=estrella fixa=, a fixed star;
=mão direita=, the right hand;
=deputado federal=, federal deputy (_congressman_);
=Illustrissimo Senhor=, Most illustrious Mr. ----;
=codigo civíl=, the civil code.
=53.= The words =pouco=, _little_, and =muito=, _many_, _much_, when
used as adjectives usually precede their nouns: =poucas cousas=, _a few
things_; =ha poucos dias=, _a few days ago_; =muito barulho=, _much
noise_.
=54.= The adjectives _hungry_, _thirsty_, _sleepy_, and _cold_, are
expressed by the use of =estar com= and the nouns meaning _hunger_,
etc.: =estou com fome=, =sede=, =somno=, =frio=, _I am hungry_,
_thirsty_, _sleepy_, _cold_.
FOOTNOTES:
[25] =Alto= has also an irregular comparative =superior=.
[26] =Grande= has an irregular comparative =maior=.
[27] A. R. Gonçalvez Viana, _Ortografia Nacional_, page 167.
[28] The comparatives =mais bom= and =mais mau= are sometimes used, but
they are falling into disuse.
[29] The expressions =o mais pequeno=, _the smallest_, and =o mais
alto=, _the highest_, are also used; =mais grande= and =mais pequeno=
are comparatives often used colloquially instead of =maior= and
=menor=, but they are not good Portuguese.
V. NUMERALS
(See Exercise XIV, page 134)
=55.= =+THE CARDINALS+=
1 =um=, _f._ =uma=
2 =dois=, _f._ =duas=
3 =tres=
4 =quatro=
5 =cinco=
6 =seis=
7 =sete=
8 =oito=
9 =nove=
10 =dez=
11 =onze=
12 =doze=
13 =treze=
14 =quatorze=
15 =quinze=
16 =dezeseis=
17 =dezesete=
18 =dezoito=
19 =dezenove=
20 =vinte=
21 =vinte e um= (_or_ =uma=)
22 =vinte e dois= (_or_ =duas=)
30 =trinta=
40 =quarenta=
50 =cicoenta=
60 =sessenta=
70 =setenta=
80 =oitenta=
90 =noventa=
100 =cem=
101 =cento e um= (_or_ =uma=)
102 =cento e dois= (_or_ =duas=)
200 =duzentos=, _f._ =-as=
300 =trezentos=, _f._ =-as=
400 =quatrocentos=, _f._ =-as=
500 =quinhentos=, _f._ =-as=
600 =seiscentos=, _f._ =-as=
700 =setecentos=, _f._ =-as=
800 =oitocentos=, _f._ =-as=
900 =novecentos=, _f._ =-as=
1000 =mil=[30]
1001 =mil e um= (_or_ =uma=)
2000 =dois= (_or_ =duas=) =mil=
1,000,000 =um milhão=
=56.= The cardinal numbers have the same form for both genders except
in the cases of =um=, =uma=, _one_; =dois=, =duas=, _two_; and those
ending in =centos= or =centas=.
=57.= The cardinal numbers are often used in place of the ordinals,
especially to denote the days of the month except =primeiro=, _the
first_, as: =hoje é sete=, _to-day is the seventh_; =pagina vinte=,
_page twenty_; =seculo dezoito= for =decimo oitavo seculo=, _the
eighteenth century_.
=58.= Except when used in place of the ordinals the cardinals always
precede the noun: =ha vinte dias=, _twenty days ago_.
THE ORDINALS
=59.= The ordinal numbers are variously derived:
1. By the use of the suffix =eiro=: =primeiro=, _first_; =terceiro=,
_third_.
2. From the Latin forms: =segundo=, _second_; =sexto=, _sixth_.
3. By the use of the suffix =esimo=:[31] =vigesimo=, _twentieth_;
=centesimo=, _hundredth_.
_a._ The ordinals have gender and number like other adjectives.
