Provençal, the daughter of Latin, 171.
not the mother of French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, 171.
the earliest Provençal poem, 196.
Prussian, the old, language and literature of, 200.
Ptolemy, his system of astronomy, although wrong, important to science,
26.
Ptolemy Philadelphus and the Septuagint, 96 _note_.
Ptōsis, meaning of the word in the language of the Stoics, 111.
Publius Crassus, his knowledge of the Greek dialects, 106.
Pushtú, the language of Afghanistan, 210.
Pythagoras, his travels mythical, 94.
Pyrrha, original meaning of the name, 22.
Quatremère on the Ophir of the Bible, 204 _note_.
_Quinsy_, origin of the word, 380 _note_.
Quintilian, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, 67.
on the omission of the final _s_ in Latin, 68 _note_.
Radical relationship of languages, 176.
Radicals. _See_ Roots.
Rask, Erasmus, his studies of Zend, 167, 206.
_Raven_, the word, 362.
Raynouard, his labors in comparative grammar, 171.
criticisms of his theory of the Langue Romane, 171.
Realism and Nominalism, controversy between, in the Middle Ages, 22.
Regeneration, dialectical, one of the processes which comprise the growth
of language, 58.
_Respectable_, origin of the word, 256.
Reval dialect of Esthonian, 318.
Rig-Veda, the, quoted, 88 _note_.
Romance languages, their Latin origin, 170.
modifications of, 195.
their origin in the ancient Italic languages, 196.
Romane, the Langue, 171.
Romanese language of the Grisons, 196.
translation of the Bible into, 196 _note_.
lower, or Enghadine, 196 _note_.
Romans, their use of the term Barbarian, 127.
Rome, Greek generally spoken at, 101
influence of Greece on Rome 102.
changes in the intellectual atmosphere of, caused by Greek civilization,
106.
the religious life of Rome more Greek than Roman, 107.
expulsion of the Greek grammarians and philosophers from Rome, 108.
compromise between religion and philosophy, 108.
wide interest excited by grammatical studies in Roman society, 109.
Roots or radicals, 252.
classes of roots, primary, secondary, and tertiary, 262-264.
demonstrative and predicative roots, 267.
how many forms of speech may be produced by the free combination of
these constituent elements, 275.
all languages reducible in the end to roots, 286.
the radical stage of language, 287.
general ideas and roots, 356.
origin of roots, 357.
the bow-wow theory, 358.
the pooh-pooh theory, 366.
natural selection of roots, 386.
Russia devastated by the Mongols, 299.
Sabius, a word not found in classical Latin, 103 _note_.
Sænund, Sigfusson, his collection of songs in Iceland, 193.
Sagard Gabriel, on the languages of the Hurons, quoted, 62.
Salian poems, the, and later Latin, 67.
Sálotar, translation of his work on veterinary medicine from Sanskrit into
Persian, 150.
Sanskrit, formation of adjectives in, 113 _note_.
grammar, 116.
similarity between Greek and, 142.
importance of the discovery of, 146.
history of the language, 146.
doubts as to its age and authenticity examined, 147.
accounts given by writers of various nations who became acquainted with
the language and literature of India, 148.
the Muhammedans in India, and their translations of Sanskrit works into
Arabic and Persian, 149.
European Missionaries, 155.
studies and work of Frederick Schlegel, 164.
importance of the discovery of, in the classification of languages, 172.
its genealogical relation to Greek and Latin, 172.
antiquity of, 202.
Iranic languages, relation to, 205.
formation of the locative in, 219.
number of roots in, 265.
Sassanian dynasty, Persian language of the, 210.
Saxon language, proportion of Saxon to Norman words in the English
language, 84.
Savage tribes, rapid changes which take place in the languages of, 44, 62.
Scaliger, I. I., his “Diatribe de Europæorum Linguis,” 132 _note_.
Scandinavian branch of the Teutonic class of languages, 190.
the East and West Scandinavian races, 191.
Schlegel, Frederick, his Sanskrit studies, 164.
his work “On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians,” 164.
how his work was taken up in Germany, 166.
his view of the origin of language, 216.
August W. von, his “Indische Bibliothek,” 167.
his criticism of the theory of Raynouard, 171.
