=ante-hontem=, day before yesterday
=as cegas=, blindly
=as escuras=, darkly
=até aqui=, thus far
=a toda hora=, hourly
=a torto e direito=, right and left
=a vista=, at sight
=com effeito=, indeed
=d’aqui a pouco=, shortly
=d’aqui em diante=, henceforth
=de dia=, by day
=de longe=, afar
=de noite=, by night
=de nenhuma sorte=, by no means
=de perto=, near by
=de repente=, suddenly
=de chofre=, suddenly, unexpectedly
=de tarde=, in the afternoon
=de vez em quando=, from time to time
=em fim=, finally
=em seguida=, one after another
=em vão=, in vain
=hoje em dia=, nowadays (_popular_)
=para sempre=, forever
=pelo menos=, at least
=por baixo=, below
=por cima=, above
=por em quanto=, meantime
=pouco mais ou menos=, a little more or less
=quando muito=, at most
_b._ The following are composite forms: =depois= (=de= and =pois=),
_afterwards_; =quiça=, _perhaps_, (abbreviation of =quem sabe=, _who
knows_); =tambem= (=tão= and =bem=), _also_; =tampouco= or =tão pouco=.
Example: =elle não quiz e eu tão pouco=, _he didn’t want it, and
neither did I_.
_c._ Many adverbs are formed by adding =mente= to a feminine adjective.
The =mente= is usually to be translated by the English ending _ly_;
=escuramente=, _darkly_; =propriamente=, _properly_.
_d._ When two or more adjectives ending in =mente= follow each other
this termination is used with the last and is understood for the
others: =justa e propriamente=, _justly and properly_.
_e._ Some adverbs have the same forms as the masculine adjectives:
such are =alto=, =baixo=, =barato=, =certo=, =claro=, =conforme=, and
=muito=: =falar baixo=, _to speak low_; =comprou barato=, _he bought
cheaply_.
_f._ =Que= is an adverb when used to modify an adjective, and can be
substituted by =como=, =quão= or =quanto=: =que bella é a noite=, _how
fine the night is_.
_g._ =Eis=, best translated _behold_, is a demonstrative adverb: =eis
Lisboa!= _behold Lisbon!_ =Eis o homem!= _behold the man!_ =Eis
que=, =eis-aqui=, =eis-ahi=, and =eis-alli= are all used in directing
attention. With the objective of the personal pronouns it forms
enclitics: =eil-o=, =eil-os=, _see him_, _see them_.
_h._ Adverbs are sometimes used after certain verbs where English
requires adjectives. These verbs are: =estar=, =ficar=, =permanecer=,
=sair=, =continuar=. The following expressions are good Portuguese:
=Este negocio parece-me bom= or =parece-me bem=, _this business seems
to me to be good_. =Estou bem= or =estou bom= (_or_ =boa=), _I am
well_. =Está bem=, _he is well off_ (financially).
=135.= _a._ _Special cases._--=Aqui=, _here_, _in this place_, is
associated with the first person. =Por aqui=, _this way_; =d’aqui=,
_hence_, =d’aqui a tres dias=, _three days hence_; =d’aqui em diante=,
_henceforth_, _from now on_.
_b._ =Cá=, _here_, is also associated with the first person: =vem cá=,
_come here_. It is also used with the first person for emphasis: =eu cá
me entendo=, _I (here) know what I am about_.
_c._ =Ahi= is associated with the second person and refers to a fixed
place near the speaker: =bote ahi=, _put it just there_.
_d._ =Ali= is associated with the third person and refers to a more
distant and fixed place.
_e._ =Muito= when used in comparisons may mean either _very_ or _too_;
=muito longe= may be either _very far_ or _too far_, according to the
context.
_f._ =Sim=, _yes_, is used after =que= in indirect discourse to mean
_so_ or _just so_; =creio que sim=, _I believe so_; =acho que sim=, _I
find it so_, or _I think so_.
_g._ =Sim= and =não= as replies are rarely used alone, but in polite
conversation are accompanied by =Senhor= or =Senhora=.
