=[45] =seria= =estaria=
{ =terias= =haverias= =serias= =estarias=
_Conditional_[44] { =teria= =haveria= =seria= =estaria=
{ =teriamos= =haveriamos= =seriamos= =estariamos=
{ =terieis= =haverieis= =serieis= =estarieis=
{ =teriam= =haveriam= =seriam= =estariam=
{ =tivera= =houvera= =fôra= =estivera=
{ =tiveras= =houveras= =fôras= =estiveras=
_Pluperfect_[44] { =tivera= =houvera= =fôra= =estivera=
{ =tiveramos= =houvéramos= =foramos= =estiveramos=
{ =tivereis= =houvereis= =foreis= =estivereis=
{ =tiveram= =houveram= =foram= =estiveram=
+Subjunctive+
{ =tenha= =haja= =seja= =esteja=
{ =tenhas= =hajas= =sejas= =estejas=
_Present_ { =tenha= =haja= =seja= =esteja=
{ =tenhamos= =hajamos= =sejamos= =estejamos=
{ =tenhaes= =hajaes= =sejaes= =estejaes=
{ =tenham= =hajam= =sejam= =estejam=
{ =tivesse= =houvesse= =fosse= =estivesse=
{ =tivesses= =houvesses= =fosses= =estivesses=
_Imperfect_ { =tivesse= =houvesse= =fosse= =estivesse=
{ =tivessemos= =houvessemos= =fossemos= =estivessemos=
{ =tivesseis= =houvesseis= =fosseis= =estivesseis=
{ =tivessem= =houvessem= =fossem= =estivessem=
{ =tiver= =houver= =fôr= =estiver=
{ =tiveres= =houveres= =fôres= =estiveres=
_Future_ { =tiver= =houver= =fôr= =estiver=
{ =tivermos= =houvermos= =fôrmos= =estivermos=
{ =tiverdes= =houverdes= =fôrdes= =estiverdes=
{ =tiverem= =houverem= =fôrem= =estiverem=
+Imperative+
_Present_ { (_sing._) =tem= =ha= =sê= =esta=
{ (_pl._) =tende= =havei= =sêde= =estae=
+Infinitive+
_Impersonal_ } =ter= =haver= =ser= =estar=
{ =ter= =haver= =ser= =estar=
{ =teres= =haveres= =seres= =estares=
_Personal_ { =ter= =haver= =ser= =estar=
{ =termos= =havermos= =sermos= =estarmos=
{ =terdes= =haverdes= =serdes= =estardes=
{ =terem= =haverem= =serem= =estarem=
+Participles+
_Pres. Part._ =tendo= =havendo= =sendo= =estando=
_Past Part._ =tido= =havido= =sido= =estado=
IRREGULAR VERBS
(See Exercise XXIV, page 144)
=110.= Some of the irregular verbs are so nearly regular that they are
omitted from the following reference list of the verbs most commonly
regarded as irregular. Such are verbs ending in =ahir= and =air=. These
follow the succeeding models in the Present Indicative and Subjunctive
but are otherwise regular.
=Sahir=, _to go out_ =Esvair=, _to disperse_
+Indicative Present+ +Indicative Present+
=saio= =esvaio=
=saes= =esvais=
=sae= =esvae=
=sahimos= =esvaimos=
=sahis= =esvais=
=saem= =esváem=
+Subjunctive Present+ +Subjunctive Present+
=saia= =esvaia=
=saias= =esvais=
=saia= =esvaia=
=saiâmos= =esvaiâmos=
=saiaes= =esvaiaes=
=saiam= =esváiam=
_a._ +Note.+--The verbs =sahir=, =cahir=, and their compounds are
generally written with =h= in those forms in which the =sa= and =ca=
are followed by accented =i= or =ir=, in which cases the =h= is used to
indicate that the =a= and =i= do not form diphthongs.
_b._ Verbs ending in =uzir= take =uz= instead of =use= in the third
person of the present indicative: =produzir=, _to produce_, =produz=;
=reluzir=, _to shine_, =reluz=.
Reference List of the Irregular Parts of Irregular Verbs
=111.= +FIRST CONJUGATION+
=Dar=, _to give_.
_Indic. Pres._ =dou=, =das=, =da=, =damos=, =daes=, =dão=.
_Pret._ =dei=, =deste=, =deu=, =demos=, =destes=, =déram=.
_Plup._ =déra=, =déras=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =dê=, =dês=, =dê=, =dêmos=, =deis=, =dêem=.
_Imp._ =désse=, =désses=, etc.