Sciences, uniformity in the history of most, 14.
the empirical stage, 15.
Sciences, the necessity that science should answer some practical purpose,
19.
the classificatory stage, 25.
the theoretical or metaphysical stage, 28.
impulses received by the physical sciences from the philosopher and
poet, 29.
difference between physical and historical science, 32.
Scipios, influence of the “Cosmopolitan Club” at the house of the, 107.
Scythian words mentioned by Greek writers, 243.
Semitic family of languages, 43.
study of, 131.
constituent elements of the, 272.
divisions of the Semitic family of speech, 275.
Aramaic class, 276.
Hebraic class, 280.
Arabic class, 281.
intimate relations of the three classes to each other, 281.
Berber dialects, 282.
the Semitic and Aryan, the only _families_ of speech deserving that
title, 282.
genealogical table, 396.
_Senior_, the title, 226.
Septuagint, the, and Ptolemy Philadelphus, 96 _note_.
_Serpent_, origin of the word, 380.
Shakespeare, William, total number of words used by, in his plays, 267.
Siberia, Tungusic tribes of, 296.
Turkic tribes settled there, in, 304.
dialects, 304.
_Sibulla_, meaning of the word, 103 _note_.
Sibylla of Cumæ, oracles of the, written in Greek, 103.
Sigfusson. _See _ Sænund.
Sigismund, the Emperor, and the Bohemian schoolmaster, anecdote of, 47.
Silesia invaded by the Mongols, 299.
_Sir_, origin of the word, 226, 227.
Siriane tribes, their habitat, 320.
their language, 319.
_Sister_, origin of, 57.
“Skalda,” the, of Snorri Sturluson, 193.
Slavonic tribes, their settlement in Moesia, 196 _note_.
languages, properly so called, 200.
Slovinian language, the, 200.
Smith, Adam, his opinion on the origin of language, 40.
on the formation of thought and language, quoted, 371.
Sydney, on the superiority of mankind over brutes, quoted, 348.
Snorri Sturluson, his prose Edda, 193.
his “Heimskringla,” 193.
his “Skalda,” 193.
Solomon’s fleet of Tharshish, 202.
Song-yun, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, 149.
Sound, small number of names formed by the imitation of, 365.
_Spec_, offshoots of the root, 257.
_Species_, origin of the Latin, 260.
_Squirrel_, origin of the name, 365.
Stewart, Dugald, his opinion on the origin of language, 41.
his doubts as to the age and authenticity of Sanskrit, 147.
his view of the affinity of Greek and Sanskrit, 164.
on the origin of language, quoted, 343.
Stoics, philosophy of the, in Rome, 107.
Strabo on the Barbarians, 125 _note_.
Sturluson. _See_ Snorri.
_Sugar_, origin of the word, 364.
Swedish language, growth of the, 71, 191.
Syria, origin of the Turks of, 306.
Syriac language, date of the translation of the Bible into the, 276.
meaning of Peshito, 276 _note_.
decline and present position of the language, 276.
Talmud of Jerusalem, and that of Babylon, literary idiom of the Jews in
the, 277.
Targums, language in which they were written, 277.
Targums, most celebrated of them, 277 _note_.
“Tarikhu-l-Hind,” the, of Al Birúni, 150.
Tatar tribes, 297.
terror caused by the name, 297.
the Golden Horde, 298.
Tataric language, 297.
sometimes used in the same sense as Turanian, 297.
Tavastian dialect of Finnic, 318.
Terminations, grammatical, Horne Tooke’s remarks on, quoted, 251.
Terminology, grammatical of the Greeks and Hindus, coincidences between
the, 115.
Testament, the New, translated into Persian, 151.
Old, number of words in the, 267.
Teutonic class of languages, 177.
the English language, a branch of, 80.
Tharshish, Solomon’s fleet of, 202.
Themistocles, his acquaintance with the Persian language, 93.
Thommerel, M., on the proportion Saxon words bear to Norman in the English
language, 84.
Thracians, ancient authors on the, 126 _note_.
_Thunder_, origin of the word, 364.
Tiberius Gracchus, his knowledge of Greek, 103.
Tiberius the Emperor, and the grammarians, anecdote of, 47.
