RABBITS, domestic, their origin, i. 103-105;

of Mount Sinai and Algeria, i. 105;

breeds of, i. 105-111;

Himalayan, Chinese, Polish, or Russian, i. 108-111, ii. 97;

feral, i. 111-115;

of Jamaica, i. 112;

of the Falkland islands, i. 112;

of Porto Santo, i. 112-115, ii. 103, 279;

osteological characters of, i. 115-129;

discussion of modifications in, i. 129-130;

one-eared, transmission of peculiarity of, ii. 12;

reversion in feral, ii. 33;

in the Himalayan, ii. 41;

crossing of white and coloured Angora, ii. 92;

comparative fertility of wild and tame, ii. 111;

high-bred, often bad breeders, ii. 121;

selection of, ii. 204;

white, liable to destruction, ii. 230;

effects of disuse of parts in, ii. 298;

skull of, affected by drooping ears, ii. 301;

length of intestines in, ii. 303;

correlation of ears and skull in, ii. 324-325;

variations in skull of, ii. 350;

periosteum of a dog producing bone in, ii. 369.

RACE-HORSE, origin of, i. 54.

RACES, modification and formation of, by crossing, ii. 95-99;

natural and artificial, ii. 245;

Pouchet's views on plurality of, i. 2;

of pigeons, i. 207-212.

RADISHES, i. 326; crossing of, ii. 90;

varieties of, ii. 217-218.

RADCLYFFE, W. F., effect of climate and soil on strawberries, i. 354;

constitutional differences in roses, i. 367.

RADLKOFER, retrogressive metamorphosis in mosses and algae, ii. 361.

RAFFLES, Sir Stamford, on the crossing of Javanese cattle with _Bos

sondaicus_, ii. 206.

RAM, goat-like, from the Cape of Good Hope, ii. 66.

RANCHIN, heredity of diseases, ii. 7.

RANGE of gallinaceous birds on the Himalaya, i. 237.

_Ranunculus ficaria_, ii. 170.

_Ranunculus repens_, ii. 168.

RAPE, i. 325.

_Raphanus sativus_, ii. 343.

RASPBERRY, yellow-fruited, ii. 230.

RATTLESNAKE, experiments with poison of the, ii. 289.

RAVEN, stomach of, affected by vegetable diet, ii. 302.

RAWSON, A., self-impotence in hybrids of _Gladiolus_, ii. 139-140.

RE, Le Compte, on the assumption of a yellow colour by all varieties of

maize, i. 321.

REAUMUR, effect of confinement upon the cock, ii. 52;

fertility of fowls in most climates, ii. 161.

REED, Mr., atrophy of the limbs of rabbits, consequent on the destruction

of their nerves, ii. 297.

REGENERATION of amputated parts in man, ii. 14;

in the human embryo, ii. 15;

in the lower vertebrata, insects, and myriapoda, _ibid._

REINDEER, individuals recognised by the Laplanders, ii. 251.

REGNIER, early cultivation of the cabbage by the Celts, i. 324.

REISSEK, experiments in crossing _Cytisus purpureus_ and _laburnum_, i.

389;

modification of a _Thesium_ by _Oecidium_, ii. 284.

RELATIONS, characters of, reproduced in children, ii. 34.

RENGGER, occurrence of jaguars with crooked legs in Paraguay, i. 17;

naked dogs of Paraguay, i. 23, 31, ii. 93, 102;

feral dogs of La Plata, i. 27;

on the aguara, i. 26;

cats of Paraguay, i. 46, ii. 86, 151;

dogs of Paraguay, ii. 87;

feral pigs of Buenos Ayres, i. 77;

on the refusal of wild animals to breed in captivity, ii. 149;

on _Dicotyles labiatus_, ii. 150;

sterility of plantigrade carnivora in captivity, ii. 152;

on _Cavia aperea_, ii. 152;

sterility of _Cebus azarae_ in captivity, ii. 153;

abortions produced by wild animals in captivity, ii. 158.

REPRODUCTION, sexual and asexual, contrasted, ii. 361;

unity of forms of, ii. 383;

antagonism of, to growth, ii. 384.

_Reseda odorata_, ii. 237.

RETINITIS, pigmentary, in deaf-mutes, ii. 328.

REVERSION, ii. 28-29, 372-373, 396, 398-402;

in pigeons, ii. 29;

in cattle, ii. 29-30;

in sheep, ii. 30;

in fowls, ii. 31;

in the heartsease, _ibid._;

in vegetables, _ibid._;

in feral animals and plants, ii. 32-34;

to characters derived from a previous cross in man, dogs, pigeons,

pigs, and fowls, ii. 34-35;

{474}

in hybrids, ii. 36;

by bud-propagation in plants, ii. 36-38;

by age in fowls, cattle, &c., ii. 38-39;

caused by crossing, ii. 39-51;

explained by latent characters, ii. 51-56;

producing monstrosities, ii. 57;

producing peloric flowers, ii. 58-60;

of feral pigs to the wild type, i. 77-78;

of supposed feral rabbits to the wild type, i. 104, 111, 115;

of pigeons, in coloration, when crossed, i. 197-202;

in fowls, i. 239-246;

in the silkworm, i. 302;

in the pansy, i. 369;

in a pelargonium, i. 378;

in Chrysanthemums, i. 379;

of varieties of the China rose in St. Domingo, i. 380;

by buds in pinks and carnations, i. 381;

of laciniated varieties of trees to the normal form, i. 382;

in variegated leaves of plants, i. 383-384;

in tulips, i. 386;

of suckers of the seedless barberry to the common form, i. 384;

by buds in hybrids of _Tropaeolum_, i. 392;

in plants, i. 409;

of crossed peloric snapdragons, ii. 71;

analogous variations due to, ii. 349-351.

REYNIER, selection practised by the Celts, ii. 202-203.

RHINOCEROS, breeding in captivity in India, ii. 150.

_Rhododendron_, hybrid, ii. 265.

_Rhododendron ciliatum_, ii. 277.

_Rhododendron Dalhousiae_, effect of pollen of _R. Nuttallii_ upon, i.

400.

RHUBARB, not medicinal when grown in England, ii. 274.

_Ribes grossularia_, i. 354-356, 376.

_Ribes rubrum_, i. 376.

RIBS, number and characters of, in fowls, i. 267;

characters of, in ducks, i. 283-284.

RICE, Imperial, of China, ii. 205;

Indian varieties of, ii. 256;

variety of, not requiring water, ii. 305.

RICHARDSON, H. D., on jaw-appendages in Irish pigs, i. 76;

management of pigs in China, i. 68;

occurrence of striped young in Westphalian pigs, i. 76;

on crossing pigs, ii. 95;

on interbreeding pigs, ii. 122;

on selection in pigs, ii. 194.

RICHARDSON, Sir John, observations on the resemblance between North

American dogs and wolves, i. 21-22;

on the burrowing of wolves, i. 27;

on the broad feet of dogs, wolves, and foxes in North America, i. 40;

on North American horses scraping away the snow, i. 53.

_Ricinus_, annual in England, ii. 305.

RIEDEL, on the "Bagadotte" pigeon, i. 141;

on the Jacobin pigeon, i. 154;

fertility of hybrid pigeons, i. 192.

RINDERPEST, ii. 378.

RISSO, on varieties of the orange, i. 336, ii. 308, 331.

RIVERS, Lord, on the selection of greyhounds, ii. 235.

RIVERS, Mr., persistency of characters in seedling potatoes, i. 331;

on the peach, i. 338, 339;

persistency of races in the peach and nectarine, i. 339, 340;

connexion between the peach and the nectarine, i. 340;

persistency of character in seedling apricots, i. 344;

origin of the plum, i. 345;

seedling varieties of the plum, i. 346;

persistency of character in seedling plums, i. 347;

bud-variation in the plum, i. 375;

plum, attacked by bullfinches, ii. 232;

seedling apples with surface-roots, i. 349;

variety of the apple found in a wood, ii. 260;

on roses, i. 366-367;

bud-variation in roses, i. 379-381;

production of Provence roses from seeds of the moss-rose, i. 380;

effect produced by grafting on the stock in jessamine, i. 394;

in the ash, i. 394;

on grafted hazels, i. 395;

hybridisation of a weeping thorn, ii. 18;

experiments with the seed of the weeping elm and ash, ii. 19;

variety of the cherry with curled petals, ii. 232.

RIVIERE, reproduction of _Oncidium Cavendishianum_, ii. 133.

ROBERTS, Mr., on inheritance in the horse, ii. 10.

ROBERTSON, Mr., on glandular-leaved peaches, i. 343.

ROBINET, on the silkworm, i. 301-304, ii. 197.

_Robinia_, ii. 274.

ROBSON, Mr., deficiencies of half-bred horses, ii. 11.

ROBSON, Mr., on the advantage of change of soil to plants, ii. 146-147;

on the growth of the verbena, ii. 273;

on broccoli, ii. 310.