_h._ Where _yes_ would be used in English, in Portuguese the verb used
is ordinarily repeated or =é= is used. =Está prompto?= _Are you ready?_
=Estou=, _I am_. =Viu o vapor?= _Did you see the steamer?_ =Vi=, or
=vi-o=, _I saw it_.
_i._ =Nada= is sometimes used as an emphatic _no_, as explained in §
136.
_j._ =Mesmo= is used for emphasis in connection with the adverbs =ahi=,
=aqui=, etc.: =ahi mesmo=, _in that very spot_.
_k._ =D’ahi por diante= or =d’ahi em diante=, _from that time on_.
_l._ =Lá em cima=, _up there_; =lá em baixo=, _down there_.
_m._ =Aonde=, _where_, _whither_, indicates motion toward, and =donde=,
_whence_, motion from a place; =onde estou, donde venho, e aonde vou=,
_where I am, whence I come, and whither I go_.
_n._ =Para onde=, _whither_; =para baixo=, _downward_; =para traz=,
_backward_.
_o._ =Por onde=, _which way_; =por baixo=, _beneath_; =por detraz=,
_behind_.
_p._ The English _ago_ is expressed by the use of the impersonal verb
=ha=, from =haver= (§ 109): =ha um anno=, _a year ago_.
_q._ _Just_, and _just now_ are expressed by the use of the verbs
=acabar= and =chegar=, and by the adverbs =ainda agora=: as =acabou
de jantar=, _he has just dined_; and =ainda agora jantou=, _he has
just now dined_. =Agorinha=, a diminutive form of =agora=, _now_, is
similarly used and shortens the time past.
_r._ _There_ is expressed by =ali= (_or_ =alli=), =lá=, and =acolá=.
=Lá= and =acolá= are associated with the third person, and refer to
places distant but not precise. =Bote lá=, _put it there_, i. e.,
_somewhere there_. =Digo a um vae acolá, e elle vae; e a outro vem cá,
e elle vem=, _I say to one go there and he goes, and to another come
here and he comes_.
_s._ It often happens that a single English word can be rendered
in Portuguese only by an adverbial phrase; such are _somewhat_ and
_somewhere_. =Um tanto indisposto=, _somewhat ill_; =em alguma outra
parte=, _somewhere else_.
=Algures= is sometimes, but not often, used for _somewhere_.
NEGATION
(See Exercise XXXIII, page 153)
=136.= The adverbs of simple negation are:
=não=, no, not: =não estudei=, I have not studied
=nem=, neither, nor: =nem um nem outro=, neither the one nor the other
=nunca=, never: =nunca vi=, I have never seen: =nunca mais=, never
more
=jamais=, never: =nunca jamais o saberá=, you will never know it
=nada=, nothing. (Though commonly a noun this word is sometimes used
as an adverb of emphatic negation: =vai a cidade?= _are you going to
the city?_ =Nada!= _decidedly not!_)
The expression =pois não=, literally, _why not_, is sometimes an
affirmative, equivalent to _certainly_, but it is sometimes a negative.
The meaning in these cases is determined by the intonation.
=Pois sim= is similarly an affirmation or negation according to
intonation.
=137.= =Double or Emphatic Negative.=--Two negatives are used for the
purpose of strengthening the negation, and are not, as in English,
equivalent to an affirmative. =Não sei nada disso=, _I know nothing
about it_, is correct Portuguese; likewise are such expressions as =não
sei não=; =não tenho nada=; =não ha nada=; =não conheço ninguem=; =não
devemos nunca=.
INTERROGATION
(See Exercise XXXIII, page 153)
=138.= There is no special arrangement of words for asking a question.
That a question is asked is indicated colloquially by the tone of the
voice, or, when written, it is shown by the use of the interrogation
mark. =Este livro é meu= may mean _is this book mine?_ in which case
the interrogation mark would be used, or it may mean _this book is
mine_.