_b._ The ordinals are used either as nouns or as adjectives: =um
sexto=, _a sixth_, or =uma sexta parte=, _a sixth part_. =Um segundo=,
however, is not used for _a half_, nor =um terceiro=, for _a third_,
when fractions are meant. (See “Fractions,” § 61.)
1 =primeiro=, first
2 =segundo=, second
3 =terceiro=, third, etc.
4 =quarto=
5 =quinto=
6 =sexto=
7 =septimo= _or_ =setimo=
8 =oitavo=
9 =nono=
10 =decimo=
11 =undecimo= (=decimo primeiro=)
12 =duodecimo= (=decimo segundo=)
13 =decimo terceiro=
14 =decimo quarto=
15 =decimo quinto=
16 =decimo sexto=
17 =decimo setimo=
18 =decimo oitavo=
19 =decimo nono=
20 =vigesimo=
21 =vigesimo primeiro=
22 =vigesimo segundo=
30 =trigesimo=
40 =quadragesimo=
50 =quinquagesimo=
60 =sexagesimo=
70 =septuagesimo=
80 =octogesimo=
90 =nonagesimo=
100 =centesimo=
=60.= =Inflection.=--Of the cardinals =um=, =dois=, and multiples of
=cento= (=duzentos=, _f._ =duzentas=) are treated as adjectives.
The ordinals are all treated as adjectives, except as indicated at §
59_b_.
=61.= +=THE FRACTIONS=+
¹⁄₂ { =metade=: =metade do dinheiro=, half of the money
{ =meio= _or_ =meia=: =meia hora=, half an hour
¹⁄₃ =terço= _or_ =terça=: =uma terça parte=
²⁄₃ =dois terços= _or_ =duas terças partes=
¹⁄₄ =um quarto= _or_ =uma quarta parte=
³⁄₄ =tres quartos=
¹⁄₅ =um quinto=
¹⁄₆ =um sexto=
¹⁄₇ =um setimo=
¹⁄₈ =um oitavo=
¹⁄₉ =um nono=
¹⁄₁₀ =um decimo=
_a._ In the reading of fractions above tenths the suffix =avo= (derived
from the term =oitavo=) is used to express the divisor.
¹⁄₁₁ =um onze avo= _or_ =a undecima parte=
⁹⁄₁₁ =nove onze avos=
¹⁄₁₂ =um doze avo=
¹⁄₂₀ =um vinte avo=
¹³⁄₂₀ =treze vinte avos=
⁴¹⁄₅₄ =quarenta e um cincoenta e quatro avos=
¹⁄₁₀₀ =um centesimo=
¹⁄₁₀₀₀ =um millesimo=
=62.= +=MULTIPLICATION=+
The word =vez=, _time_, is used with the cardinal numerals to express
multiplication: =uma vez= or =simples=, _once_; =duas vezes=, _twice_;
=tres vezes=, _three times_, etc. Example: =tres vezes tres são nove=,
_three times three are nine_.
_a._ These expressions are also used: =dois tantos=, _twice_ _as many_;
=tres tantos=, _three times as many_; =outros tantos=, _as many more_.
_b._ _Proportionals_:
=duplice=, }
=dobrado=, } double
=dobro=, }
=duplo=, }
=triple=, }
=triplice=, }
=triplicado=, }
=triplo=, } triple
=tres dobrado=, }
=tres dobro=, }
=quadruplo=, quadruple
=decuplo=, tenfold
=centuplo=, a hundred fold
=uma duzia=, a dozen
=vintena=, a score
=centenares=, hundreds
=milhares=, thousands
=multiplo=, many times
=63.= +=NUMERAL SUBSTANTIVES=+
=Cento=, _a hundred_, =mil=, _a thousand_, =milheiro=, _thousand_, the
fractions and the proportional numbers are treated as substantives.
=64.= +=IDIOMS=+
The following are illustrations of idioms in common use in connection
with the numerals.
=Que horas são=, what time is it?
=São tres e um quarto=, it is quarter past three.
=É uma hora=, it is one o’clock.
=Faltam vinte para tres= (_colloq._), it lacks twenty minutes of
three.