ROCK pigeon, measurements of the, i. 134;

figured, i. 135.

RODENTS, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 152.

_Rodriguezia_, ii. 134, 135.

RODWELL, J., poisoning of horses by mildewed tares, ii. 337.

ROHILCUND, feral humped cattle in, i. 79.

ROLLE, F., on the history of the peach, ii. 308.

ROLLER-PIGEONS, Dutch, i. 151.

ROLLESTON, Prof., incisor teeth affected in form in cases of pulmonary

tubercle, ii. 332.

ROMANS, estimation of pigeons by, i. 205;

breeds of fowls possessed by, i. 231, 247.

{475}

ROOKS, pied, ii. 77.

_Rosa_, cultivated species of, i. 366.

_Rosa devoniensis_, graft-hybrid produced by, on the white Banksian rose,

i. 396.

_Rosa indica_ and _centifolia_, fertile hybrids of, i. 366.

_Rosa spinosissima_, history of the culture of, i. 367.

ROSELLINI, on Egyptian dogs, i. 17.

ROSES, i. 366-367;

origin of, i. 364;

bud-variation in, i. 379-381;

Scotch, doubled by selection, ii. 200;

continuous variation of, ii. 241;

effect of seasonal conditions on, ii. 273;

noisette, ii. 308;

galls of, ii. 284.

ROUENNAIS rabbit, i. 105.

ROULIN, on the dogs of Juan Fernandez, i. 27;

on South American cats, i. 46;

striped young pigs, i. 77;

feral pigs in South America, i. 78, ii. 33;

on Columbian cattle, i. 88, ii. 205, 226;

effects of heat on the hides of cattle in South America, i. 92;

fleece of sheep in the hot valleys of the Cordilleras, i. 98;

diminished fertility of these sheep, ii. 161;

on black-boned South American fowls, i. 258;

variation of the guinea-fowl in tropical America, i. 294;

frequency of striped legs in mules, ii. 42;

geese in Bogota, ii. 161;

sterility of fowls introduced into Bolivia, ii. 162.

ROY, M., on a variety of _Magnolia grandiflora_, ii. 308.

ROYLE, Dr., Indian varieties of the mulberry, i. 334;

on _Agave vivipara_, ii. 169;

variety of rice not requiring irrigation, ii. 305;

sheep from the Cape in India, ii. 306.

_Rubus_, pollen of, ii. 268.

RUDIMENTARY organs, i. 12, ii. 315-318.

RUFZ de Lavison, extinction of breeds of dogs in France, ii. 425.

RUMINANTS, general fertility of, in captivity, ii. 150.

RUMPLESS fowls, i. 230.

RUNTS, i. 142-144;

history of, i. 210;

lower jaws and skull figured, i. 164-165.

RUSSIAN or Himalayan rabbit, i. 108.

RUETIMEYER, Prof., dogs of the Neolithic period, i. 19;

horses of Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 49;

diversity of early domesticated horses i. 51;

pigs of the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 65, 67-68;

on humped cattle, i. 80;

parentage of European breeds of cattle, i. 80, 81, ii. 427;

on "Niata" cattle, i. 89;

sheep of the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 94, ii. 427;

goats of the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 101;

absence of fowls in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 246;

on crossing cattle, ii. 98;

differences in the bones of wild and domesticated animals, ii. 279;

decrease in size of wild European animals, ii. 427.

RYE, wild, De Candolle's observations on, i. 313;

found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 319;

common, preferred by hares and rabbits, ii. 232;

less variable than other cultivated plants, ii. 254.

SABINE, Mr., on the cultivation of _Rosa spinosissima_, i. 367;

on the cultivation of the dahlia, i. 369-370, ii. 261;

effect of foreign pollen on the seed-vessel in _Amaryllis vittata_, i.

400.

ST. ANGE, influence of the pelvis on the shape of the kidneys in birds,

ii. 344.

ST. DOMINGO, wild dogs of, i. 28;

bud-variation of dahlias in, i. 385.

ST. HILAIRE, Aug., milk furnished by cows in South America, ii. 300;

husked form of maize, i. 320.

ST. JOHN, C., feral cats in Scotland, i. 47;

taming of wild ducks, i. 278.

ST. VALERY apple, singular structure of the, i. 350;

artificial fecundation of the, i. 401.

ST. VITUS' Dance, period of appearance of, ii. 77.

SAGERET, origin and varieties of the cherry, i. 347-348;

origin of varieties of the apple, i. 350;

incapacity of the cucumber for crossing with other species, i. 359;

varieties of the melon, i. 360;

supposed twin-mongrel melon, i. 391;

crossing melons, ii. 108, 129;

on gourds, ii. 108;

effects of selection in enlarging fruit, ii. 217;

on the tendency to depart from type, ii. 241;

variation of plants in particular soils, ii. 278.

SALAMANDER, experiments on the, ii. 293, 341;

regeneration of lost parts in the, ii. 15, 376, 385.

_Salamandra cristata_, polydactylism in, ii. 14.

SALISBURY, Mr., on the production of nectarines by peach-trees, i. 341;

on the dahlia, i. 369-370.

_Salix_, intercrossing of species of, i. 336.

_Salix humilis_, galls of, ii. 282, 283.

SALLE, feral guinea-fowl in St. Domingo, i. 294.

SALMON, early breeding of male, ii. 384.

SALTER, Mr., on bud-variation in pelargoniums, i. 378;

in the Chrysanthemum, i. 379;

transmission of variegated leaves by seed, i. 383;

bud-variation by suckers in _Phlox_, i. 384;

application of selection to bud-varieties of plants, i. 411;

accumulative effect of changed conditions of life, ii. 262;

on the variegation of strawberry leaves, ii. 274.

SALTER, S. J., hybrids of _Gallus Sonneratii_ and the common fowl, i.

234, ii. 45;

{476}

crossing of races or species of rats, ii. 87-88.

SAMESREUTHER, on inheritance in cattle, ii. 10.

SANDFORD. _See_ DAWKINS.

SAP, ascent of the, ii. 296.

_Saponaria calabrica_, ii. 20.

SARDINIA, ponies of, i. 52.

SARS, on the development of the hydroida, ii. 368.

SATIATION of the stigma, i. 402-403.

_Saturnia pyri_, sterility of, in confinement, ii. 157.

SAUL, on the management of prize gooseberries, i. 356.

SAUVIGNY, varieties of the goldfish, i. 296.

SAVAGES, their indiscriminate use of plants as food, i. 307-310;

fondness of, for taming animals, ii. 160.

SAVI, effect of foreign pollen on maize, i. 400.

_Saxifraga geum_, ii. 166.

SAYZID MOHAMMED MUSARI, on carrier-pigeons, i. 141;

on a pigeon which utters the sound "Yahu," i. 155.

SCANDEROONS (pigeons), i. 142, 143.

SCANIA, remains of _Bos frontosus_ found in, i. 81.

SCAPULA, characters of, in rabbits, i. 123;

in fowls, i. 268;

in pigeons, i. 167;

alteration of, by disuse, in pigeons, i. 175.

SCARLET fever, ii. 276.

SCHAAFFHAUSEN, on the horses represented in Greek statues, ii. 213.

SCHACHT, H., on adventitious buds, ii. 384.

SCHLEIDEN, excess of nourishment a cause of variability, ii. 257.

SCHOMBURGK, Sir R., on the dogs of the Indians of Guiana, i. 19, 23, ii.

206;

on the musk duck, i. 182;

bud-variation in the Banana, i. 377;

reversion of varieties of the China rose in St. Domingo, i. 380;

sterility of tame parrots in Guiana, ii. 155;

on _Dendrocygna viduata_, ii. 157;

selection of fowls in Guiana, ii. 209.

SCHREIBERS, on _Proteus_, ii. 297.

_Sciuropterus volucella_, ii. 152.

_Sciurus palmarum_ and _cinerea_, ii. 152.

SCLATER, P. L., on _Asinus taeniopus_, i. 62, ii. 41;

on _Asinus indicus_, ii. 42;

striped character of young wild pigs, i. 70;

osteology of _Gallinula nesiotis_, i. 287;

on the black-shouldered peacock, i. 290;

on the breeding of birds in captivity, ii. 157.

SCHMERLING, Dr., varieties of the dog, found in a cave, i. 19.

SCOTCH fir, local variation of, i. 363.

SCOTCH kail and cabbage, cross between, ii. 98.

SCOTT, John, irregularities in the sex of the flowers of Maize, i. 321;

bud-variation in _Imatophyllum miniatum_, i. 385;

crossing of species of _Verbascum_, ii. 106-107;

experiments on crossing _Primulae_, ii. 109;

reproduction of orchids, ii. 133;

fertility of _Oncidium divaricatum_, ii. 164;

acclimatisation of the sweet pea in India, ii. 311;

number of seeds in _Acropera_ and _Gongora_, ii. 379.