There are certain words, however, which in themselves sometimes, but
not always, imply questions, such as =quanto= or =quanta=, _how much_;
=quantos= or =quantas=, _how many_; =porque=, _why_ or _because_;
=como=, _how_ or _as_, and =qual=, _which_. The expression =não é
assim?= _is it not so?_ and =não acha?= _don’t you find it so?_ refer
to a preceding sentence or idea and are equivalent to the French
_n’est-ce pas?_ or the German _nicht wahr?_
PREPOSITIONS
(See Exercise XXXIV, page 154)
=139.= Prepositions are either single, as =a=, _to_, =até=, _until_;
or they are prepositional phrases: =cerca de=, _about_, =antes de=,
_before_ (in time).
The prepositions =de= and =a= are used in connection with direct
objects as explained § 122, 123.
_a._ =De= follows certain adjectives:
=capaz de=, capable of: =elle é capaz de chegar a qualquer hora=, he
is liable to arrive at any time
=cego de=, blind: =cego de um olho=, blind in one eye
=cego de raiva=, blind with rage
=dependente de=, dependent upon
=digno de=, worthy of
=doente de=, ill with _or_ of
=distante de=, distant from
=facil de=, easy to
=proprio de=, } proper to, _or_ for
=proprio para=, }
_b._ Similarly =de= follows certain participles used as adjectives (see
§ 124_c_), such as
=pintado de verde=, painted green
=vestida de seda=, dressed in silk
_c._ =De= is also used idiomatically in such expressions as =estar
de pé= or =em pé=, _to stand up_; =ir de chinellas=, _to go in one’s
slippers_.
_d._ The preposition =de= is much used in certain idiomatic phrases
and sentences, such as =chorar de prazer=, _to weep for joy_; =morrer
de fome=, _to die of hunger_; =fazer de tolo=, _to act the fool_;
=responder de não=, _to say no_; =chamar de ladrão=, _to call one a
thief_.
_e._ The preposition =de=, _of_, often drops the =e= and takes an
apostrophe when followed by a word beginning with a vowel: =d’este=,
_of this_, for =de este=; =d’aquelle=, _of that_; they are also written
=deste= and =daquelle=, with =elle= it forms =delle=.
_f._ When the preposition =de= is followed by the definite article, the
two words unite and are written and pronounced =do=, =da=, =dos=, =das=
(in place of =de o=, etc.). (See § 15_b_.)
=140.= The preposition =em=, _in_, is similarly combined with the
definite article forming =no=, =na=, =nos=, =nas=, as explained at §
15_c_, and with =este=, =esse=, and =aquelle= forming =neste=, =nesse=,
and =naquelle=.
=141.= The preposition =a=, _to_, has so many and such varied uses that
it seems best to give a list of them:[60]
=A=, _to_, is used to express:
_a._ The place to or toward which, with the idea of returning: =ir a
praça=, _to go to the square_.
_b._ The place where or near which: =estar á porta=, _to be at the
door_; =situado a beira-mar=, _situated at the seaside_.
_c._ Distance, measure of place and time: =a tiro de bala=, _a gunshot
away_; =a tres kilometros=, _three kilometers away_.
_d._ End or purpose: =trabalhar a bem da patria=, _to work for the good
of the country_; =deu-lhe o vinho a provar=, _he gave him the wine to
test_.
_e._ Material: =pintar a oleo=, _to paint in oil_; =bordar a ouro=, _to
embroider with gold_.
_f._ Time in which: =partir ao meio dia=, _to leave at noon_.
_g._ Future time near at hand expressed with the infinitive: =está a
chegar=, _he is about to arrive_.
_h._ Length of time: =d’aqui a dez dias=, _ten days hence_.
_i._ Manner: =obra feita a pedaços=, _work done by bits_; =a pé=,
_afoot_; =a cavallo=, _horseback_; =a nado=, (by means of) _swimming_.
_j._ Distribution and succession: =dois a dois=, _two by two_; =gota a
gota=, _drop by drop_.
_k._ Means, instrument, cause: =matar á fome=, _to kill with hunger_;
=ás punhaladas=, _with dagger thrusts_; =cantar á viola=, _to sing with
a viola_; =calçar aos pés=, _to wear on the feet_. (See note § 8. 2.)
_l._ Measure, price, tax: =medir a metros=, _to measure in meters_;
=comprar ás arrobas=, _to buy by the arroba_; =vender a peso=, _to sell
by weight_; =juros a cinco per cento=, _interest at five per cent_.