=A quantos estamos hoje do mez?= what day of the month is it?
=Hoje é dia quinze= _or_ =hoje é quinze=, this is the fifteenth.
=Quantas leguas são d’aqui á cidade?= how many leagues is it from
here to the city?
=São duas=, it is two.
=Que idade tem o senhor?= how old are you? (_literally_, what age has
the gentleman?)
=Tenho vinte e tantos annos=, I am twenty odd years old.
=Oito dias=, a week (_literally_, eight days).
=Quinze dias=, a fortnight (_literally_, fifteen days).
=Ha vinte annos=, twenty years ago, _also_ these twenty years.
=Ha cousa de vinte annos=, some (about) twenty years ago.
=Ha duas horas=, two hours ago, _and_ these two hours.
=D’aqui a quinze dias=, a fortnight hence.
The days of the week are numbered from Monday to Friday as follows:
=Domingo= Sunday
=Segunda-feira= Monday
=Terça-feira= Tuesday
=Quarta-feira= Wednesday
=Quinta-feira= Thursday
=Sexta-feira= Friday
=Sabbado= Saturday
FOOTNOTES:
[30] The word =conto= which formerly meant _a million_ in counting is
only used with =reis=: =um conto de reis=, _a thousand milreis_.
[31] The =s= in =simo= from =vigesimo= onward is pronounced like =s=,
not like =z=.
VI. PRONOUNS
PERSONALS
(See Exercise XV, page 135)
=65.= There are the usual three personal pronouns, but in Portuguese
the third person is generally used in place of the second in direct
address, with the exceptions noted below. Strictly speaking there is no
declension in Portuguese; the personal pronouns, however, retain, in
all persons, so many traces of their Latin declensions that they have
the appearance of being declined, and are so given by some grammarians.
The objective forms vary according as they are used with or without
prepositions.
+Subject Forms+
{ =eu= I
1st per. { =nós= we
2d per. { =tu= thou
{ =vós= you, ye
{ =elle=, =ella= he, she, it
3d per. { =elles=, =ellas= they
{ (_reflexive_)
+Objective Forms+
WITHOUT WITH
PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITIONS
{ =me= =mim= _or_ =me=, me
1st per. { =migo=
{ =nos= =nós=, =nosco= us
2d per. { =te= =ti= _or_ =te=, =tigo= thee
{ =vos= =vós=, =vosco= ye
{ =o=, =a=, =lo=, =la=,[32] =elle=, =ella= him, her,
{ =lhe= it
3d per. { =os=, =as=, =los=, =elles=, =ellas= them
{ =las=,[32] =lhes=
{ =se= =si= _or_ =se=, =sigo= themselves
_a._ =Lhe=, =lhes=, _to him_, _to her_, _to it_, _to them_ are always
indirect or dative forms.
_b._ =O=, =a=, =lo=, =la=, =os=, =as=, =los=, and =las= are always
direct objective or accusative forms.
_c._ Those used with prepositions admit of any preposition, except
that when the preposition is =com=, _with_, the forms =migo=, =tigo=,
=nosco=, =vosco=, and =sigo= only are used, as =commigo=, _with me_,
=comtigo=, _with thee_, etc.
_d._ =Elle=, =ella=, etc., with the preposition =de=, _of_, are
contracted to =delle=, =della=, etc.; with =em=, _in_, they are
contracted to =nelle=, =nella=, etc.
=66.= =Use of the Third Person.=--In address, the third person is
commonly used except to close friends, relatives, children, and
domestics when =tu= may be employed. Persons may be addressed,
according to circumstances, as =Vossa Excellencia=, _Your Excellency_,
=Vossa Senhoria=, _Your lordship_, =Vossa mercê=, _Your mercy_, _your
grace_, =Você=, a common abbreviation of =Vossa mercê=, but one to be
used only in cases of extreme familiarity, or as =Senhor=, _Mr._, and
=Senhora=, _madam_, or _Mrs._
_a._ Until one becomes familiar with the use of these terms the safest
rule is to use =Senhor= and =Senhora=.
