196.
Dionysius Thrax, the author of the first practical Greek grammar, 100.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on the Pelasgi, 125 _note_.
_Discussion_, etymology of, 52.
Dorpat dialect of Esthonian, 318.
_Du_, origin of the French, 74.
Dual, the, first recognized by Zenodotus, 99.
Dumaresq, Rev. Daniel, his “Comparative Vocabulary of Eastern Languages,”
143.
Duret, Claude, his work on language, 132 _note_.
Dutch language, work of Goropius written to prove that it was the language
spoken in Paradise, 135.
age of Dutch, 178.
Earl, origin of the title, 226.
Earth, guess of Philolaus as to its motion round the sun, 29.
Eddas, the two, 191.
the name Edda, 194 _note_.
Egypt, number of words in the ancient vocabulary of, 266.
Egyptian language, family to which it is referable, 282.
Elder, origin of the word, 226.
Elements, constituent, of language, 250.
English language, changes in the, since the translation of the Bible in
1611, 46.
richness of the vocabulary of the dialects of, 60.
real sources of the English language, 69.
Prince L. Bonaparte’s collection of English dialects, 70.
the English language Teutonic, 80.
full of words derived from the most distant sources, 84.
proportion of Saxon to Norman words, 84.
tests proving the Teutonic origin of the English language, 85.
genitives in English, 117.
nominatives and accusatives, 119.
origin of grammatical forms in the English language, 120.
number of words in the English language, 266 _note_.
number of words in Milton, Shakspeare, and the Old Testament, 267.
Ennius, 105.
his translations from Greek into Latin, 105.
Eos, original meaning of the name, 21.
Ephraem Syrus, 276 _note_.
Epicharmus, his philosophy translated into Latin by Ennius, 105.
Epicurus, doctrines of, embraced, in Rome, 107.
_Erin_, Pictet’s derivation of the name, 245.
Mr. Whitley Stokes’s remarks on the word Erin, 245 _note_.
_Espiègle_, origin of the word, 260.
Esths, or Esthonians, their language, 318.
dialects of, 318.
Estienne, Henry, his grammatical labors anticipated by the Brahmans, 500
B. C. 88.
his work on language, 131 _note_.
Ethiopic, or Abyssinian, origin of the, 281.
Eudemos, on the Aryan race, 241.
Euhemerus, of Messene, his neologian work translated into Latin, by
Ennius, 105.
Eulalia, Song of, age of the, 196.
Euripides, first translated into Latin, by Ennius, 105.
Ewald, on the relation of the Turanian to the Aryan languages, 338.
Ezour-Veda, the, 156 _note_.
Ezra, Chaldee fragments in the Book of, 276.
Fabius Pictor, his history of Rome in Greek, 104.
Fa-hian, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, 149.
Families of languages, tests for reducing the principal dialects of Europe
and Asia to certain, 172.
_Fatum_, original meaning of the name, 21.
_Feeble_, origin of the word, 123.
Feizi and the Brahman, story of, 152.
_Feu_, origin of the French word, 123.
Finnic class of languages, 315.
branches of Finnic, 316.
the “Kalewala,” the “Iliad” of the Finns, 318.
tribes, original seat of the, 315.
their language and literature, 317.
national feeling lately arisen, 317.
Finnish, peculiarity of its grammar, 119.
Firdusi, language in which he wrote his “Shahnameh,” 210.
Fire-worshippers. _See_ Parsis.
Firoz Shah, translations from Sanskrit into Persian, made by order of,
150.
Flaminius, his knowledge of Greek, 103.
Flemish language and literature, 178.
French dialects, number of, 58.
laws of change in the French language, 73.
nominatives and accusatives, 119.
French, origin of grammatical terminations in French, 229.
origin of the French future in _rai_, 229.
Friesian, multitude of the dialects of, 59.
language and literature, 178.
_Fromage_, origin of the French word, 123.
Future, the, in French, 229.
in Latin, 230.
in Greek, 230.
in Chinese, 388.
in other languages, 231.
Galatia, foundation and language of, 199.
Galla language of Africa, family to which it belongs, 282.
Ganas, the, or lists of remarkable words in Sanskrit, 116.