Tibetan language, how adjectives are formed in the, 113 _note_.
Timur, Mongolian empire of, 299.
Tooke, Horne, on grammatical terminations, quoted, 251.
his answer to the interjectional theory of roots, 367.
Torgod Mongols, the, 300.
Trade first encouraged the profession of interpreters, 93.
Turanian family of languages, 43.
origin of term Turanian, 238.
Turanian races, 243.
Turanian names mentioned by Greek writers, 243.
component parts of Turanian speech, 272.
Tungusic idioms, new phase of grammatical life of the, 64.
Tungusic class of languages, 296.
geographical limits of the, 296.
grammar of, 323.
Turanian family of languages, 288.
a terminational or agglutinative family of languages, 288, 291.
divisions of the Turanian family, 289.
the name Turanian, 289.
characteristic features of the Turanian languages, 290, 291.
account of the languages of the Turanian family, 296.
genealogical table, 397.
Turkic class of languages, 300.
grammar, 309.
profuse system of conjugation, 323.
Turkish language, influence of imported words over the whole native aspect
of the, 83.
two classes of vowels in, 295.
ingenuity of Turkish grammar, 308.
its advance towards inflectional forms, 337.
Turkman, or Kisil-bash, origin of the, of Persia, 302.
Turks, history of the, 301.
origin of the Turks of Asia Minor and Syria, 306.
origin and progress of the Osmanlis, 306.
spread of the Osmanli dialect, 306.
Turner, Sharon, on the proportion of Norman to Saxon words in the English
language, 84.
Turvasa, the Turanian, 243.
Twenty, origin of the word, 52.
Ugric branch of the Finnic class of languages, 320.
Ulfilas, Bishop, notice of him and of his Gothic translation of the Bible,
181.
Umbrian language and literature, 197.
Upanishads, the, translated from Sanskrit into Persian by Dárá, 154.
translated into French by Anquetil Duperron, 154.
Uralic languages, 315.
Uran’hat tribes, on the Chulym, 304.
Urdu-zeban, the proper name of Hindustání, 316.
Usbeks, history of the, 302.
Vâch, the goddess of speech, her verses quoted from the Rig-Veda, 88
_note_.
Varro, de Re Rust, on Mago’s Carthaginian agricultural work, quoted, 95
_note_.
his work on the Latin language, 109.
appointed by Cæsar librarian to the Greek and Latin library in Rome,
110.
Vasco da Gama, takes a missionary to Calicut, 154.
Vedas, the, 116.
differences between the dialect of the Vedas and later Sanskrit, 116.
objections of the Brahmans to allow the Vedas to be translated, 152.
story of Feizi, 152.
Verbs, formation of the terminations of, in the Aryan dialects, 222.
modern formations, 222.
_Very_ and _much_, distinction between, 48.
Vibhakti, in Sanskrit grammar, 116.
Voguls, the, 320.
Votiakes, idiom of the, 319.
habitat of the, 320.
Vyâkarana, Sanskrit name for grammar, 116.
Wallachian language, the, 195 _note_.
Wends, language of the, 201.
Whewell, Dr., on the science of language, 38 _note_.
Wilkins, Mr., on the affinity between Sanskrit and Greek, 160.
Windic, or Slavonic languages, 199.
divisions and subdivisions of, 199.
Witsen, Nicholas, the Dutch traveller, his collection of words, 136
_note_.
Xavier, Francis, his organization of the preaching of the Gospel in India,
154.
his gift of tongues, 154.
Yakuts, tribe of the, 304.
dialect of the, 305.
_Yea_ and _Yes_, as used by Chaucer, 225.
Zend, Rask’s studies of, 167.
Burnouf’s, 168.
Zend-avesta, the, 167.
antiquity of, 205, 206.
the words _Zend_ and _Zend-avesta_, 205 _note_.
Anquetil’s translation of, 206.
Rask and Burnouf’s labors, 206.
Zend-avesta, authority of the Zend-avesta for the antiquity of the word
Arya, 239.
Zenodotus, his restoration of the article before proper names in Homer,
99.
the first to recognize the dual, 99.
Zeus, original meaning of the word, 21.