_b._ In writing, these words are abbreviated as indicated at § 147.
c. Ordinarily =eu=, _I_, is not used as in English, but is sometimes
placed before or even after the verb for the sake of emphasis or
clearness. The same is true of =tu=, _thou_, =elle=, _he_, =ella=,
_she_, =nos=, _we_. =Para ti sonhava eu sonhos de gloria=, _for thee I
dreamed dreams of glory_.
_d._ =Vos=, _you_, is only used in very formal discourses, and as a
vocative in prayers, etc. It is not used colloquially as in English.
(See § 66.) =Tu=, _thou_, is also used as a vocative.
+Reflexive Personal Pronouns+
=67.= =Reflexive.=--The reflexive forms of the personal pronouns are:
=me=, =a mim= me, to me
=te=, =a ti= thee, to thee
=se=, =a si= himself, to himself
=nos=, =a nós= us, to us
=vos=, =a vós= you, to you
=se=, =a si= themselves, to themselves
+Third Person+
_Singular and Plural_
Direct object =se= himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Indirect object =si=, =se= to himself, herself, itself, or
themselves
=comsigo= with himself, herself, itself,
themselves
=68.= =Duplication.=--Duplication is common in classic Portuguese. By
its use attention is redirected to an idea. =Que me importa a mim a
gloria?= _In what does glory concern me?_ or _what is glory to me?_
=Aconteceu-me a mim=, _it happened to_ +ME+.
Such expressions do not admit of literal translations into English.
=69.= =Syntax of the Personal Pronouns.=[33]--The personal pronouns are
used both as direct and indirect objects:
Direct: =elle me reprehendeu=, he reprehended me.
Indirect: =elle me deu o livro=, he gave me the book.
=70.= The same thing occurs with the other pronouns, except that in
the third person the indirect object is expressed by =lhe=, while the
direct is =o=, =a=, =os=, and =as=.
Direct: =reprehendeu-o=, he reprehended him.
Indirect: =deu-lhe o livro=, he gave him (_or_ her) the book.
=71.= The direct object is used after transitive verbs, the indirect
after intransitives: =vi-o=, _I saw him_, =obedeci-lhe=, _I obeyed him_
(or _her_).
=72.= The pronouns =me=, =te=, =se=, =lhe=, =nos=, =vos=, and =o= are
called _proclitic_, _mesoclitic_, or _enclitic_ according as they
precede, are inserted within, or follow the verb.
_a._ They precede the verb (are proclitic):
1. In negative sentences: =não me fale=; =não o creio=.
2. In phrases depending upon =que=, =o qual=, =quem=, =cujo=: =quem o
chamou=; =a mulher que se ama=.
3. In certain popular expressions: =Deus me livre=; =o diabo te leve=.
4. When used with the conjunctions =que=, =porque=, and =pois que=,
the rule has many exceptions.
_b._ They are inserted in the verb between the stem and termination
(are mesoclitic) in the future indicative and conditional:
=dir-lhe-ei=, _I will tell him_, instead of =direi-lhe=; =dir-se-ia=,
instead of =diria-se=, _it would be said_.
_c._ They always follow the verb (are enclitic) at the beginning of a
phrase: =resta-me agradecer-lhe=; =diga-me=; =faça-me o favor=.
_d._ In the mesoclitics and enclitics the pronoun is separated from the
verb by a hyphen or hyphens.
_e._ The enclitics do not affect the position of the accents of the
verbs.
=73.= When two pronouns come before a verb, the subject precedes:
=mandou que tu lhe entregasse o livro=, _he directed that you should
give him the book_.
=74.= =Se= and =si= refer to the subject: =Pedro falou de si=, _Pedro
spoke of himself_. =Você quer tudo para si=, _you want everything for
yourself_. =Leve a espingarda comsigo=, _take the gun with you_. (For
the use of the reflexive pronoun with verbs see § 126.)