_m._ Quantity: =aos centos=, _by the hundreds_; =chover a bom chover=,
_to pour down rain_.
_n._ Manner of action (with infinitives): =andar a saltar=, _to go
jumping_; =ouvir passaros a cantar=, _to hear the birds a-singing_.
_o._ Conformity: =ao parecer=, _as it seems_, =a vontade=, _as much as
one likes_.
_p._ Object of reference: =prompto a responder=, _ready to respond_;
=apertar a mão a alguem=, _to press one’s hand_.
_q._ Hypothesis: =a ser assim=, _so to be_.
_r._ =A= and =para=, _to_, besides other relations, both express
movement toward, but with this noteworthy difference: =a= contains the
idea of returning, while =para= contains the idea of remaining. =Vou
a Europa= and =vou para Europa= both mean _I am going to Europe_, and
are both correct Portuguese, but the former means that I go to return,
while the latter means I go to remain there.
In such expressions as =está para chegar= and =está a chegar=, _he is
about to arrive_, both refer to future action, but =para= expresses a
more remote and =a= a more immediate action.
=142.= In verse and colloquially =com=, _with_, sometimes drops the =m=
when followed by the definite article: =co’os teus= or =c’os teus=,
_with thy_, in place of =com os teus=.
On the preposition =per= see § 15_d_.
=143.= =Pelo que= is an idiomatic expression: =pelo que dizem=, _from
what they say_; =pelo que me toca=, _in so far as it concerns (touches)
me_.
Certain adjectives and participles used as adjectives are followed by
=por=:
=celebre=
=distincto=
=famoso=
=illustre=
=notavel=
=responsavel=
Examples of participles used as adjectives and requiring =por=:
=banhado=
=cercado=[61]
=conhecido=
=disperso=
=habitado=[61]
=perseguido=
=povoado=[61]
=144.= The following are idiomatic prepositional expressions:
=abaixo de=, beneath
=acima de=, on top of
=afim de=, to the end that
=alem de=, beyond
=ao redor de=, around
=aquem de=, this side of
=a roda de=, about
=cerca de=, about
=diante de=, before
=de entre=, between
=de frente de=, in front of
=dentro de=, inside of
=depois de=, after
=de proposito=, on purpose
=de sob=, below
=de sobra=, superabundantly
=de todo=, entirely
=detraz de=, behind
=de vez em quando=, from time to time
=junto de=, near
=longe de=, far from
=perto de=, near
=por baixo de=, below
=por cima de=, above
For prepositions required by certain verbs see § 122.
CONJUNCTIONS
(See Exercise XXXIV, page 154)
=145.= Conjunctions are either single as =e=,[62] _and_, =porem=,
_but_, =que=, _than_, or they are conjunctional phrases. Following are
the more idiomatic of the _conjunctional phrases_:
=afim de que=, for the purpose of
=ainda que=, although, in spite of the fact that
=a não ser que=, unless
=antes que=, rather than, before
=apesar de=, in spite of
=apesar de que=, in spite of the fact that
=comtanto que=, so that, provided
=de maneira que=, } so that, in such a way that
=de modo que=, }
=depois que=, after that
=de tal modo que=, } in such fashion that
=de tal sorte que=, }
=emquanto que=, while, although
=entretanto que=, whilst
=no caso que=, in case that
=para que=, in order that
=se bem que=, although
=sem que=, unless
=visto que=, in view of the fact that
_a._ _Than_ is usually =que=, but it is also expressed by =de=,
=de que=, =do que=, =da que=: =mais agua que café=, _more water
than coffee_; =mais que vinte=, _more than twenty_; =mais do que é
necessario=, _more than is necessary_; =mais de uma vez=, _more than
once_.
_b._ _Either ... or_ are expressed by =ou ... ou=: =ou pode ou não
pode=, _either you can or you cannot_.
_c._ _Neither ... nor_ are expressed by =não ... nem= or by =nem ...
nem=: =não quero=, =nem posso=, _I neither wish nor can I_; =não tenho
nem ouro nem prata=, _I have neither gold nor silver_.