Garo, formation of adjectives in, 113 _note_.
Gâthâs, or songs of Zoroaster, 209.
Gebelin, Court de, his “Monde Primitif,” 140.
compared with Hervas, 140.
Gees language, 281.
Genitive case, the term used in India, 111.
terminations of the genitive in most cases, identical with the
derivative suffixes by which substantives are changed into
adjectives, 112.
mode of forming the genitive in Chinese, 118 _note_.
formation of genitives in Latin, 220.
_Geometry_, origin of the word, 15.
German language, history of the, 179.
Gipsies, language of the, 211.
Glass, painted, before and since the Reformation, 20.
Gordon, Captain, on the dialects of Burmese, 63.
Goropius, his work written to prove that Dutch was the language spoken in
Paradise, 135.
_Gospel_, origin of the word, 122.
Gothic, a modern language, 122.
similarity between Gothic and Latin, 127.
class of languages to which Gothic belongs, 189.
number of roots in it, 265 _note_.
Goths, the, and Bishop Ulfilas, 187.
Grammar, the criterion of relationship in almost all languages, 85.
English grammar unmistakably of Teutonic origin, 85.
no trace of grammar in ancient Chinese, 86.
early achievements of the Brahmans in grammar, 88.
and the Greeks, 89.
origin of grammar, 90.
causes of the earnestness with which Greek grammar was taken up at Rome,
108.
the Hindú science of grammar, 116.
origin and history of Sanskrit grammar, 116.
origin of grammatical forms, 120.
historical evidence, 121.
collateral evidence, 122.
genealogical classification, 124.
comparative value of grammar in the classification of languages, 170.
comparative grammar, 214.
Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar,” 214.
origin of grammatical forms, 215.
mode of tracing back the grammatical framework of the Aryan languages to
original independent words, 231-234.
result of Bopp’s “Comparative Grammar,” 234.
Aryan grammar, 234.
Turkish grammar, 308.
Turkic grammar, 309.
Grammatici, the, at Rome, 103.
Greek language, the, studied and cultivated by the barbarians, Berosus,
Menander, and Manetho, 94, 95.
critical study of ancient Greek at Alexandria, 97.
the first practical Greek grammar, 100.
generally spoken at Rome, 101.
Greek, earnestness with which Greek grammar was taken up at Rome, 108,
110.
principles which governed the formation of adjectives and genitives, 113
_note_.
spread of the Greek grammar, 114.
genitives in Greek, 117.
the principle of classification, never applied to speech by the Greeks,
124.
Greeks and Barbarians, 125.
Plato’s notion of the origin of the Greek language, 126.
similarity between Greek and Sanskrit, 142.
affinity between Sanskrit and Greek, 159.
formation of the dative in Greek, 221.
the future in Greek, 230.
number of forms each verb in Greek yields, if conjugated through all its
voices, tenses &c., 272 _note_.
modern, number of the dialects of, 58.
Greeks, their speculations on languages, 89.
the Grammarians, 90.
reasons why the ancient Greeks never thought of learning a foreign
language, 92.
first encouragement given by trade to interpreters, 93.
imaginary travels of Greek philosophers, 94 _note_.
the Greek use of the term Barbarian, 127.
Gregory of Nyssa, St., his defence of St. Basil, 40 _note_.
Grimm, on the origin of dialects in general, quoted, 60.
on the idiom of nomads, quoted, 71.
his “Teutonic Grammar,” 167.
Growth of language, 47, 66.
examination of the idea that man can change or improve language, 48.
causes of the growth of language, 50.
Guichard, Estienne, his work on language, 132 _note_.
Guebres. _See_ Parsis.
Halhead, his remarks on the affinity between Greek and Sanskrit, quoted,
159.
his “Code of Gentoo Laws,” 159 _note_.
Hamilton, Sir W., on the origin of the general and particular in language,
377 _note_.
Harald Ilaarfagr, King of Norway, his despotic rule and its consequences,
192.
Haru-spex, origin of the name, 259.
Harun-al-Rashid, translations made from Sanskrit works at his court, 149.
Haug, his labors in Zend, 209.
Haussa language of Africa, family to which it belongs, 282.