Zoroaster, or Zarathustra, his writings (the Zend-avesta) translated into
Greek, 96.
translated by Anquetil Duperron, 168.
his Gâthâs, or songs, 209.
age in which he lived, 209.
not the same as Jaradashti in the Veda, 209.
Zoroastrians. _See_ Parsis.
original seat of the, 248.
FOOTNOTES
1 See Jessen, Was heisst Botanik? 1861.
2 Kuhn’s Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung, b. ix. s. 104.
3 Horne Tooke, p. 27, _note_.
4 See Curtius, Griechische Etymologie, s. 297.
5 Ideler, Handbuch der Chronologie, b. i. s. 241, 242.
6 As early as the times of Anaximenes of the Ionic, and Alcmæon of the
Pythagorean, schools, the stars had been divided into travelling
(ἄστρα πλανώμενα or πλανητά), and non-travelling stars (ἀπλανεῖς
ἀστέρες, or ἀπλανῆ ἄστρα). Aristotle first used ἄστρα ἐνδεδεμένα, or
fixed stars. (See Humboldt, Cosmos, vol. iii. p. 28.) Πόλος, the
pivot, hinge, or the pole of the heaven.
7 Bunsen’s Egypt, vol. iv. p. 108.
8 According to a writer in “Notes and Queries” (2d Series, vol. x. p.
500,) astrology is not so entirely extinct as we suppose. “One of
our principal writers,” he states, “one of our leading barristers,
and several members of the various antiquarian societies, are
practised astrologers at this hour. But no one cares to let his
studies be known, so great is the prejudice that confounds an art
requiring the highest education with the jargon of the gypsy
fortune-teller.”
9 “Man has two faculties, or two passive powers, the existence of
which is generally acknowledged; 1, the faculty of receiving the
different impressions caused by external objects, physical
sensibility; and 2, the faculty of preserving the impressions caused
by these objects, called memory, or weakened sensation. These
faculties, the productive causes of thought, we have in common with
beasts.... Everything is reducible to feeling.”—_Helvetius_.
10 “The generative organs being those which are most remotely related
to the habits and food of an animal, I have always regarded as
affording very clear indications of its true affinities.”—_Owen, as
quoted by Darwin, Origin of Species_, p. 414.
11 Die Pflanze und ihr Leben, von M. T. Schleiden. Leipzig, 1858.
12 Sir J. Stoddart, Glossology, p. 22.
13 Dr. Whewell classes the science of language as one of the
palaitiological sciences; but he makes a distinction between
palaitiological sciences treating of material things, for instance,
geology, and others respecting the products which result from man’s
imaginative and social endowments, for instance, comparative
philology. He excludes the latter from the circle of the physical
sciences, properly so called, but he adds: “We began our inquiry
with the trust that any sound views which we should be able to
obtain respecting the nature of truth in the physical sciences, and
the mode of discovering it, must also tend to throw light upon the
nature and prospects of knowledge of all other kinds;—must be useful
to us in moral, political, and philological researches. We stated
this as a confident anticipation; and the evidence of the justice of
our belief already begins to appear. We have seen that biology leads
us to psychology, if we choose to follow the path; and thus the
passage from the material to the immaterial has already unfolded
itself at one point; and we now perceive that there are several
large provinces of speculation which concern subjects belonging to
man’s immaterial nature, and which are governed by the same laws as
sciences altogether physical. It is not our business to dwell on the
prospects which our philosophy thus opens to our contemplation; but
we may allow ourselves, in this last stage of our pilgrimage among
the foundations of the physical sciences, to be cheered and animated
by the ray that thus beams upon us, however dimly, from a higher and
brighter region.”—_Indications of the Creator_, p. 146.
14 Gen. ii. 19.
15 St. Basil was accused by Eunomius of denying Divine Providence,
because he would not admit that God had created the names of all
things, but ascribed the invention of language to the faculties
which God had implanted in man. St. Gregory, bishop of Nyssa in
Cappadocia (331-396), defended St. Basil. “Though God has given to
human nature its faculties,” he writes, “it does not follow that
therefore He produces all the actions which we perform. He has given
us the faculty of building a house and doing any other work; but we
surely are the builders, and not He. In the same manner our faculty
of speaking is the work of Him who has so framed our nature; but the
invention of words for naming each object is the work of our mind.”