INTERJECTIONS
=146.= Interjections are single words as =Oh, oxalá=, _would to God_,
or they are interjectional phrases as =valha-me Deus!= =ai de mim!=
_alas me!_ =quem me dera=, _would that_; =tomára que elle venha=, _I
wish he would come_.
Interjectional phrases containing =de= such as =ai de mim=, =infeliz de
ti=, =pobre delle=, are said to be elliptical; the complete expression
would be something like: =Ai (tem compaixão) de mim! infeliz (tenho
compaixão) de ti! pobre (tenho compaixão) delle!= (§ 139_e_) =coitado!
coitadinha!=
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING
(See Exercise XXXV, page 155)
=147.= There are several abbreviations of Latin origin that are the
same as those in English, such as =A. D.= for _anno domini_, =etc.= for
_et cetera_, =P. S.= for _post scriptum_, and the like. In addition
there are many abbreviations for Portuguese words, the most common of
which are given in the following list. These are used extensively in
correspondence, and in the official documents.
=Affᵒ= = affectuoso
=Amo.= _or_ =Aᵒ= = amigo
=Antᵒ= = Antonio
=Attᵒ= = attento
=Bᵉˡ= = bacharel
=Bᵗᵒ= = Bento
=Capᵐ= = Capitão
=Cⁱᵃ= _or_ =Comp.= = companhia
=Consᵒ= _or_ =Consʳᵒ= = conselheiro
=Cᵒˡ= _or_ =Corᵉˡ= = Coronel
=Crᵈᵒ= = criado
=D.= = Dom, Dona.
=D. G.= = Deus guarde
=Dᵃ= = dita, Dona.
=Dᵒ= = dito
=D. D.= _or_ =Digᵐᵒ= = Dignissimo
=Dr.= = Doutor
=E. F.= = Estrada de ferro
=Exᵐᵒ= = Excellentissimo
=Exᵐᵃ= = Excellentissima
=E. R. M.= = espera receber mercê
=Ferᵃ= = Ferreira
=Fr.= = Frei
=Franᶜᵒ= } Francisco
=Frᶜᵒ= }
=Genˡ= = General
=humˡ= = humilde
=Illma.= = Illustrissima
=Imp.= = Imperial
=J. C.= = Jesus Christo
=Janᵒ= = Janeiro
=Joaqᵐ= } = Joaquim
=Jᵐ= }
=Jᵉ= = José
=M. D.= = muito digno
=Mˡ= _or_ =Mel.= = Manuel
=Mᵃ= = minha and Maria
=Mto.= = muito
=N.= = norte
=N.= _or_ =Nᵒ.= = numero
=N. S.= = Nosso Senhor
=Nᵃ Sᵃ= = Nossa Senhora
=O.= = oeste
=Obdᵒ= _or_ =Obgᵈᵒ= = obrigado
=Obdᵃ= _or_ =Obgᵈᵃ= = obrigada
=O. D. C.= = offerece, dedica e consagra (used in the dedication of
books, etc.)
=p. p.= = proxima passada
=pᵃ= = para
=pᵉ= = padre
=Perᵃ= = Pereira
=P. E. F.= = por especial favor
=qᵈᵒ= = quando
=qᵗᵒ= = quanto
=Revᵃ= = Reverencia, Reverendissima
=Rvᵈᵒ= = Reverendo
=Rvᵐᵒ= = Reverendissimo
=s/c= = sua casa
=S.= = =São=,[63] Silva, Sousa, sua, sul
=S. M. I.= = Sua Majestade Imperial
=S. P.= = serviço publico
=S. S.= = { Sua Senhoria
{ Sua Santidade
=Sr.=, =Snr.= = Senhor
=Snra.= = Senhora
=Stᵒ= = Santo[63]
=Stᵃ= = Santa[63]
=S. E. O.= = salvo erro ou omissão
=V.= = Você
=Vᵃ= = Viuva
=V. A.= = Vossa Alteza
=V. A. R.= = Vossa Alteza Real
=V. Exᵃ= = Vossa Excellencia
=V. Magᵉ= = Vossa Majestade
=V. M. I.= = Vossa Majestade Imperial
=Venᵈᵒʳ= = Venerador
=V. M.= = Vossa Mercê
=Vmᶜᵉ= = Vossa Mercê
=V. S.= _or_ =Vᵃ Sᵃ= = Vossa Senhoria
1ᵒ, 2ᵒ = primeiro, segundo, etc.