=75.= =Comparison.=--After terms of comparison the nominative pronoun
is used: =mais serio que eu=, _more serious than I_.
POSSESSIVES
(See Exercise XVI, page 136)
=76.= The possessive pronouns are inflected like adjectives and agree
in gender and number with the object possessed. They all take =a= in
the feminine and =s= in the plural.
+Possessive Pronouns+
_Singular_ _Plural_
MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE ENGLISH
=meu= =minha= =meus= =minhas= my, mine
=teu= =tua= =teus= =tuas= thy, thine
{ his, her, hers
=seu= =sua= =seus= =suas= { its, their
{ theirs
=nosso= =nossa= =nossos= =nossas= our, ours
=vosso= =vossa= =vossos= =vossas= your, yours
=77.= Inasmuch as the third person is used in direct address, =seu=,
=sua=, =seus=, and =suas= are generally used in place of =vosso=, etc.,
for _your_ and _yours_: =a casa é sua=, _the house is yours_.
=78.= Possession is also expressed by the use of a preposition as =a
casa é d’elle=, _the house is his_; =a casa é d’elles=, _the house is
theirs_.
=79.= The place of the possessive is before the noun as in English:
=meu cavallo=, _my horse_.
=80.= In certain cases the possessive placed after the noun is
equivalent to the personal pronoun with =de=: =noticias tuas= (=de
ti=), _news of_ (_about_) _you_. Important distinctions of this kind
are illustrated by the example: =saudades tuas= means =saudades= for
you, while =tuas saudades= means the =saudades= you have for some one
else.
=81.= Possessives are not used with parts of the body as in English:
=cortou-me o braço=, _he cut my arm_, is used instead of =cortou meu
braço=. In some cases the possessives are omitted as in English, as:
=venho de casa= is used instead of =venho de minha casa=, _I come from
home_; =vou para casa=, _I am going home_.
=82.= At the same time the bold use of the possessive is occasionally
emphatic: =estou na minha casa=, _I am in my own house_; =deixa-me com
a minha dôr=, _leave me with my grief_.
=83.= The possessive =seu=, =sua=, =seus=, =suas=, _his_, _her_
or _your_, is used also idiomatically and colloquially to express
uncertain value or quantity: =tem seus vinte annos=, _he_ (or _she_)
_is about twenty years old_.
The possessives may be replaced by various forms of the personal
pronouns, and sometimes such expressions are considered more elegant.
(For the use of the article before possessives see § 16.)
DEMONSTRATIVES
(See Exercise XVII, page 137)
=84.= The demonstrative pronouns may be used either with or without
their nouns. When used with them they precede the nouns, agreeing with
them in gender and number.
_Singular_ _Plural_
MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE ENGLISH
=este= =esta= =estes= =estas= } { this
=esse= =essa= =esses= =essas= } { these
=aquelle= =aquella= =aquelles= =aquellas= that, those
=85.= =Isso=, =isto=, and =aquillo= are neutral forms of the
demonstratives used to refer to a preceding idea, expression, or
subject, and may be regarded as equivalents of =essa cousa= or =essas
cousas=, =esta cousa=, =aquella cousa=. They have neither feminine nor
plural forms, nor are they used to refer to persons or animals.
=86.= The difference between =este= and =esse= in their various forms
is that the first is used to refer to that which is near the speaker,
while the second refers to that which is near the person addressed.
=87.= The forms =o=, =a=, =os=, =as=, are identical with the
definite articles in forms, sounds, and origins. They are used as
the equivalents of =aquelle=, =aquella=, =aquelles=, =aquellas= when
followed by a determining expression: =a provincia de Minho é a que
tem mais vegetação entre as de Portugal=. Literally, _the province of
Minho is that which has most vegetation among those of Portugal._
=88.= When these forms are preceded by the preposition =a= they combine
with it forming =ao=, =aos=, =á=, and =ás= as do the definite articles.