See Ladevi-Roche, De l’Origine du Langage: Bordeaux, 1860, p. 14.
Also, Horne Tooke, Diversions of Purley, p. 19.
16 D. Stewart, Works, vol. iii. p. 27.
17 History of Inductive Sciences, vol. iii. p. 531.
18 Names ending in _ic_, are names of classes as distinct from the
names of single languages.
19 Lectures on the English Language, by G. P. Marsh: New York, 1860, p.
263 and 630. These lectures embody the result of much careful
research, and are full of valuable observations.
20 Marsh, p. 532, _note_.
21 Marsh, p. 589.
22 Sir J. Stoddart, Glossology, p. 60.
23 Trench, English Past and Present, p. 114; Marsh, p. 397.
24 As several of my reviewers have found fault with the monk for using
the genitive _neutri_, instead of _neutrius_, I beg to refer to
Priscianus, 1. vi. c. i. and c. vii. The expression _generis
neutrius_, though frequently used by modern editors, has no
authority, I believe, in ancient Latin.
25 Castelvetro, in Horne Tooke, p. 629, _note_.
26 Bopp, Comparative Grammar, § 320. Schleicher, Deutsche Sprache, s.
233.
27 Foucaux, Grammaire Tibetaine, p. 27, and Preface, p. x.
28 Fuchs, Romanische Sprachen, s. 355.
29 Quint., v. 10, 52. Bonâ mente factum, ideo palam; malâ, ideo ex
insidiis.
30 Sanskrit _s_ = Persian _h_; therefore _svasar_ = _hvahar_. This
becomes _chohar_, _chor_, and _cho_. Zend, _qaņha_, acc. _qaņharem_,
Persian, _kháher_. Bopp, Comp. Gram. § 35.
31 Schleicher, Beiträge, b. ii. s. 392: _dci_ = _dŭgti_; gen. _dcere_ =
_dŭgtere_.
_ 32 Hui_ = _hodie_, Ital. _oggi_ and _oggidi_; _jour_ = _diurnum_, from
_dies_.
33 See M. M.’s Letter to Chevalier Bunsen, On the Turanian Languages,
p. 67.
34 See Marsh, p. 678; Sir John Stoddart’s Glossology, s. 31.
35 Glossology, p. 33.
36 Ibid., p. 29.
37 Nea Pandora, 1859, Nos. 227, 229. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende
Sprachforschung, x. s. 190.
38 Grimm, Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache, p. 668: Marsh, p. 379.
39 “Some people, who may have been taught to consider the Dorset
dialect as having originated from corruption of the written English,
may not be prepared to hear that it is not only a separate offspring
from the Anglo-Saxon tongue, but purer, and in some cases richer,
than the dialect which is chosen as the national speech.”—Barnes,
_Poems in Dorset Dialect_, Preface, p. xiv.
40 Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache, s. 833.
41 Pliny, vi. 5; Hervas, Catalogo, i. 118.
42 Pliny depends on Timosthenes, whom Strabo declares untrustworthy
(ii. p. 93, ed. Casaub.) Strabo himself says of Dioscurias,
συνέρχεσθαι ἐς αὐτὴν ἐβδομήκοντα, οἱ δὲ καὶ τριακόσια ἔθνη φασίν οἴς
οὐδὲν τῶν ὄντων υέλει (x. p. 498). The last words refer probably to
Timosthenes.
43 Du Ponceau, p. 110.
44 S. F. Waldeck, Lettre à M. Jomard des environs de Palenqué, Amérique
Centrale. (“Il ne pouvait se servir, en 1833, d’un vocabulaire
composé avec beaucoup de soin dix ans auparavant.”)
45 Catalogo, i. 393.
46 Turanian Languages, p. 114.
47 Ibid., p. 233.
48 Turanian Languages, p. 30.
49 Quintilian, ix. 4. “Nam neque Lucilium putant uti eadem (s) ultima,
cum dicit Serenu fuit, et Dignu loco. Quin etiam Cicero in Oratore
plures antiquorum tradit sic locutos.” In some phrases the final _s_
was omitted in conversation; _e.g._ _abin_ for abisne, _viden_ for
videsne, _opu’st_ for opus est, _conabere_ for conaberis.