SCOTT, Sir W., former range of wild cattle in Britain, i. 85.

SCROPE, on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 73, 121.

SEBRIGHT, Sir John, effects of close interbreeding in dogs, ii. 121;

care taken by, in selection of fowls, ii. 197.

_Secale cereale_, ii. 254.

SEDGWICK, W., effects of crossing on the female, i. 404;

on the "Porcupine-man," ii. 4;

on hereditary diseases, ii. 7;

hereditary affections of the eye, ii. 9, 78-79;

inheritance of polydactylism and anomalies of the extremities, ii.

13-14;

morbid uniformity in the same family, ii. 17;

on deaf-mutes, ii. 22;

inheritance of injury to the eye, ii. 24;

atavism in diseases and anomalies of structure, ii. 34;

non-reversion to night-blindness, ii. 36;

sexual limitation of the transmission of peculiarities in man, ii.

72-73;

on the effects of hard-drinking, ii. 289;

inherited baldness with deficiency of teeth, ii. 326-327;

occurrence of a molar tooth in place of an incisor, ii. 391;

diseases occurring in alternate generations, ii. 401.

SEDILLOT, on the removal of portions of bone, ii. 296.

SEEDS, early selection of, ii. 204;

rudimentary, in grapes, ii. 316;

relative position of, in the capsule, ii. 345.

SEEDS and buds, close analogies of, i. 411.

SEEMANN, B., crossing of the wolf and Esquimaux dog, i. 22.

SELBY, P. J., on the bud-destroying habits of the bullfinch, ii. 232.

SELECTION, ii. 192-249;

methodical, i. 214, ii. 194-210;

by the ancients and semi-civilised people, ii. 201-210;

of trifling characters, ii. 208-210;

unconscious, i. 214, 217, ii. 174, 210-217;

effects of, shown by differences in most valued parts, ii. 217-220;

produced by accumulation of variability, ii. 220-223;

natural, as affecting domestic productions, ii. 185-189, 224-233;

as the origin of species, genera and other groups, ii. 429-432;

circumstances favourable to, ii. 233-239;

tendency of towards extremes, ii. 239-242;

{477}

possible limit of, ii. 242;

influence of time on, ii. 243-244;

summary of subject, ii. 246-249;

effects of, in modifying breeds of cattle, i. 92, 93;

in preserving the purity of breeds of sheep, i. 99-100;

in producing varieties of pigeons, i. 213-218;

in breeding fowls, i. 232-233;

in the goose, i. 289;

in the canary, i. 295;

in the goldfish, i. 296;

in the silkworm, i. 300-301;

contrasted in cabbages and cereals, i. 323;

in the white mulberry, i. 334;

on gooseberries, i. 356;

applied to wheat, i. 317-318;

exemplified in carrots, &c., i. 326;

in the potato, i. 331;

in the melon, i. 360;

in flowering plants, i. 365;

in the hyacinth, i. 371;

applied to bud-varieties of plants, i. 411;

illustrations of, ii. 421-428.

SELECTION, sexual, ii. 75.

SELF-IMPOTENCE in plants, ii. 131-140;

in individual plants, ii. 136-138;

of hybrids, ii. 174.

SELWYN, Mr., on the Dingo, i. 26.

SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, on hybrid ducks, i. 190, ii. 46, 157;

hybrid of the hook-billed duck and Egyptian goose, i. 282.

SERINGE, on the St. Valery apple, i. 350.

SERPENT Melon, i. 360.

SERRES, Olivier de, wild poultry in Guiana, i. 237.

SESAMUM, white-seeded, antiquity of the, ii. 429.

_Setaria_, found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317.

SETTERS, degeneration of, in India, i. 38;

Youatt's remarks on, i. 41.

SEX, secondary characters of, latent, ii. 51-52;

of parents, influence of, on hybrids, ii. 267.

SEXUAL characters, sometimes lost in domestication, ii. 74.

SEXUAL limitation of characters, ii. 71-75.

SEXUAL peculiarities, induced by domestication in sheep, i. 95;

in fowls, i. 251-257;

transfer of, i. 255-257.

SEXUAL variability in pigeons, i. 161-162.

SEXUAL selection, ii. 75.

SHADDOCK, i. 335.

SHAILER, Mr., on the moss-rose, i. 379-380.

SHANGHAI fowls, i. 227.

SHANGHAI sheep, their fecundity, i. 97.

SHAN ponies, striped, i. 58.

SHEEP, disputed origin of, i. 94;

early domestication of, i. 94;

large-tailed, i. 94, 95, 98, ii. 279;

variations in horns, mammae and other characters of, i. 95;

sexual characters of, induced by domestication, i. 95, 96;

adaptation of, to climate and pasture, i. 96, 97;

periods of gestation of, i. 97;

effect of heat on the fleece of, i. 98-99, ii. 278;

effect of selection on, i. 99-101;

"ancon" or "otter" breeds of, i. 17, 92, 100;

"Mauchamp-merino," i. 100-101;

cross of German and merino, ii. 85-89;

black, of the Tarentino, ii. 227;

Karakool, ii. 278;

Jaffna, with callosities on the knees, ii. 302;

Chinese, ii. 315;

Danish, of the bronze period, ii. 427;

polydactylism in, ii. 14;

occasional production of horns in hornless breeds of, ii. 30;

reversion of colour in, ii. 30;

influence of male, on offspring, ii. 68;

sexual differences in, ii. 73;

influence of crossing or segregation on, ii. 86, 95-96, 102-103;

interbreeding of, ii. 119-120;

effect of nourishment on the fertility of, ii. 111-112;

diminished fertility of, under certain conditions, ii. 161;

unconscious selection of, ii. 213;

natural selection in breeds of, ii. 224, 225, 227;

reduction of bones in, ii. 242;

individual differences of, ii. 251;

local changes in the fleece of, in England, ii. 278;

partial degeneration of, in Australia, ii. 278;

with numerous horns, ii. 291;

correlation of horns and fleece in, ii. 326;

feeding on flesh, ii. 303;

acclimatisation of, ii. 305-306;

mountain, resistance of, to severe weather, ii. 312;

white, poisoned by _Hypericum crispum_, ii. 337.

SHEEP dogs resembling wolves, i. 24.

SHELLS, sinistral and dextral, ii. 53.

SHERIFF, Mr. new varieties of wheat, i. 315, 317;

on crossing wheat, ii. 104-105;

continuous variation of wheat, ii. 241.

SIAM, cats of, i. 47; horses of, i. 53.

SHIRLEY, E. P., on the fallow-deer, ii. 103, 120.

SHORT, D., hybrids of the domestic cat and _Felis ornata_, i, 45.

SIBERIA, northern range of wild horses in, i. 52.

SICHEL, J., on the deafness of white cats with blue eyes, ii. 329.

SIDNEY, S., on the pedigrees of pigs, ii. 3;

on cross-reversion in pigs, ii. 35;

period of gestation in the pig, i. 74;

production of breeds of pigs by intercrossing, i. 78, 95;

fertility of the pig, ii. 112;

effects of interbreeding on pigs, ii. 121-122;

on the colours of pigs, ii. 210, 229.

SIEBOLD, on the sweet potato, ii. 309.

SIEBOLD, von Carl, on parthenogenesis, ii. 364.

_Silene_, contabescence in, ii. 166.

SILK-FOWLS, i. 230, ii. 67, 69.

{478}

SILK-MOTH, Arrindy, ii. 306, 312;

Tarroo, ii. 157.

SILK-MOTHS, i. 300-304;

domesticated species of, i. 300;

history of, _ibid._;

causes of modification in, i. 300-301;

differences presented by, i. 301-304;

crossing of, ii. 98;

disease in, ii. 228;

effects of disuse of parts in, ii. 298;

selection practised with, ii. 197, 199;

variation of, ii. 236;

parthenogenesis in, ii. 364.

SILKWORMS, variations of, i. 301-302;

yielding white cocoons, less liable to disease, ii. 336.

SILVER-GREY rabbit, i. 108, 111, 120.

SIMONDS, J. B., period of maturity in various breeds of cattle, i. 87;

differences in the periods of dentition in sheep, i. 96;

on the teeth in cattle, sheep, &c., ii. 322;

on the breeding of superior rams, ii. 196.

SIMON, on the raising of eggs of the silk-moth in China, ii. 197.

SIMPSON, Sir J., regenerative power of the human embryo, ii. 15.

_Siredon_, breeding in the branchiferous stage, ii. 384.

SISKIN, breeding in captivity, ii. 154.

_Sivatherium_, resemblance of the, to Niata cattle, i. 89.

SIZE, difference of, an obstacle to crossing, ii. 101.

SKIN, and its appendages, homologous, ii. 325;

hereditary affections of the, ii. 79.

SKIRVING, R. S., on pigeons settling on trees in Egypt, i. 181.