Preceded by =em= they similarly form =no=, =na=, =nos=, =nas=, and
preceded by =per= they form =pelo=, =pela=, =pelos=, and =pelas=.
DETERMINATIVES
=89.= The determinatives have gender and number except tal which has no
gender distinction:
_Singular_ _Plural_
MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE ENGLISH
=outro= =outra= =outros= =outras= other
=mesmo= =mesma= =mesmos= =mesmas= same, self
=tanto= =tanta= =tantos= =tantas= so many, as many
=tal= =tal= =taes= =taes= such
=Outrem= is an invariable form meaning =outra pessoa= or =outras
pessoas=.
=90.= The demonstrative pronouns =este=, =esse=, =aquelle=, etc.,
with =outro= form =est’outro=, =ess’outro=, =aquell’outro= with the
corresponding feminine and plural forms.
=91.= =Um e outro= (literally _one and other_), means _both_.
=92.= =Mesmo= means _same_ and _self_ as here illustrated: =a mesma
cousa=, _the same thing_; =o mesmo homem=, _the same man_. It is used
in connection with the personal pronouns to mean _self_: =eu mesmo=,
_I myself_, =ella mesma=, _she herself_; =elles mesmos=, _they
themselves_, etc.
It is also used in such expressions as =é mesmo=, _that is true_, _it
is just so_.
=93.= =Mesmissimo= is an augmentative form of =mesmo= meaning
_precisely_ or _exactly the same_; =é a mesmissima cousa=, _it is
precisely the same thing_.
=Um tal= means _such a one_. =Que tal?= _how is this?_ _what do you
think of this?_ =Tal qual= means _just so_. =É tal qual=, _it is just
so_, _it is just as you say_; =não ha tal=, _it is not true_, _it is no
such thing_; =não ha tal lugar=, _there is no such place_.
=94.= =Fulano de tal= is a name used for any fictitious person; it is
often equivalent to the English _John Doe_ or to _Mr. What’s-his-name_.
=Fuão=, =Beltrano=, and =Sicrano= are similarly used.
INTERROGATIVES
(See Exercise XVIII, page 138)
=95.= The interrogatives are:
=que?= =o que?= what?
=quem?= who?
=qual?= which?
=que homens?= what men?
=quem é?= who is it?
=qual d’elles?= which of them?
It is not considered elegant nowadays to begin an interrogation with =o
que=. =Que tem?= _what have you?_ (Not _o que_ =tem=?)
RELATIVES
(See Exercise XIX, page 139)
=96.= Of the relative pronouns =quem= refers to persons only; the other
forms refer to either persons or things. They are
=que=, who, what, that (_no gender_)
=quem=, who, whom
=qual=, _pl._ =quaes=, which
=cujo=, _f._ =cuja=, _pl._ =cujos=, =cujas=, whose
=97.= =O que=, =o qual=, =a qual=, =os quaes=, and =as quaes=,
literally, _the which_, mean _what_ or _that_. These latter forms are
used when the antecedent needs to be made clear or prominent. =A gloria
de Deus a qual não se póde escurecer=, _the glory of God which cannot_,
etc. =O livro que está lendo=, _the book you are reading_; but =o livro
da bibliotheca o qual está lendo=, _the book of the library (the) which
you are reading_.
=98.= Where =quem= would follow =sem=, =o qual= is used instead for the
sake of euphony: =sem o qual não deve=, _without which you should not_.
=99.= =Cujo= is equivalent to =do qual=, and is followed immediately by
the object possessed: =O soldado cujo cavallo foi morto=, _the soldier
whose horse was killed_.
_a._ =Cujo= without antecedent and the object possessed is a classic
but archaic form of expression: =cujo é esta casa?= _whose house is
this?_ Instead one would now say: =de quem é esta casa?= Literally, _of
whom is this house?_
INDEFINITE
(See Exercise XX, page 140)
=100.= The indefinite pronouns may be classified as nouns or adjectives.