=7br.= = Setembro
=8br.= = Outubro
=9br.= = Novembro
=1Obr.= = Dezembro
SIMILARITY OF WORDS IN THE TWO LANGUAGES
(See Exercise XXXVI, page 156)
One of the difficulties sometimes encountered by a beginner of
Portuguese comes from a misleading similarity of certain words in the
two languages. A few such words are here brought together to illustrate
and emphasize this feature of the language, but the list is not
complete.
It is noticeable that words of this kind are chiefly from the Latin,
and that they have descended to the English language with one of their
meanings emphasized, and to the Portuguese with another. It should be
noted, however, that the meanings given are the common rather than the
only ones.
List of Portuguese Words having a Meaning Different from Similar Words
in English
PORTUGUESE ENGLISH
=acção= share (_in company_)
=accordar= to waken
=actual= present (_time_)
=admirar-se= to be surprised
=alumno= student
=apreciar= enjoy
=armar= (=rede=) tie up
=artista= artisan
=ascender= to light (_fire_)
=assentar= to sit
=assistir= to be present
=bravo= wild
=bruto= rough
=campo= open field
=collegio= school (_preparatory_)
=combinar= agree
=commum= ordinary
=competencia= jurisdiction
=concertar= to mend
=constipação= cold (_in the head_)
=damno= injury
=demandar= (=porto=) to head for
=denunciar= to announce (_and_ denounce)
=desapontar= to put out
=desgraça= misfortune
=direito= right, straight
=durar= to last
=espaço= period
=espectaculo= performance
=estreito= narrow
=esquesito= queer
=face= cheek
=faltar= to be lacking
=fama= rumor
=impertinente= exacting
=importar= to amount to
=idioma= language
=idiotismo= idiom
=miseravel= wretched
=miseria= want
=nomear= appoint
=offendido= hurt
=officio= trade
=ordinario= commonplace, worthless
=parente= kinsman
=particular= private
=partir= to start
=prejuizo= injury
=querer= wish
=real= royal
=regimento= rule
=ruim= bad
=segundo= according to
=sereno= dew
=singular= peculiar
=sorte= prize
=successo= accident
=vapor= steam, steamer
=vicio= habit
=vulgarizar= to popularize
=vulgarmente= commonly
FOOTNOTES:
[59] =Logo= is an unusually elastic adverb meaning all the way from
_right now_ to _never_.
[60] _Nova Gramatica Portugueza_ de Bento José de Oliveira, 26a ed.
Coimbra, 1904, p. 98.
[61] =Cercado=, =habitado=, and =povoado= also admit of =de=, as
=cercado de amigos=, _surrounded by friends_.
[62] The conjunction =e=, _and_, is sounded almost as if it were =i=,
and when written is distinguished from =é=, _is_, by the latter always
having the acute accent.
[63] =São=, =Santo= and =Santa=, _Saint_. =São= is a short form of
=Santo=, and is used before names beginning with a consonant, as =São
José=, =São Tomaz=. =Santo= is used before words beginning with a
vowel, as =Santo Antonio=, =Santo Ignacio=. =Santa= is the feminine
form and is used before feminine nouns; the final =a= is dropped when
the name begins with a vowel, as =Sant’ Anna=.
EXERCISES
I
PRONUNCIATION OF THE VOWELS
(See § 2, page 5)
=a=: ha, sal, para, gato, mata, ama, aza.
=e=: pé, fé, sé; sello, mesmo; desde, elle, vale, grande.
=i=: li, vi, ri, dormi, kilo; animal, limitado, dividir.
{ so, forte, voz, embora.
=o=: { avô, vogal, por.
{ vento, bello, curto, tudo, isto.
=u=: tu, lugar, cru, tribu, uma, singular, natureza.
=y=: syllaba, martyr, myope, mystério, lyrico.