Hebrew, idea of the fathers of the church that it was the primitive
language of mankind, 132.
amount of learning and ingenuity wasted on this question, 133.
Leibniz, the first who really conquered this prejudice, 135.
number of roots in, 265.
ancient form of the, 280.
Aramean modifications of, 280.
swept away by Arabic, 281.
Hekate, an old name of the moon, 22.
“Heljand,” the, of the Low Germans, 178.
Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, 198.
Herat, origin of the name, 247.
Hermippus, his translation of the works of Zoroaster into Greek, 96.
Herodotus, his travels, 94.
on the Pelasgi, 125 _note_.
Hervas, his reduction of the multitude of American dialects to eleven
families, 63.
his list of works published during the 16th century, on the science of
language, 131 _note_.
account of him and of his labors, 139.
compared with Gebelin, 140.
his discovery of the Malay and Polynesian family of speech, 141.
Hickes, on the proportion of Saxon to Norman words in the English
language, 84.
Himyaritic, inscriptions in, 281.
Hindústání, real origin of, 70.
the genitive and adjective in, 113 _note_.
Urdu-zeban, the proper name of Hindústání, 316.
Hiouen-thsang, the Chinese pilgrim, his travels into India, 149.
Hiram, fleet of, 202.
History and language, connection between, 76.
Hliod, or quida, of Norway, 193.
Saemund’s collection of, 193.
Hoei-seng, the Chinese pilgrim to India, his travels, 149.
Homer, critical study of, at Alexandria, 97.
influence of the critical study of, on the development of grammatical
terminology, 98.
Horace, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, 67.
_Hors_, origin of the French word, 123.
_House_, name for in Sanskrit, and other Aryan languages, 236, and _note_.
Humanity, the word not to be found in Plato or Aristotle, 128.
Humboldt, Alex. von, on the limits of exact knowledge, quoted, 29.
Humboldt, William von, his patronage of Comparative Philology, 167.
Hungarians, ancestors of the, 320.
language of the, 320, 321.
its affinity to the Ugro-Finnic dialects, 321.
Huron Indians, rapid changes in the dialects of the, 62.
Hyades, origin of the word, 17.
Ibn-Wahshiyyah, the Chaldean, his Arabic translation of “the Nabatean
Agriculture,” 279.
account of him and his works, 279 _note_.
Iceland, foundation of an aristocratic republic in, 192.
intellectual and literary activity of the people of, 192.
later history of, 193.
Icelandic language, 190.
Iconium, Turkish, sultans of, 307.
Illumination of Manuscripts, lost art of, 20.
Illyrians, Greek and Roman writers on the race and language of the, 126
_note_.
Illyrian language, the ancient, 196 _note_.
Illyrian languages, 200.
India, the Mulla Abdu-l-Kádir Maluk’s general history of, 151 _note_.
origin of the name of _India_, 228.
Indian Philosophers, difficulty of admitting the influence of, on Greek
philosophers, 94 _note_.
_Indies, East_ and _West_, historical meaning of the names, 227.
Indo-European family of languages. _See_ Aryan.
Inflectional stage of language, 324.
Instrumental, formation of the, in Chinese, 119 _note_, 218.
Interjectional theory of roots, 367.
Interpreters, first encouragement given to, by trade, 93.
Irán, modern name of Persia, origin of the, 242.
Iranic class of languages, 205.
_Iron_, name for, in Sanskrit and Gothic, 236.
Iron, the Os of the Caucasus calling themselves, 243.
Italian dialects, number of, 58, 197.
natural growth of, 67.
real sources of, 69.
Italians, the, indebted to the Greeks for the very rudiments of
civilization, 101.
Italic class of languages, 196.
Italy, dialects spoken in, before the rise of Rome, 197.
_Its_, as a possessive pronoun, introduction of, 46.
Jerome, St., his opinion that Hebrew was the primitive language of
mankind, 132.
Jews, literary idiom of the, in the century preceding and following the
Christian era, 277.
and from the fourth to the tenth centuries, 277.
their adoption of Arabic, 277.
their return to a kind of modernized Hebrew, 277.
Jones, Sir William, his remarks on the affinity between Sanskrit and
Greek, 159.