SKULL, characters of the, in breeds of dogs, i. 34;

in breeds of pigs, i. 71;

in rabbits, i. 116-120, 127;

in breeds of pigeons, i. 163-165;

in breeds of fowls, i. 260-266;

in ducks, i. 282-283.

SKULL and horns, correlation of the, ii. 333.

SKYLARK, ii. 154.

SLEEMAN, on the Cheetah, ii. 151.

SLOE, i. 345.

SMALL-POX, ii. 378.

SMITER (pigeon), i. 156.

SMITH, Sir A., on Caffrarian cattle, i. 88;

on the use of numerous plants as food in South Africa, i. 307.

SMITH, Colonel Hamilton, on the odour of the jackal, i. 30;

on the origin of the dog, i. 16;

wild dogs in St. Domingo, i. 28;

on the Thibet mastiff and the alco, i. 28-29;

development of the fifth toe in the hind feet of mastiffs, i. 35;

differences in the skull of dogs, i. 34;

history of the pointer, i. 42;

on the ears of the dog, ii. 301;

on the breeds of horses, i. 49;

origin of the horse, i. 51;

dappling of horses, i. 55;

striped horses in Spain, i. 58;

original colour of the horse, i. 60;

on horses scraping away snow, i. 52;

on _Asinus hemionus_, ii. 43;

feral pigs of Jamaica, i. 77-78.

SMITH, Sir J. E., production of nectarines and peaches by the same tree,

i. 340;

on _Viola amoena_, i. 368;

sterility of _Vinca minor_ in England, ii. 170.

SMITH, J., development of the ovary in _Bonatea speciosa_, by irritation

of the stigma, i. 403.

SMITH, N. H., influence of the bull "Favourite" on the breed of

Short-horn cattle, ii. 65.

SMITH, W., on the inter-crossing of strawberries, i. 352.

SNAKE-RAT, ii. 87, 88.

SNAKES, form of the viscera in, ii. 344.

SNAPDRAGON, bud-variation in, i. 381;

non-inheritance of colour in, ii. 21;

peloric, crossed with the normal form, ii. 70, 93;

asymmetrical variation of the, ii. 322.

SOIL, adaptation of plums to, i. 346;

influence of, on the zones of pelargoniums, i. 366;

on roses, i. 367;

on the variegation of leaves, i. 383;

advantages of change of, ii. 146-148.

SOIL and climate, effects of, on strawberries, i. 353.

_Solanum_, non-intercrossing of species of, ii. 91.

_Solanum tuberosum_, i. 330-331.

SOLID-HOOFED pigs, i. 75.

SOLOMON, his stud of horses, i. 55.

SOMERVILLE, Lord, on the fleece of Merino sheep, i. 99;

on crossing sheep, ii. 120;

on selection of sheep, ii. 195;

diminished fertility of Merino sheep brought from Spain, ii. 161.

SOOTY fowls, i. 230, 256.

SOTO, Ferdinand de, on the cultivation of native plants in Florida, i.

312.

_Sorghum_, i. 371.

SPAIN, hawthorn monogynous in, i. 364.

SPALLANZANI, on feral rabbits in Lipari, i. 113;

experiments on salamanders, ii. 15, 293, 385;

experiments in feeding a pigeon with meat, ii. 304.

SPANIELS, in India, i. 38;

King Charles's, i. 41;

degeneration of, caused by interbreeding, ii. 121.

SPANISH fowls, i. 227, 250, 253;

figured, i. 226;

early development of sexual characters in, i. 250, 251;

furcula of, figured, i. 268.

SPECIES, difficulty of distinguishing from varieties, i. 4;

conversion of varieties into, i. 5;

origin of, by natural selection, ii. 414-415;

by mutual sterility of varieties, ii. 185-189.

{479}

SPENCER, Lord, on selection in breeding, ii. 195.

SPENCER, Herbert, on the "survival of the fittest," i. 6;

increase of fertility by domestication, ii. 111;

on life, ii. 148, 177;

changes produced by external conditions, ii. 281;

effects of use on organs, ii. 295, 296;

ascent of the sap in trees, ii. 296;

correlation exemplified in the Irish elk, ii. 333-334;

on "physiological units," ii. 375;

antagonism of growth and reproduction, ii. 384;

formation of ducts in plants, ii. 300.

SPERMATOPHORES of the cephalopoda, ii. 383.

SPERMATOZOIDS, ii. 363-364;

apparent independence of, in insects, ii. 384.

SPHINGIDAE, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 157.

SPINOLA, on the injurious effect produced by flowering buckwheat on white

pigs, ii. 337.

SPITZ dog, i. 31.

SPOONER, W. C., cross-breeding of sheep, i. 100, ii. 95-96, 120;

on the effects of crossing, ii. 96-97;

on crossing cattle, ii. 118;

individual sterility, ii. 162.

SPORES, reproduction of abnormal forms by, i. 383.

SPORTS, i. 373; in pigeons, i. 213.

SPOT pigeon, i. 156, 207.

SPRENGEL, C. K., on dichogamous plants, ii. 90;

on the hollyhock, ii. 107;

on the functions of flowers, ii. 175.

SPROULE, Mr., inheritance of cleft-palate and hare-lip, ii. 24.

SPURS, of fowls, i. 255;

development of, in hens, ii. 318.

SQUASHES, i. 357.

SQUINTING, hereditary, ii. 9.

SQUIRRELS, generally sterile in captivity, ii. 152.

SQUIRRELS, flying, breeding in confinement, ii. 152.

"STAARHALSIGE Taube," i. 161.

STAG, one-horned, supposed heredity of character in, ii. 12;

degeneracy of, in the Highlands, ii. 208.

STAMENS, occurrence of rudimentary, ii. 316;

conversion of, into pistils, i. 365;

into petals, ii. 392.

_Staphylea_, ii. 168.

STEENSTRUP, Prof., on the dog of the Danish Middens, i. 18;

on the obliquity of flounders, ii. 53.

STEINAN, J., on hereditary diseases, ii. 7, 79.

STERILITY, in dogs, consequent on close confinement, i. 32;

comparative, of crosses, ii. 103, 104;

from changed conditions of life, ii. 148-165;

occurring in the descendants of wild animals bred in captivity, ii.

160;

individual, ii. 162;

resulting from propagation by buds, cuttings, bulbs, &c., ii. 169;

in hybrids, ii. 178-180, 386, 410-411;

in specific hybrids of pigeons, i. 193;

as connected with natural selection, ii. 185-189.

STERNUM, characters of the, in rabbits, i. 123;

in pigeons, i. 167, 174-175;

in fowls, i. 268, 273;

effects of disuse on the, i. 174-175, 273.

STEPHENS, J. F., on the habits of the Bombycidae, i. 303.

STEWART, H., on hereditary disease, ii. 79.

STIGMA, variation of the, in cultivated Cucurbitaceae, i. 359;

satiation of the, i. 402-403.

STOCKS, bud-variation in, i. 381;

effect of crossing upon the colour of the seed of, i. 398-399;

true by seed, ii. 20;

crosses of, ii. 93;

varieties of, produced by selection, ii. 219;

reversion by the upper seeds in the pods of, ii. 347-348.

STOCKHOLM, fruit-trees of, ii. 307.

STOKES, Prof., calculation of the chance of transmission of abnormal

peculiarities in man, ii. 5.

STOLONS, variations in the production of, by strawberries, i. 353.

STOMACH, structure of the, affected by food, ii. 302.

STONE in the bladder, hereditary, ii. 8, 79.

STRAWBERRIES, i. 351-354;

remarkable varieties of, i. 352-353;

hautbois, dioecious, i. 353;

selection in, ii. 200;

mildew of, ii. 228;

probable further modification of, ii. 243;

variegated, effects of soil on, ii. 274.

STRICKLAND, A., on the domestication of _Anser ferus_, i. 287;

on the colour of the bill and legs in geese, i. 288.

_Strictoenas_, i. 183.

STRIPES on young of wild swine, i. 76;

of domestic pigs of Turkey, Westphalia, and the Zambesi, i. 76-77;

of feral swine of Jamaica and New Granada, i. 77;

of fruit and flowers, i. 400, ii. 37;

in horses, i. 56-60;

in the ass, i. 62-63;

production of, by crossing species of Equidae, ii. 42-43.

_Strix grallaria_, ii. 302.

_Strix passerina_, ii. 154.

"STRUPP-TAUBE," i. 155.

STRUTHERS, Mr., osteology of the feet in solid-hoofed pigs, i. 75;

on polydactylism, ii. 13-14.

STURM, prepotency of transmission of characters in sheep and cattle, ii.

66;

absorption of the minority in crossed races, ii. 88;

correlation of twisted horns and curled wool in sheep, ii. 326.

{480}

SUB-SPECIES, wild, of _Columba livia_ and other pigeons, i. 204.

SUCCESSION, geological, of organisms, i. 11.

SUCKERS, bud-variation by, i. 384.