_Fut._ =dér=, =déres=, =dér=, =dermos=, =derdes=, =derem=.
=112.= +SECOND CONJUGATION+
=Caber=, _to hold_, _contain_.
_Indic. Pres._ =caibo=, =cabes=, =cabe=, =cabemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =coube=, =coubeste=, =coube=, =coubemos=, etc.
_Plup._ =coubera=, =couberas=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =caiba=, =caibas=, =caibâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =coubesse=, =coubesses=, etc.
_Fut._ =couber=, =couberes=, etc.
=Crer=, _to believe_.
_Indic. Pres._ =creio=, =crês=, =crê=, =cremos=, =credes=, =creem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =creia=, =creias=, =creia=, =creiamos=, =creiaes=,
=creiam=.
_Imperative._ =crê=, =crede=.
=Dizer=, _to say_.
_Indic. Pres._ =digo=, =dizes=, =diz=, =dizemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =disse=, =disseste=, =dissemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =direi=, =diras=, =dirá=, etc.
_Condit._ =diria=, =dirias=, etc.
_Plup._ =dissera=, =disseras=, =disseramos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =diga=, =digas=, =digâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =dissesse=, =dissesses=, =disséssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =dissér=, =disséres=, etc.
_Pres. Part._ =dito=.
+Note.+--The following compounds of =dizer= are conjugated in the same
way: =bemdizer=, =condizer=, =contradizer=, =maldizer= and =predizer=.
=Estar=, _to be_, see page 79.
=Fazer=, _to do_, _to make_ (Lat. _facere_).
_Indic. Pres._ =faço=, =fazes=, =faz=, =fazemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =fiz=, =fizeste=, =fez=, =fizemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =farei=, =farás=, =fará=, etc.
_Condit._ =faria=, =farias=, =faria=, =fariamos=, etc.
_Plup._ =fizera=, =fizeras=, =fizéramos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =faça=, =faças=, =faça=, =façâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =fizesse=, =fizesses=, =fizesse=, =fizéssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =fizer=, =fizeres=, etc.
_Past Part._ =feito=.
+Note.+--The following compounds of =fazer= are similarly conjugated:
=afazer=, =contrafazer=, =desfazer=, =perfazer=, =refazer=, and
=satisfazer=.
=Haver=, see page 79.
=Jazer=, _to lie_, _to repose_.
_Indic. Pres._ =jazo=, =jazes=, =jaz=, =jazemos=, =jazeis=, =jazem=.
_Pret._ =jouve= (_antiquated_).
=Ler=, _to read_.
_Indic. Pres._ =leio=, =lés=, =lê=, =lemos=, =ledes=, =leem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =leia=, =leias=, =leia=, =leiamos=, =leiais=, =leiam=.
=Perder=, _to lose_.
_Indic. Pres._ =perco=, =perdes=, =perde=, =perdemos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =perca=, =percas=, =perca=, =percamos=, etc.
=Poder=, _to be able_.
_Indic. Pres._ =posso=, =podes=, =póde=, =podêmos=, etc.
_Pret._ =pude=, =podeste=, =pôde= or =poude=, =podémos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =possa=, =possas=, =possa=, =possâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =podesse=, =podesses=, =podesse=, etc.
_Fut._ =poder=, =poderes=, etc.
The Imperative of this verb is wanting.
=Por=, _to put_, _to place_.
This word and its compounds have the peculiar infinitive ending
=or=;[46] it is, however, only a modification of its ancient form
=poer=.
_Indic. Pres._ =ponho=, =pões=, =põe=, =pômos=, =pondes=, =põem=.
_Pret._ =pus=, =poseste=, =pôs=, =posémos=, =posesetes=,
=pozeram=.[47]
_Fut._ =porei=, =porás=, =porá=, =poremos=, =poreis=, =porão=.
_Imper._ =punha=, =punhas=, =punha=, =punhamas=, =punheis=,
=punham=.
_Condit._ =poria=, =porias=, =poria=, =poriamos=, etc.
_Plup._ =posera=, =poseras=, etc.[48]
_Subj. Pres._ =ponha=, =ponhas=, =ponhamos=, etc.
_Imp._ =posesse=, =posesses=, =posessemos=, etc.[48]
_Fut._ =poser=, =poseres=, =posermos=, etc.
_Pres. Part._ =pondo=.
_Past Part._ =pôsto=.
Similarly are conjugated the compounds =antepôr=, =oppôr=, =compôr=,
=contrapôr=, =dispôr=, =impôr=, etc.