Julien, M. Stanislas, his notes on the Chinese language, 118 _note_.
Justinian, the Emperor, sends an embassy to the Turks, 302.
“Kalewala,” the, the “Iliad” of the Finns, 318.
Kalmüks, the, 296, 300.
Kapchakian empire, the, 297.
Kara-Kalpak tribes near Aral-Lake, 304.
Karelian dialect of Finnic, 318.
Karians, Greek authors on the, 125 _note_.
Kempe, André, his notion of the languages spoken in Paradise, 135 _note_.
Kepler, quoted, 129 _note_.
Khi-nie, the Chinese pilgrim, his travels into India, 149.
Kirgis tribe, the, 305.
Kirgis Hordes, the three, 305.
Kirgis-Kasak, tribe of the, 305.
Kumüks, tribe of the, in the Caucasus, 303.
Kuthami, the Nabatean, his work on “Nabatean Agriculture,” 280.
period in which he lived, 280 _note_.
Laban, language of, 278.
Language, science of, one of the physical sciences, 11, 31.
modern date of the science of, 13.
names of the science of, 14.
meaning of the science of, 14.
little it offers to the utilitarian spirit of our age, 20.
modern importance of the science of, in political and social questions,
22.
the barrier between man and beast, 23.
importance of the science of, 33.
realm of, 35.
the growth of, in contradistinction to the history of, 38.
Dr. Whewell on the classification of, 38 _note_.
examination of objections against the science of, as a physical science,
39.
considered as an invention of man, 39.
the science of, considered as a historical science, 42.
historical changes of, 44.
almost stationary amongst highly civilized nations, 45.
growth of, 47.
the idea that man can change or improve language examined, 48.
causes of the growth of, 50.
processes of the growth of:—
1. phonetic decay, 51.
2. dialectical regeneration, 58.
laws of change in, 73.
futile attempts of single grammarians and purists to improve, 75.
connection between language and history, 77.
independent of historical events, 79.
no possibility of a mixed, 82.
the Empirical Stage in the historical progress of the science of, 87.
speculations of the Brahmans and Greeks, 87.
the classificatory stage of, 115.
empirical or formal grammar, 117.
genealogical classification of, 124.
Hervas’s catalogue of works published during the 16th century on the
science of language, 131 _note_.
Leibniz, 135 _et seq_.
Hervas, 139.
Adelung, 142.
Catherine the Great, 143.
importance of the discovery of Sanskrit, 146, 170.
value of comparative grammar, 170.
glance at the modern history of language, 173.
distinction between the radical and formal elements of, 215.
constituent elements of, 250.
morphological classification, 275, 286.
the inflectional stage of, 324.
consideration of the problem of a common origin of languages, 326 _et
seq_.
former theories, 345.
proper method of inquiry, 347.
man and brutes, faculties of, 350.
the difference between man and brute, 354.
the inward power of which language is the outward sign and
manifestation, 355.
universal ideas, 356.
general ideas and roots, 356.
the primum cognitum and primum appellatum, 370.
knowing and naming, 378.
language and reason, 383.
sound and thought, 384.
natural selection of roots, 386.
nothing arbitrary in language, 389.
origin and confusion of tongues, 391.
the radical stage of language, 285, 286.
the terminational stage, 285, 288.
the inflectional stage, 285.
Languages, number of known, 35.
teaching of foreign languages comparatively a modern invention, 91.
reason why the ancient Greeks never learned foreign languages, 91.
“The Mountain of Languages,” 93.
genealogical classification of, 166.
tests for reducing the principal dialects in Europe and Asia to certain
families of languages, 174.
genealogical classification not applicable to all languages, 174.
radical relationship, 176.
comparative grammar, 214.
Languages, formal and radical elements of, 216.
all formal elements of language originally substantial, 228.
degrees of relationship of, 284.
all languages reducible in the end to roots, 286.
Langue d’Oil, ancient song in the, 198.
Laps, or Laplanders, 319.
their habitat, 319.
their language, 319.
Latin, what is meant by, 67.
changes in, according to Polybius, 67.
the old Salian poems, 67.
provincialisms of Cicero, 67.
stagnation of Latin when it became the language of civilization, 68.