SUGAR cane, sterility of, in various countries, ii. 169;

white, liability of, to disease, ii. 228, 336.

SUICIDE, hereditary tendency to, ii. 7, 78.

SULIVAN, Admiral, on the horses of the Falkland Islands, i. 53;

wild pigs of the Falkland Islands, i. 77;

feral cattle of the Falkland Islands, i. 86, 102;

feral rabbits of the Falkland Islands, i. 112.

SULTAN fowl, i. 228, 255.

_Sus indica_, i. 65, 67-70, ii. 110.

_Sus pliciceps_, i. 69 (figured).

_Sus scrofa_, i. 65, 66, ii. 110.

_Sus scrofa palustris_, i. 68.

_Sus vittatus_, i. 67.

SWALLOWS, a breed of pigeons, i. 156.

SWAYNE, Mr., on artificial crossing of varieties of the pea, i. 397.

SWEET Peas, ii. 91;

crosses of, ii. 93, 94;

varieties of, coming true by seed, ii. 20;

acclimatisation of, in India, ii. 311.

SWEET William, bud-variation in, i. 381.

SWINHOE, R., on Chinese pigeons, i. 28, 206;

on striped Chinese horses, i. 59.

SWITZERLAND, ancient dogs of, i. 19;

pigs of, in the Neolithic period, i. 67-68;

goats of, i. 101.

SYCAMORE, pale-leaved variety of the, ii. 330.

SYKES, Colonel, on a Pariah dog with crooked legs, i. 17;

on small Indian asses, i. 62;

on _Gallus Sonneratii_, i. 233;

on the voice of the Indian Kulm cock, i. 259;

fertility of the fowl in most climates, ii. 161.

SYMMETRY, hereditary departures from, ii. 12.

_Symphytum_, variegated, i. 384.

SYPHILIS, hereditary, ii. 332.

SYRIA, asses of, i. 62.

_Syringa persica_, _chinensis_, and _vulgaris_, ii. 164.

TACITUS, on the care taken by the Celts in breeding animals, ii. 202.

_Tagetes signata_, dwarf variety of, ii. 20.

TAHITI, varieties of cultivated plants in, ii. 256.

TAIL, occasional development of, in man, ii. 57;

never curled in wild animals, ii. 301;

rudimentary in Chinese sheep, ii. 315.

TAIL-FEATHERS, numbers of, in breeds of pigeons, i. 158-159;

peculiarities of, in cocks, i. 254-255;

variability of, in fowls, i. 258;

curled, in _Anas boschas_, and tame drakes, i. 280.

TALENT, hereditary, ii. 7.

TANKERVILLE, Earl of, on Chillingham cattle, i. 84, ii. 119.

TANNER, Prof., effects of disuse of parts in cattle, ii. 299.

TAPIR, sterility of the, in captivity, ii. 150.

TARGIONI-TOZZETTI, on cultivated plants, i. 306;

on the vine, i. 332;

varieties of the peach, i. 342;

origin and varieties of the plum, i. 345;

origin of the cherry, i. 347;

origin of roses, i. 366.

TARSUS, variability of the, in fowls, i. 259;

reproduction of the, in a thrush, ii. 15.

TARTARS, their preference for spiral-horned sheep, ii. 209.

TAVERNIER, abundance of pigeons in Persia, i. 205.

_Taxus baccata_, ii. 18.

TEEBAY, Mr., reversion in fowls, ii. 38.

TEETH, number and position of, in dogs, i. 34;

deficiency of, in naked Turkish dogs, i. 35;

period of appearance of, in breeds of dogs, i. 35;

precocity of, in highly bred animals, ii. 322;

correlation of, with hair, ii. 326;

double row of, with redundant hair, in Julia Pastrana, ii. 328;

affected in form by hereditary syphilis and by pulmonary tubercle, ii.

332;

fusion of, ii. 341;

developed on the palate, ii. 391.

TEGETMEIER, Mr., on a cat with monstrous teeth, i. 48;

on a swift-like pigeon, i. 157;

naked young of some pigeons, i. 170;

fertility of hybrid pigeons, i. 192;

on white pigeons, ii. 230;

reversion in crossed breeds of fowls, i. 239-244;

chicks of the white silk-fowl, i. 249;

development of the cranial protuberance in Polish fowls, i. 250;

on the skull in the Polish fowl, i. 257, 262;

on the intelligence of Polish fowls, i. 264;

correlation of the cranial protuberance and crest in Polish fowls, i.

274;

development of the web in the feet of Polish fowls, i. 259;

early development of several peculiarities in Spanish cocks, i. 250;

on the comb in Spanish fowls, i. 253;

on the Spanish fowl, ii. 306;

varieties of game-fowls, i. 252;

pedigrees of game-fowls, ii. 3;

assumption of female plumage by a game cock, i. 253;

natural selection in the game cock, ii. 225;

pugnacity of game hens, i. 256;

length of the middle toe in Cochin fowls, i. 259;

origin of the Sebright bantam, ii. 54;

differences in the size of fowls, i. 257;

effect of crossing in fowls, i. 258, ii. 96;

effects of interbreeding in fowls, ii. 124-125;

incubation by mongrels of non-sitting races of fowls, ii. 44;

inverse correlation of crest and comb in fowls, i. 274;

{481}

occurrence of pencilled feathers in fowls, ii. 40;

on a variety of the goose from Sebastopol, i. 289;

on the fertility of the peahen, ii. 112;

on the intercrossing of bees, ii. 126.

TEMMINCK, origin of domestic cats, i. 43;

origin of domestic pigeons, i. 180;

on _Columba guinea_, i. 182;

on _Columba leucocephala_, i. 183;

asserted reluctance of some breeds of pigeons to cross, i. 192;

sterility of hybrid turtle-doves, i. 193;

variations of _Gallus bankiva_, i. 235;

on a buff-coloured breed of Turkeys, i. 293;

number of eggs laid by the peahen, ii. 112;

breeding of Guans in captivity, ii. 156;

behaviour of grouse in captivity, _ibid._;

sterility of the partridge in captivity, _ibid._

TENDRILS in Cucurbitaceae, i. 358, ii. 316.

TENNENT, Sir J. E., on the goose, i. 287;

on the growth of the apple in Ceylon, ii. 277;

on the Jaffna sheep, ii. 302.

_Teredo_, fertilisation in, ii. 363.

TERRIERS, wry-legged, ii. 245;

white, subject to distemper, ii. 336.

TESCHEMACHER, on a husked form of maize, i. 320.

TESSIER, on the period of gestation of the dog, i. 29;

of the pig, i. 74;

in cattle, i. 87;

experiments on change of soil, ii. 147.

_Tetrao_, breeding of species of, in captivity, ii. 156.

_Tetrapteryx paradisea_, ii. 156.

_Teucrium campanulatum_, pelorism in, ii. 345.

TEXAS, feral cattle in, i. 85.

THEOGNIS, his notice of the domestic fowl, i. 246.

THEOPHRASTUS, his notice of the peach, ii. 308.

_Thesium_, ii. 284.

THOMPSON, Mr., on the peach and nectarine, i. 342;

on the varieties of the apricot, i. 344;

classification of varieties of cherries, i. 347-348;

on the "Sister ribston-pippin," i. 350;

on the varieties of the gooseberry, i. 354, 355.

THOMPSON, William, on the pigeons of Islay, i. 184;

feral pigeons in Scotland, i. 190;

colour of the bill and legs in geese, i. 288;

breeding of _Tetrao scotius_ in captivity, ii. 156;

destruction of black-fowls by the osprey, ii. 230.

THOMPSON, Prof. W., on the obliquity of the flounder, ii. 53.

THORNS, reconversion of, into branches, in pear trees, ii. 318.

THORN, grafting of early and late, i. 363;

Glastonbury, i. 364.

THRUSH, asserted reproduction of the tarsus in a, ii. 15.

_Thuja pendula_ or _filiformis_, a variety of _T. orientalis_, i. 362.

THURET, on the division of the zoospores of an alga, ii. 378.

THWAITES, G. H., on the cats of Ceylon, i. 46;

on a twin seed of _Fuchsia coccinea_ and _fulgens_, i. 391.

TIBURTIUS, experiments in rearing wild ducks, i. 278.

TIGER, rarely fertile in captivity, ii. 150, 151.

_Tigridia conchiflora_, bud-variation in, i. 386.

TIME, importance of, in the production of races, ii. 243.

TINZMANN, self-impotence in the potato, ii. 137.

TISSUES, affinity of, for special organic substances, ii. 380.

TITMICE, destructive to thin-shelled walnuts, i. 356;

attacking nuts, i. 357;

attacking peas, ii. 231.

TOBACCO, crossing of varieties of, ii. 108;

cultivation of in Sweden, ii. 307.

TOBOLSK, red-coloured cats of, i. 47.

TOES, relative length of, in fowls, i. 259;

development of fifth in dogs, ii. 317.