50 Marsh, Lectures, pp. 133, 368.
51 “There are fewer local peculiarities of form and articulation in our
vast extent of territory (U. S.), than on the comparatively narrow
soil of Great Britain.”—_Marsh_, p. 667.
52 Marsh, Lectures, pp. 181, 590.
53 The Gothic forms _sijum_, _sijuth_, are not organic. They are either
derived by false analogy from the third person plural _sind_, or a
new base _sij_ was derived from the subjunctive _sijau_, Sanskrit
_syâm_.
54 Some excellent statistics on the exact proportion of Saxon and Latin
in various English writers, are to be found in Marsh’s Lectures on
the English Language, p. 120, _seq._ and 181, _seq._
55 “En este estado, que es el primer paso que las naciones dan para
mudar de lengua, estaba quarenta años ha la araucana en las islas de
Chiloue (como he oido á los jesuitas sus misioneros), en donde los
araucanos apénas proferian palabra que no fuese española; mas la
proferian con el artificio y órden de su lengua nativa, llamada
araucana.”—_Hervas, Catalogo_, t. i. p. 16. “Este artificio ha sido
en mi observacion el principal medio de que me he valido para
conocer la afinidad ó diferencia de las lenguas conocidas, y
reducirlas á determinadas classes.”—_Ibid._, p. 23.
56 Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays, i. 32. The following verses are
pronounced by Vâch, the goddess of speech, in the 125th hymn of the
10th book of the Rig-Veda: “Even I myself say this (what is) welcome
to Gods and to men: ‘Whom I love, him I make strong, him I make a
Brahman, him a great prophet, him I make wise. For Rudra (the god of
thunder) I bend the bow, to slay the enemy, the hater of the
Brahmans. For the people I make war; I pervade heaven and earth. I
bear the father on the summit of this world; my origin is in the
water in the sea; from thence I go forth among all beings, and touch
this heaven with my height. I myself breathe forth like the wind,
embracing all beings; above this heaven, beyond this earth, such am
I in greatness.’ ” See also Atharva-Veda, iv. 30; xix. 9, 3. Muir,
Sanskrit Texts, part iii. pp. 108, 150.
57 Sir John Stoddart, Glossology, p. 276.
58 The Turks applied the Polish name _Niemiec_ to the Austrians. As
early as Constantinus Porphyrogeneta, cap. 30, Νεμέτζιοι was used
for the German race of the Bavarians. (Pott, Indo-Germ. Sp. s. 44.
Leo, Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung, b. ii. s. 258.)
Russian, _njemez’_; Slovenian, _nĕmec_; Bulgarian, _némec_; Polish,
_niemiec_; Lusatian, _njemc_, mean German. Russian, _njemo_,
indistinct; _njemyi_, dumb; Slovenian, _nĕm_, dumb; Bulgarian,
_nêm_, dumb; Polish, _njemy_, dumb; Lusatian, _njemy_, dumb.
59 Leo, Zeitschrift für Vergl. Sprachf. b. ii. s. 252.
60 Humboldt’s Cosmos, vol. ii. p. 141.
61 This shows how difficult it would be to admit that any influence was
exercised by Indian on Greek philosophers. Pyrrhon, if we may
believe Alexander Polyhistor, seems indeed to have accompanied
Alexander on his expedition to India, and one feels tempted to
connect the scepticism of Pyrrhon with the system of Buddhist
philosophy then current in India. But the ignorance of the language
on both sides must have been an insurmountable barrier between the
Greek and the Indian thinkers. (Fragmenta Histor. Græc., ed. Müller,
t. iii. p. 243, _b._; Lasson, Indische Alterthumskande, b. iii. s.
380.)
62 On the supposed travels of Greek philosophers to India, see Lassen,
Indische Alterthumskunde, b. iii. s. 379; Brandis, Handbuch der
Geschichte der Philosophie, b. i. s. 425. The opinion of D. Stewart
and Niebuhr that the Indian philosophers borrowed from the Greeks,
and that of Görres and others that the Greeks borrowed from the
Brahmans, are examined in my Essay on Indian Logic, in Thomson’s
Laws of Thought.
63 See Niebuhr, Vorlesungen über Alte Geschichte, b. i. s. 17.