_a._ The _nouns_ are:
=al= (_invariable_), something else, the rest. (_But little used._)
=alguem= (_invariable_), some one
=algo=, something, anything
=nada= (_invariable_), nothing
=nenhum= (_f._ =nenhuma=, _pl._ =nenhuns=), neither
=ninguem= (_invariable_), no one
=qualquer=, _pl._ =quaes-quer=, either, whichever
=quemquer=, anybody
=tudo= (_invariable_), all
=uns=, _f._ =umas=, some
_b._ =Algo= when used as a pronoun refers to things and means =alguma
cousa=. It is sometimes used as an adverb meaning =algum tanto=: =elle
está algo doente=, _he is somewhat ill_.
_c._ =Tudo= is a neutral form of =todo=. When followed by =que= it
requires the definite article: =tudo o que elle disse=.
_d._ =Nenhum= may be used with an affirmative sense, and is equivalent
to =qualquer= in the expression =mais que nenhum=, _more than any one_.
_e._ A negative is strengthened by doubling the negation: =não sei
nada=, _I know nothing_; =não diz nada=, _he says nothing_.
_f._ The _adjectives_ are:
=algum= (_f._ =alguma=, _pl._ =alguns=, =algumas=), some, no
=cada= (=um=, =uma=); =cada qual= (_sing._ only), each, every
=certo= (_f._ =certa=, _pl._ =certos=, =-as=), certain
=muito= (_f._ =-a=, _pl._ =muitos=, =-as=), many
=outro= (_f._ =outra=, _pl._ =outros=, =-as=), other
=pouco= (_f._ =-a=, _pl._ =poucos=, =-as=), few, little
=*quanto= (_f._ =-a=, _pl._ =quantos=, =-as=), how much, how many, as
much as
=*tanto= (_f._ =-a=, _pl._ =tantos=, =-as=), so much
=todo= (_f._ =-a=, _pl._ =todos=, =-as=), all, every
_g._ =*Quanto= is used in correlation with =tanto= to mean _as much
as_. =Faço tanto quanto qualquer outro=, _I do as much as any one
else_. =Quanto pagou?= _how much did you pay?_ =Quantas vezes foi la?=
_how often did you go there?_ =Quanto antes=, _as soon as possible_.
_h._ =Todo= with the article means _the whole_; without the article it
means _every_; =toda cidade=, _every city_; =toda a cidade=, _all of
the city_. It is sometimes used as an adverb but retains its gender for
the sake of euphony: =ella está toda molhada=.
_i._ =Em quanto= means _while_. =Espera em quanto eu tiro uma vista=,
_wait while I take a view_.
_j._ =Cada qual= and =cada um= have approximately the same meaning.
=Cada qual= stands next to the verb, however, =cada um= does not: =cada
um dos soldados andava= or =cada qual andava=, _each (of the soldiers)
walked_.
=101.= When a proposition has a negative sense either =algum= may be
placed after, or =nenhum= before the noun:
or { =homem algum poderá saber= } no man shall know
{ =nenhum homem poderá saber= }
The first sentence is more emphatic than the second.
=102.= Certain idiomatic expressions have meanings analogous to those
of the indefinite pronouns:
=seja quem for= }
=seja qual for= } be who it may
=fosse quem fosse= }
=quem quer que fosse= } whoever it might be
=quem quer que seja= }
=o que quer que é= } whoever it may be
_a._ =De= and =de que= are often used in the sense of _something_;
=tenho de que comer e de beber=, _I have something to eat and to drink_.
_b._ The expression =não ha de que= used in reply to =obrigado=, =muito
obrigado=, etc., is equivalent to the English _not at all_ or the
French _pas de quoi._
FOOTNOTES:
[32] These are from the Latin pronoun _illo_ and are not to be confused
with the definite article which has the same forms. There is a tendency
to avoid the use of =o=, so that one often hears such expressions as
=va chamar elle= instead of =va chama-lo=; or =visitar-lhe= instead
of =visita-lo=. A Brazilian scholar observes: “=assim o pobre o vai
perdendo terreno=.”