TOLLET, Mr., his selection of cattle, ii. 199.

TOMATO, ii. 91.

TOMTITS. See _Titmice_.

TONGUE, relation of, to the beak in pigeons, i. 168.

TOOTH, occurrence of a molar, in place of an incisor, ii. 391.

"TORFSCHWEIN," i. 68.

TRAIL, R., on the union of half-tubers of different kinds of potatoes, i.

395.

TREES, varieties of, suddenly produced, i. 361;

weeping or pendulous, i. 361;

fastigate or pyramidal, i. 361;

with variegated or changed foliage, i. 362;

early or late in leaf, i. 362-363;

forest, non-application of selection to, ii. 237.

"TREMBLEUR" (pigeons), i. 146.

TREMBLEY, on reproduction in Hydra, ii. 359.

"TREVOLTINI" silkworms, i. 301-302.

_Trichosanthes anguina_, i. 360.

TRICKS, inheritance of, ii. 6-7, 395.

_Trifolium minus_ and _repens_, ii. 164.

TRIMORPHIC plants, conditions of reproduction in, ii. 181-184.

TRISTRAM, H. B., selection of the dromedary, ii. 205-206.

_Triticum dicoccum_, i. 319.

_Triticum monococcum_, i. 319.

_Triticum spelta_, i. 319.

_Triticum turgidum_, i. 319.

_Triticum vulgare_, wild in Asia, i. 312.

{482}

TRITON, breeding in the branchiferous stage, ii. 384.

"TROMMEL-TAUBE," i. 154.

"TRONFO" pigeon, i. 144.

_Tropaeolum_, ii. 38.

_Tropaeolum minus_ and _majus_, reversion in hybrids of, i. 392.

TROUBETZKOY, Prince, experiments with pear-trees at Moscow, ii. 307.

TROUSSEAU, Prof., pathological resemblance of twins, ii. 252.

TRUMPETER pigeon, i. 154;

known in 1735, i. 207.

TSCHARNER, H. A. de, graft-hybrid produced by inosculation in the vine,

i. 395.

TSCHUDI, on the naked Peruvian dog, i. 23;

extinct varieties of maize from Peruvian tombs, i. 320, ii. 425.

TUBERS, bud-variation by, i. 384-385.

TUCKERMAN, Mr., sterility of _Carex rigida_, ii. 170.

TUFTED ducks, i. 281.

TULIPS, variability of, i. 370;

bud-variation in, i. 385-386;

influence of soil in "breaking," i. 385.

TUMBLER pigeon, i. 150-153;

short-faced, figured, i. 152;

skull figured, i. 163;

lower jaw figured, i. 165;

scapula and furcula figured, i. 167;

early known in India, i. 207;

history of, i. 209;

sub-breeds of, i. 220;

young unable to break the egg-shell, ii. 226;

probable further modification of, ii. 242.

"TUEMMLER" (pigeons), i. 150.

TUMOURS, ovarian, occurrence of hairs and teeth in, ii. 370;

polypoid, origin of, ii. 381.

"TUERKISCHE TAUBE," i. 139.

TURBIT (pigeon), i. 148.

TURKEY, domestic, origin of, i. 292-293;

crossing of with North American wild Turkey, i. 292-293;

breeds of, i. 293;

crested white cock, i. 293;

wild, characters of, i. 293-294;

degeneration of, in India, i. 294, ii. 278;

failure of eggs of, in Delhi, ii. 161;

feral on the Parana, i. 190;

change produced in by domestication, ii. 262.

TURKEY, striped young pigs in, i. 76.

TURNER (pigeon), i. 156.

TURNER, W., on compensation in arteries and veins, ii. 300;

on cells, ii. 370.

TURNIPS, origin of, i. 325;

reversion in, ii. 31;

run wild, ii. 33;

crosses of, ii. 93, 96;

Swedish, preferred by hares, ii. 232;

acclimatisation of, in India, ii. 311.

TURNSPIT, on an Egyptian monument, i. 17;

crosses of the, ii. 92.

TURTLE-DOVE, white and coloured, crossing of, ii. 92.

_Turtur auritus_, hybrids of, with _T. cambayensis_ and _T. suratensis_,

i. 194.

_Turtur risorius_, crossing of, with the common pigeon, i. 193;

hybrid of, with _T. vulgaris_, _ibid._

_Turtur suratensis_, sterile hybrids of, with _T. vulgaris_, i. 193;

hybrids of, with _T. auritus_, i. 194.

_Turtur vulgaris_, crossing of, with the common pigeon, i. 193;

hybrid of, with _T. risorius_, _ibid._;

sterile hybrids of, with _T. suratensis_ and _Ectopistes migratorius_,

_ibid._

TUSKS of wild and domesticated pigs, i. 76, 77.

_Tussilago farfara_, variegated, i. 384.

TWIN-SEED _Fuchsia coccinea_ and _fulgens_, i. 391.

TYERMAN, B., on the pigs of the Pacific islands, i. 70, ii. 87;

on the dogs of the Pacific islands, ii. 87.

TYLOR, Mr., on the prohibition of consanguineous marriages, ii. 122-123.

UDDERS, development of the, ii. 300.

_Ulex_, double-flowered, ii. 167.

_Ulmus campestris_ and _effusa_, hybrids of, ii. 130.

UNIFORMITY of character, maintained by crossing, ii. 85-90.

UNITS of the body, functional independence of the, ii. 368-371.

UNITY or plurality of origin of organisms, i. 13.

UPAS poison, ii. 380.

UREA, secretion of, ii. 380.

USE and disuse of parts, effects of, ii. 295-303, 352-353, 418-419;

in rabbits, i. 124-128;

in ducks, i. 284-286.

UTILITY, considerations of, leading to uniformity, ii. 241.

VALENTIN, experimental production of double monsters by, ii. 340.

_Vallota_, ii. 139.

VAN BECK, Barbara, a hairy-faced woman, ii. 4.

VAN MONS on wild fruit-trees, i. 312, ii. 260;

production of varieties of the vine, i. 333;

correlated variability in fruit-trees, ii. 330;

production of almond-like fruit by peach-seedlings, i. 339.

_Vanessa_, species of, not copulating in captivity, ii. 157.

VARIABILITY, i. 4, ii. 371-373, 394-397, 406-420;

causes of, ii. 250-270;

correlated, ii. 319-338, 353-355, 419-420;

law of equable, ii. 351-352;

necessity of, for selection, ii. 192;

of selected characters, ii. 238-239;

of multiple homologous parts, ii. 342.

{483}

VARIATION, laws of, ii. 293-356;

continuity of, ii. 241;

possible limitation of, ii. 242, 416-417;

in domestic cats, i. 45-48;

origin of breeds of cattle by, i. 88;

in osteological characters of rabbits, i. 115-130;

of important organs, i. 359;

analogous or parallel, i. 348-352;

in horses, i. 55;

in the horse and ass, i. 64;

in fowls, i. 243-246;

in geese, i. 288;

exemplified in the production of fleshy stems in cabbages, &c., i. 326;

in the peach, nectarine, and apricot, i. 342, 344;

individual, in wheat, i. 314.

VARIEGATION of foliage, i. 383, ii. 167-168.

VARIETIES and species, resemblance of, i. 4, ii. 411-413;

conversion of, into species, i. 5;

abnormal, ii. 413;

domestic, gradually produced, ii. 414.

VARRO, on domestic ducks, i. 277;

on feral fowls, ii. 33;

crossing of the wild and domestic ass, ii. 206.

VASEY, Mr., on the number of sacral vertebrae in ordinary and humped

cattle, i. 79;

on Hungarian cattle, i. 80.

VAUCHER, sterility of _Ranunculus ficaria_ and _Acorus calamus_, ii. 170.

VEGETABLES, cultivated, reversion in, ii. 31-32;

European, culture of, in India, ii. 168-169.

VEITH, Mr., on breeds of horses, i. 49.

_Verbascum_, intercrossing of species of, i. 336, ii. 93, 105-107;

reversion in hybrids of, i. 392;

contabescent, wild plants of, ii. 165;

villosity in, ii. 277.

_Verbascum austriacum_, ii. 136.

_Verbascum blattaria_, ii. 105-106.

_Verbascum lychnitis_, ii. 105-106, 136.

_Verbascum nigrum_, ii. 136.

_Verbascum phoeniceum_, ii. 107, 137;

variable duration of, ii. 305.

_Verbascum thapsus_, ii. 106.

VERBENAS, origin of, i. 364;

white, liability of, to mildew, ii. 228, 336;

scorching of dark, ii. 229, 336;

effect of changed conditions of life on, ii. 273.

VERLOT, on the darkleaved Barberry, i. 362;

inheritance of peculiarities of foliage in trees, i. 362;

production of _Rosa cannabifolia_ by bud-variation from _R. alba_, i.