Latin genitives, 117.
similarity between Gothic and Latin, 127.
genealogical relation of Latin to Greek, 172.
the future in Latin, 230.
Leibniz, the first to conquer the prejudice that Hebrew was the primitive
language of mankind, 135.
and the first to apply the principle of inductive reasoning to the
subject of language, 135.
his letter to Peter the Great, quoted, 136.
his labors in the science of language, 137.
his various studies, 138.
on the formation of thought and language, quoted, 373.
Lesbos, dialects of the island of, 59.
Lettic language, the, 199.
Lewis, Sir Cornewall, his criticisms on the theory of Raynouard, 171.
Linnæus, his system, although imperfect, important to science, 26.
Literary languages, origin of, 65.
inevitable decay of, 68.
Lithuanian language, the, 199.
the oldest document in, 199.
Livius Andronicus, 104.
his translation of the Odyssey into Latin verse, 104.
Livonians, dialect of the, 318.
Locative, formation of the, in all the Aryan languages, 219.
in Chinese, 119 _note_, 218.
in Latin, 220.
Locke, John, on language as the barrier between man and brutes, quoted,
24.
on universal ideas, quoted, 356.
his opinion on the origin of language, 40.
_Lord_, origin of the word, 122.
Lord’s Prayer, number of languages in which it was published by various
authors in the 16th century, 131 _note_.
Lucilius, his book on the reform of Latin orthography, 109.
Lucina, a name of the moon, 21.
Luna, origin of the name, 21.
Lusatia, language of, 200.
Lycurgus, his travels mythical, 94.
Macedonians, ancient authors on the, 125 _note_.
_Madam_, origin of word, 226.
Mago, the Carthaginian, his book on agriculture in Punic, 94 _note_.
_Man_, ancient words for, 381.
Man and brutes, faculties of, 349.
difference between man and brutes, 354.
Mandshu tribes, speaking a Tungusic language, 296.
grammar of, 323.
imitative sounds in, 366 _note_.
Manetho, his study and cultivation of the Greek language, 95.
his work on Egypt, 95.
his knowledge of hieroglyphics, 95.
Manka, the Indian, his translations from Sanskrit into Persian, 149.
Masora, idiom in which it was written, 277.
Maulána Izzu-d-din Khalid Khani, his translations from Sanskrit into
Persian, 150.
_Même_, origin of the French word, 57.
Menander, his study and cultivation of the Greek language, 95.
his work on Phenicia, 95.
Mendaïtes, or Nasoreans, the “Book of Adam” of the, 279.
_Ment_, origin of the termination in French adverbs, 55.
Mescheräks, tribe of the, their present settlements, 304.
Milton, John, number of words used by, in his works, 267.
Ming-ti, the Emperor of China, allows the introduction of Buddhism into
his empire, 147.
sends officials to India to study the doctrines of Buddha, 148.
Missionaries, their importance in elucidating the problem of the
dialectical life of language, 62.
Moallakat, or “suspended poems,” of the Arabs, 281.
Moffat, Rev. Robert, on the dialects of Southern Africa, 64.
Monboddo, Lord, on language as the barrier between man and brutes, quoted,
24.
his “Ancient Metaphysics” quoted, 160 and _note_.
Mongolian dialects, entering a new phase of grammatical life, 64.
Mongolian class of languages, 296.
grammar of, 323.
Mongols, their original seat, 296.
three classes of them, 296.
their conquests, 297.
dissolution of the empire, 299.
their present state, 300.
their language, 300.
_Moon_, antiquity of the word, 16.
Moravia, devastated by the Mongols, 299.
_Mortal_, origin of the word, 382.
_Much_ and _Very_, distinction between, 48.
Muhammed ben Musa, his translation of the Indian treatise on algebra into
Arabic, 149.
Mythology, real nature of, 21, 237.
Nabateans, the, supposed to have been descendants of the Babylonians and
Chaldeans, 279.
the work of Kuthami on “Nabatean Agriculture,” 280.
National languages, origin of, 64.
Nature, immutability of, in all her works, 42.
Dr. Whewell quoted, 42.