=Prazer=, _to please_ (Impersonal).
_Indic. Pres._ =praz=.
_Pret._ =prouve=.
_Plup._ =prouvera=.
_Subj. Imp._ =prouvesse=.
_Fut._ =prouvera=.
=Querer=, _to wish_.
_Indic. Pres._ =quero=, =queres=, =quer=, =queremos=, etc.
_Pret._ =quis=, =quiseste=, =quis=, =quisemos=, etc., _or_
=quiz=, =quizeste=, =quiz=, =quizemos=, etc.
_Plup._ =quisera=, =quiseras=, =quiseramos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =queira=, =queiras=, =queirâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =quisesse=, =quisesses=, =quiséssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =quiser=, =quiseres=, =quisermos=, etc.
This verb has no Imperative form and the Subjunctive is used in its
stead.
=Requerer=, _to request_.
_Indic. Pres._ =requeiro=, =requeres=, =requer=, =requeremos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =requeiras=, etc.
_Imperative._ =requere=, =requerei=.
=Saber=, _to know_.
_Indic. Pres._ =sei=, =sabes=, =sabe=, =sabemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =soube=, =soubeste=, =soube=, =soubémos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =saiba=, =saibas=, =saibâmos=, =saibaes=, etc.
_Imp._ =soubesse=, =soubesses=, =soubessemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =souber=, =souberes=, etc.
=Ser=, _to be_. See page 79.
=Ter=, _to have_. See page 79.
The following compounds of =ter= are similarly conjugated: =abster=,
=ater=, =center=, =deter=, =entreter=, =manter=, =obster=, =reter=, and
=suster=.
=Trazer=, _to bring_.
_Indic. Pres._ =trago=, =trazes=, =traz=, =trazemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =trouxe=, =trouxeste=, =trouxemos=, etc.
_Plup._ =trouxera=, =trouxeras=, =trouxéramos=, etc.
_Fut._ =trarei=, =trarás=, =trará=, etc.
_Condit._ =traria=, =trarias=, =trariamos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =traga=, =tragas=, =tragamos=, =tragaes=, etc.
_Imp._ =trouxesse=, =trouxesses=, =trouxessemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =trouxer=, =trouxeres=, etc.
=Valer=, _to be worth_.
_Indic. Pres._ =valho=, =vales=, =vale=, =valemos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =valha=, =valhas=, =valhâmos=, =valhaes=, etc.
=Ver=, _to see_ (Lat. _videre_).
_Indic. Pres._ =vejo=, =vês=, =vê=, =vêmos=, =vêdes=, =vêem=.
_Pret._ =vi=, =viste=, =viu=, =vimos=, =vistes=, =viram=.
_Plup._ =vira=, =viras=, =viramos=, =vireis=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =veja=, =vejas=, =vejâmos=, =vejaes=, etc.
_Imp._ =visse=, =visses=, =vissemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =vir=, =vires=, =virmos=, etc.
_Past Part._ =visto=.
Similarly conjugated are the compounds =antever=, =entrever=, =prever=
and =rever=.
=113.= +THIRD CONJUGATION+
=Despedir=, =Expedir=. See =Pedir= below.
=Frigir=, _to fry_.
_Indic. Pres._ =frijo=, =friges=, =frege=, =frigimos=, =frigis=,
=fregem=.
_Past Part._ =frigido= and =frito=.
=Ir=,[49] _to go_.
_Indic. Pres._ =vou=, =vaes=, =vae=, =vamos= or =imos=, =ides=, =vão=.
_Pret._ =fui=, =foste=, =foi=, =fômos=, =fostes=, =fôram=.
_Fut._ =irei=, =iras=, =irá=, =iremos=, =ireis=, =irão=.
_Imp._ =ia=, =ias=, =ia=, =iamos=, =ieis=, =iam=.
_Condit._=iria=, =irias=, =iria=, =iriamos=, etc.
_Plup._ =fôra=, =fôras=, =fôra=, =fôramos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =vá=, =vás=, =vá=, =vâmos=, =vades=, =vão=.
_Imp._ =fôsse=, =fôsses=, =fôsse=, =fôssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =fôr=, =fôres=, =fôr=, etc.
_Imper. Pres._ =vae=, =ide=.
_Pres. Part._ =indo=.
_Past Part._ =ido=.
=Medir=, _to measure_.
_Indic. Pres._ =meço=, =medes=, =mede=, =medemos=, =medem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =meça=, =meças=, =meça=, =meçamos=, etc.