381;

bud-variation in _Aralia trifoliata_, i. 382;

variegation of leaves, i. 383;

colours of tulips, i. 386;

uncertainty of inheritance, ii. 18;

persistency of white flowers, ii. 20;

peloric flowers of _Linaria_, ii. 58;

tendency of striped flowers to uniformity of colour, ii. 70;

non-intercrossing of certain allied plants, ii. 91;

sterility of _Primulae_ with coloured calyces, ii. 166;

on fertile proliferous flowers, _ibid._;

on the Irish yew, ii. 241;

differences in the _Camellia_, ii. 251;

effect of soil on the variegated strawberry, ii. 274;

correlated variability in plants, ii. 330.

_Verruca_, ii. 53, 400.

VERTEBRAE, characters of, in rabbits, i. 120-122;

in ducks, i. 283-284;

number and variations of, in pigeons, i. 165-166;

number and characters of, in fowls, i. 266-268;

variability of number of, in the pig, i. 74.

VERTUCH, see Putsche.

"VERUGAS," ii. 276.

VESPUCIUS, early cultivation in Brazil, i. 311.

VIBERT'S experiments on the cultivation of the vine from seed, i. 332.

_Viburnum opulus_, ii. 185, 316.

_Vicia sativa_, leaflet converted into a tendril in, ii. 392.

VICUNAS, selection of, ii. 207.

VILLOSITY of plants, influenced by dryness, ii. 277.

VILMORIN, cultivation of the wild carrot, i. 326, ii. 217;

colours of tulips, i. 386;

uncertainty of inheritance in balsams and roses, ii. 18;

experiments with dwarf varieties of _Saponaria calabrica_ and _Tagetes

signata_, ii. 20;

reversion of flowers by stripes and blotches, ii. 37;

on variability, ii. 262.

_Vinca minor_, sterility in, ii. 170.

VINE, i. 332-334;

parsley-leaved, reversion of, i. 382;

graft-hybrid produced by inosculation in the, i. 395;

disease of, influenced by colour of grapes, ii. 228;

influence of climate, &c., on varieties of the, ii. 278;

diminished extent of cultivation of the, ii. 308;

acclimatisation of the, in the West Indies, ii. 313.

_Viola_, species of, i. 368.

_Viola lutea_, different coloured flowers in, i. 408.

_Viola tricolor_, reversion in, ii. 31, 47.

VIRCHOW, Prof., blindness occurring in the offspring of consanguineous

marriages, ii. 143;

on the growth of bones, ii. 294, 381;

on cellular prolification, ii. 295;

independence of the elements of the body, ii. 369;

on the cell-theory, ii. 370;

presence of hairs and teeth in ovarian tumours, ii. 370;

of hairs in the brain, ii. 391;

special affinities of the tissues, ii. 380;

origin of polypoid excrescences and tumours, ii. 381.

VIRGIL on the selection of seed-corn, i. 318, ii. 203;

of cattle and sheep, ii. 202.

VIRGINIAN islands, ponies of, i. 52.

_Virgularia_, ii. 378.

VISION, hereditary peculiarities of, ii. 8-9;

{484}

in amphibious animals, ii. 223;

varieties of, ii. 300;

affections of organs of, correlated with other peculiarities, ii. 328.

_Vitis vinifera_, i. 332-334, 375.

_Viverra_, sterility of species of, in captivity, ii. 151.

VOGEL, varieties of the date palm, ii. 256.

VOGT, on the indications of stripes on black kittens, ii. 55.

VOICE, differences of, in fowls, i. 259;

peculiarities of, in ducks, i. 281;

inheritance of peculiarities of, ii. 6.

VOLZ, on the history of the dog, i. 16;

ancient history of the fowl, i. 246;

domestic ducks unknown to Aristotle, i. 277;

Indian cattle sent to Macedonia by Alexander, ii. 202;

mention of mules in the Bible, ii. 202;

history of the increase of breeds, ii. 244.

VON BERG on _Verbascum phoeniceum_, ii. 305.

VOORHELM, G., his knowledge of hyacinths, i. 371, ii. 251.

VROLIK, Prof., on polydactylism, ii. 12;

on double monsters, ii. 340;

influence of the shape of the mother's pelvis on her child's head, ii.

344.

WADERS, behaviour of, in confinement, ii. 156.

WAHLENBERG, on the propagation of Alpine plants by buds, runners, bulbs,

&c., ii. 169.

"WAHLVERWANDTSCHAFT" of Gaertner, ii. 180.

WALES, white cattle of, in the 10th century, i. 85.

WALKER, A., on intermarriage, i. 404;

on the inheritance of polydactylism, ii. 13.

WALKER, D., advantage of change of soil to wheat, ii. 146.

WALLACE, A. R., on a striped Javanese horse, i. 59;

on the conditions of life of feral animals, ii. 32;

artificial alteration of the plumage of birds, ii. 280;

on polymorphic butterflies, ii. 399-400;

on reversion, ii. 415;

on the limit of change, ii. 417.

WALLACE, Dr., on the sterility of Sphingidae hatched in autumn, ii. 158.

WALLACHIAN sheep, sexual peculiarities in the horns of, i. 96.

WALLFLOWER, bud-variation in, i. 382.

WALLICH, Dr., on _Thuja pendula_ or _filiformis_, i. 362.

WALNUTS, i. 356-357;

thin-shelled, attacked by tomtits, ii. 231;

grafting of, ii. 259.

WALSH, B. D., on galls, ii. 282, 283;

his "Law of equable variability," ii. 351-352.

WALTHER, F. L., on the history of the dog, i. 16;

on the intercrossing of the zebu and ordinary cattle, i. 83.

WARING, Mr., on individual sterility, ii. 162.

WART hog, i. 76.

WATERER, Mr., spontaneous production of _Cytisus alpino-laburnum_, i.

390.

WATER melon, i. 357.

WATERHOUSE, G. R., on the winter-colouring of _Lepus variabilis_, i. 111.

WATERTON, C., production of tailless foals, i. 53;

on taming wild ducks, i. 278;

on the wildness of half-bred wild ducks, ii. 45;

assumption of male characters by a hen, ii. 51.

WATSON, H. C., on British wild fruit-trees, i. 312;

on the non-variation of weeds, i. 317;

origin of the plum, i. 345;

variation in _Pyrus malus_, i. 348;

on _Viola amoena_ and _tricolor_, i. 368;

on reversion in Scotch kail, ii. 32;

fertility of _Draba sylvestris_ when cultivated, ii. 163;

on generally distributed British plants, ii. 285.

WATTLES, rudimentary, in some fowls, ii. 315.

WATTS, Miss, on Sultan fowls, i. 228.

WEBB, James, interbreeding of sheep, ii. 120.

WEBER, effect of the shape of the mother's pelvis on her child's head,

ii. 344.

WEEDS, supposed necessity for their modification, coincidently with

cultivated plants, i. 317.

WEEPING varieties of trees, i. 361.

WEEPING habit of trees, capricious inheritance of, ii. 18-19.

WEEVIL, injury done to stone-fruit by, in North America, ii. 231.

WELSH cattle, descended from _Bos longifrons_, i. 81.

WEST Indies, feral pigs of, i. 77;

effect of climate of, upon sheep, i. 98.

WESTERN, Lord, change effected by, in the sheep, ii. 198.

WESTPHALIA, striped young pigs in, i. 76.

WESTWOOD, J. O., on peloric flowers of _Calceolaria_, ii. 346.

WHATELY, Archbishop, on grafting early and late thorns, i. 363.

WHEAT, specific unity or diversity of, i. 312-313, 316-317;

Hasora, i. 313;

presence or absence of barbs in, i. 314;

Godron on variations in, _ibid._;

varieties of, i. 314-315;

effects of soil and climate on, i. 316;

deterioration of, _ibid._;

crossing of varieties of, _ibid._, ii. 96, 104-105, 130;

in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317-319;

selection applied to, i. 318, ii. 200;

increased fertility of hybrids of, with _Aegilops_, ii. 110;

advantage of change of soil to, ii. 146;

{485}

differences of, in various parts of India, ii. 165;

continuous variation in, ii. 200;

red, hardiness of, ii. 229, 336;

Fenton, ii. 232;

natural selection in, ii. 233;

varieties of, found wild, ii. 260;

effects of change of climate on, ii. 307;

ancient variety of, ii. 429.

WHITBY, Mrs., on the markings of silkworms, i. 302;

on the silkmoth, i. 303.

WHITE, Mr., reproduction of supernumerary digits after amputation, ii.

14;

time occupied in the blending of crossed races, ii. 87.

WHITE, Gilbert, vegetable diet of dogs, ii. 303.

WHITE and white-spotted animals, liability of, to disease, ii. 336-337.

WHITE flowers, most truly reproduced by seed, ii. 20.

WICHURA, Max, on hybrid willows, ii. 50, 131, 267;

analogy between the pollen of old-cultivated plants, and of hybrids,

ii. 268.