Nebuchadnezzar, his name stamped on all the bricks made during his reign,
283.
Neo-Latin dialects, 196.
Νεμέτζιοι, the, of Constantinus Porphyrogeneta, 91 _note_.
Nestorians of Syria, forms and present condition of their language, 276,
_note_.
Nicopolis, battle of, 307.
_No_ and _nay_, as used by Chaucer, 225.
Nobili, Roberto de, 155.
his study of Sanskrit, 155.
Nogái tribes, history of the, 303.
Nomad languages, 290.
indispensable requirements of a nomad language, 292.
wealth of, 71.
nomadic tribes and their wars, 315.
their languages, 316.
Nominalism and Realism, controversy between, in the Middle Ages, 22.
Norman words in the English language, proportion of, to Saxon words, 84.
Norway, poetry of, 192.
the _hliod_ or _quida_,193.
the two Eddas, 191-194.
Norwegian language, stagnation of the, 70.
Number of known languages, 35.
Obsolete words and senses since the translation of the Bible in 1611, 45.
Onomatopoieia, theory of, 358.
Ophir of the Bible, 203.
Origen, his opinion that Hebrew was the primitive language of mankind,
132.
Origin of language, consideration of the problem of the common, 326 _et
seq._
Ormuzd, the god of the Zoroastrians, mentioned by Plato, 207.
discovery of the name Auramazda in the cuneiform inscriptions, 207.
origin of the name Auramazda or Ormuzd, 207.
Os, the, of Ossethi, calling themselves Iron, 243.
Oscan language and literature, the 196.
Osmanli language, the, 301, 306.
Ostiakes, dialects of the, 63.
Owl-glass, stories of, 260.
Pâli, once the popular dialect of Behar, 146.
Panætius, the Stoic philosopher at Rome, 107.
Pânini, Sanskrit grammar of, 116.
Pantomime, the, and the King, story of, 368.
Paolino de San Bartolomeo, Fra, first Sanskrit grammar published by, 142,
158.
Paradise, languages supposed by various authors to have been spoken in,
135, 136.
Parsi, period when it was spoken in Persia, 210.
Parsis, or fire-worshippers, the ancient, 205.
their prosperous colony in Bombay, 205.
their various emigrations, 205 _note_.
their ancient language, 205, 210.
Pascatir race, the, 320.
_Pater_, origin of the Latin word, 57.
_Pay, to_, origin of the word, 124,
Pedro, Padre, the missionary at Calicut, 154.
Pehlevi, or Huzvaresh language, 210.
Pelasgi, Herodotus on the, 125 _note_.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus on the, 125 _note_.
_Percussion_, etymology of, 53.
Perion, his work on language, 131 _note_.
Permian tribes and language, 320.
Permic branch of the Finnic class of languages, 319.
the name of Perm, 319.
the Permic tribes, 320.
Persia, origin of the Turkman, or Kisilbash of, 302.
Persian language, 83.
influence of the, over the Turkish language, 83.
the ancient Persian language. _See_ Zend, Zend-avesta.
Persian, subsequent history of Persian, 210.
_Peshito_, meaning of the word, 276 _note_.
Philolaus, the Pythagorean, his guess on the motion of the earth round the
sun, 29.
Philology, comparative, science of, 31.
a historical science, 32.
aim of the science, 81.
Phœnician, closely allied to Hebrew, 280.
Plato, his notion of the origin of the Greek language, 126.
on Zoroaster, quoted, 206 _note_.
Plautus, Greek words in the plays of, 104.
all his plays mere adaptations of Greek originals, 104.
_Pleiades_, the, origin of the word, 17.
Poland invaded by the Mongols, 299.
Polish, oldest specimens of, 200.
Polybius, on the changes Latin had undergone in his time, 67.
Pons, Father, his report of the literary treasures of the Brahmans, 157.
Pott, Professor, his “Etymological Researches,” 167.
his advocacy of the polygenetic theory, 342 _note_.
Prâkrit idioms, the, 146.
Prâtiśâkhyas, the, of the Brahmans, 116.
_Priest_, origin of the word, 122.
Priscianus, influence of his grammatical work on later ages, 114.