+Vowel-Compounds: Pure Diphthongs+
(See § 3, page 6)
=ai=: Cairo, paiol, mais, vai, jamais, amais.
=au=: pau, mau.
=ei=: lei, anneis, achei, sapateiro, primeiro, hei, dinheiro.
=eu=: eu, ceu, deu, breu.
=iu=: viu, insistiu.
=oe=: heroe.
=oi=: boi, foi, noite, depois, coitado.
=ou=: ouro, couro, pouco, estou, sou, pensou.
=ui=: fui, cuidado.
+Nasal Diphthongs+
(See § 3, page 7)
=ã=: irmã, rã, sã, maçã, la.
=ãe=: mãe, cães, pães, capitães, allemães.
=ão=: mão, não, irmão, João, são, attenção, nação, coração.
=õe=: nações, edições, feições, corações, feijões, Camões.
=ui=: muito.
_Other nasal sounds_: bem, bom, fim, fins, sem, sim, som, com, bons,
um, uns, homem, homenagem, vim, vins.
II
PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS
(See § 5, page 7)
=b=: bala, bobo.
=c=: cada, faca, cedo, cesta, cinco, civil, corta, culpa.
=ch=: cha, chamar, chimica, epocha, cholera, chocar.
=ç=: cortiça, benção, ouço.
=d=: dado, desde, dia, doce, duro.
=f=: fazer, ferro, fico, fogo, café, offerta.
{ gallo, gosto, gusa.
=g=: { geral, gengebra, gymnasio.
{ guia, guisa, guincho.
=gn=: maligno, assignar, signal, digno.
=h=: ha, haver, herva, hora, hoje.
=j=: anjo, José, jogo, jejum, já.
=k=: kilo, kali.
=l=: lastro, litro, leste, lontra, lustroso, elle.
=lh=: carvalho, barulho, batalha, brilho, orelha, orgulho.
=m=: mármore, momento, alguem, bem, hontem, porem.
=n=: entende, neste, naquelle, ninho, nove, nuvem.
=nh=: ganhar, gallinha, tenho, tamanho, caminho.
=p=: pagina, pintura, ponta, praça.
=ph=: philosophia, phosphoro.
=pt=: escripto, prompto or pronto, captivo.
{ quadro, qualquer, quatorze.
=q=: { quinze, aqui, quieto.
{ quente, quem, queijo.
{ renda, rio, rosto, rustico.
=r=: { burro, serra, guerra.
{ caro, serio, genro, melro.
{ salsa, sino, socio.
=s=: { lisa, casar, formosa, saudoso, abuso.
=t=: tio, tonto.
=th=: thesouro, mathematico.
=v=: vacca, velho, vela, vinho, viuvo, visivel.
{ trouxe.
{ sexo, fluxo.
{ extenso, excepto.
=x=: { exame, exemplo, exorbitante, existencia.
{ caixa, peixe.
{ xadrez, xiz, xique-xique.
=z=: zona, zinco, zurrar, brazas, zangado.
III
ACCENTS[64]
(See § 8-9, page 13)
=ão=: caixão, caixões, lião, attenção, nações, orfão.
=i=: aqui, Ariry, Piquiry.
=l=: azul, perfil, general.
=r=: vapor, salgar, senhor.
=u=: tatu, bambu, caju.
=z=: rapaz, feroz, rapidez, solidez, alcatraz.
=im=: marfim, latim.
=ia=: theologia, mineralogia.
=aça=: fumaça, alfaça.
=ade=: liberdade, caridade.
=ode=: bode, bigode.
=ice=: tolice, indice, apendice.
=ude=: virtude, altitude.
=ado -a=: usado -a, cravado.
=edo=: olivedo, figueredo.
=ido -a=: cosido -a, resumido.
=udo -a=: cascudo -a.
=ato=: barato, celibato.
=ano=: bahiano, oceano.
=anço -a=: descanço, balanço, alliança, esperança.
=anco=: banco, flanco, arranco.
=anto=: amianto, encanto.
=ico -a=: rico, barrica.
=iga=: ortiga, espiga.
=eja=: cerveja, corteja, igreja.