WICKING, Mr., inheritance of the primary characters of _Columba livia_ in

cross-bred pigeons, i. 201;

production of a white head in almond tumblers, ii. 199.

WICKSTED, Mr., on cases of individual sterility, ii. 162.

WIEGMANN, spontaneous crossing of blue and white peas, i. 397;

crossing of varieties of cabbage, ii. 130;

on contabescence, ii. 165.

WIGHT, Dr., sexual sterility of plants propagated by buds, &c., ii. 169.

WILDE, Sir W. R., occurrence of _Bos frontosus_ and _longifrons_ in Irish

crannoges, i. 81;

attention paid to breeds of animals by the ancient Irish, ii. 203.

WILDMAN, on the dahlia, ii. 216, 273.

WILDNESS of the progeny of crossed tame animals, ii. 44-46.

WILKES, Capt., on the taming of pigeons among the Polynesians, ii. 161.

WILKINSON, J., on crossed cattle, ii. 104.

WILLIAMS, Mr., change of plumage in a Hamburgh hen, i. 258.

WILLIAMS, Mr., intercrossing of strawberries, i. 352.

WILLIAMSON, Capt., degeneration of dogs in India, i. 37;

on small Indian asses, i. 62.

WILLIAMSON, Rev. W., doubling of _Anemone coronaria_ by selection, ii.

200.

WILLOWS, weeping, i. 361;

reversion of spiral-leaved weeping, i. 383;

hybrids of, ii. 267;

galls of, ii. 282-283.

WILLOUGHBY, F., notice of spot pigeons, i. 156;

on a fantail pigeon, i. 208;

on tumbler pigeons, i. 209;

on the turbit, i. 209;

on the barb and carrier pigeons, i. 211;

on the hook-billed duck, i. 277.

WILMOT, Mr., on a crested white Turkey cock, i. 293;

reversion of sheep in colour, ii. 30.

WILSON, B. O., fertility of hybrids of humped and ordinary cattle in

Tasmania, i. 83.

WILSON, Dr., prepotency of the Manx over the common cat, ii. 66.

WILSON, James, origin of dogs, i. 16.

WILSON, Mr., on prepotency of transmission in sheep, ii. 69;

on the breeding of bulls, ii. 196.

WINGS, proportionate length of, in different breeds of pigeons, i.

175-176;

of fowls, effects of disuse on, i. 270-272;

characters and variations of, in ducks, i. 284-286;

diminution of, in birds of small islands, i. 286-287.

WING-FEATHERS, number of, in pigeons, i. 159;

variability of, in fowls, i. 258.

WOLF, recent existence of, in Ireland, i. 16;

barking of young, i. 27;

hybrids of, with the dog, i. 32.

WOLF-DOG, black, of Florida, i. 22.

WOLVES, North American, their resemblance to dogs of the same region, i.

21-22;

burrowing of, i. 27.

WOODBURY, Mr., crossing of the Ligurian and common hive bees, i. 299, ii.

126;

variability of bees, i. 298.

WOODWARD, S. P., on Arctic Mollusca, ii. 256.

WOOD, Willoughby, on Mr. Bates' cattle, ii. 118.

WOOLER, W. A., on the young of the Himalayan rabbit, i. 109;

persistency of the coloured calyx in a crossed Polyanthus, i. 365.

WORRARA poison, ii. 380.

WOUNDS, healing of, ii. 294.

WRIGHT, J., production of crippled calves by shorthorned cattle, ii. 118;

on selection in cattle, ii. 194;

effect of close interbreeding on pigs, ii. 121-122;

deterioration of game cocks by close interbreeding, ii. 124.

WRIGHT, Strethill, on the development of the hydroida, ii. 368.

WYMAN, Dr., on Niata cattle, and on a similar malformation in the

codfish, i. 89;

on Virginian pigs, ii. 227.

XENOPHON, on the colours of hunting dogs, ii. 209.

XIMENES, Cardinal, regulations for the selection of rams, ii. 204.

"YAHOO," the name of the pigeon in Persia, i. 155.

YAKS, domestication of, i. 82;

selection of white-tailed, ii. 206, 209.

{486}

YAM, development of axillary bulbs in the, ii. 169.

YARRELL, Mr., deficiency of teeth in hairless dogs, i. 34, ii. 326;

on ducks, i. 279, ii. 262;

characters of domestic goose, resembling those of _Anser albifrons_, i.

288;

whiteness of ganders, i. 288;

variations in goldfish, i. 296-297;

assumption of male plumage by the hen-pheasant, ii. 51;

effect of castration upon the cock, ii. 51-52;

breeding of the skylark in captivity, ii. 154;

plumage of the male linnet in confinement, ii. 158;

on the dingo, ii. 263.

YELLOW fever, in Mexico, ii. 276.

YEW, fastigate, ii. 241.

YEW, Irish, hardy in New York, ii. 309.

YEW, weeping, i. 361;

propagation of, by seed, ii. 18-19.

YOLK, variations of, in the eggs of ducks, i. 281.

YOUATT, Mr., history of the dog, i. 16-17;

variations of the pulse in breeds of dogs, i. 35;

liability to disease in dogs, i. 35, ii. 227;

inheritance of goitre in dogs, ii. 10;

on the greyhound, i. 34, 41;

on King Charles' spaniels, i. 41;

on the setter, i. 41;

on breeds of horses, i. 49;

variation in the number of ribs in the horse, i. 50;

inheritance of diseases in the horse, ii. 10, 11;

introduction of Eastern blood into English horses, ii. 212-213;

on white Welsh cattle, i. 85, ii. 209;

improvement of British breeds of cattle, i. 93;

rudiments of horns in young hornless cattle, ii. 55, 315;

on crossed cattle, ii. 104, 119;

on Bakewell's long-horned cattle, ii. 118;

selection of qualities in cattle, ii. 196;

degeneration of cattle by neglect, ii. 239;

on the skull in hornless cattle, ii. 333;

disease of white parts of cattle, ii. 337;

displacement of long-horned by short-horned cattle, ii. 426;

on Angola sheep, i. 95;

on the fleece of sheep, i. 99;

correlation of horns and fleece in sheep, i. 95;

adaptation of breeds of sheep to climate and pasture, i. 96;

horns of Wallachian sheep, i. 96;

exotic sheep in the Zoological Gardens, i. 96-97, ii. 305;

occurrence of horns in hornless breeds of sheep, ii. 30;

on the colour of sheep, ii. 30;

on interbreeding sheep, ii. 120;

on Merino rams in Germany, ii. 196;

effect of unconscious selection on sheep, ii. 213;

reversion of Leicester sheep on the Lammermuir Hills, ii. 224;

on many-horned sheep, ii. 326;

reduction of bone in sheep, ii. 242;

persistency of character in breeds of animals in mountainous countries,

ii. 64;

on interbreeding, ii. 116;

on the power of selection, ii. 194-195;

slowness of production of breeds, ii. 244;

passages in the Bible relating to the breeding of animals, ii. 201-202.

YOUNG, J., on the Belgian rabbit, i. 106.

YULE, Capt., on a Burmese hairy family, ii. 77, 327.

ZAMBESI, striped young pigs on the, i. 77.

ZAMBOS, character of the, ii. 47.

ZANO, J. G., introduction of rabbits into Porto Santo by, i. 112.

_Zea Mays_, i. 320.

ZEBU, i. 79;

domestication of the, i. 82;

fertile crossing of, with European cattle, i. 83, ii. 110.

ZEBRA, hybrids of, with the ass and mare, ii. 42.

_Zephyranthes candida_, ii. 164.

_Zinnia_, cultivation of, ii. 261.

ZOLLINGER on Malayan penguin ducks, i. 280.

ZOOSPORE, division of, in Algae, ii. 378.

"ZOPF-TAUBE," i. 154.

THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, AND

CHARING CROSS.

* * * * *

NOTES

[1] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 267.

[2] Mr. Buckle, in his grand work on 'Civilisation,' expresses doubts on

the subject owing to the want of statistics. _See_ also Mr. Bowen,

Professor of Moral Philosophy, in 'Proc. American Acad. of Sciences,' vol.

v. p. 102

[3] For greyhounds, _see_ Low's 'Domest. Animals of the British Islands,'

1845, p. 721. For game-fowls, _see_ 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier,

1866, p. 123. For pigs, _see_ Mr. Sidney's edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,'

1860, pp. 11, 22.

[4] 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 39.

[5] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1755, p. 23. I have seen only second-hand

accounts of the two grandsons. Mr. Sedgwick, in a paper to which I shall

hereafter often refer, states that _four_ generations were affected, and in

each the males alone.

[6] Barbara Van Beck, figured, as I am informed by the Rev. W. D. Fox, in

Woodburn's 'Gallery of Rare Portraits,' 1816, vol. ii.

[7] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 16

[8] Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 34. Report by

Pariset in 'Comptes Rendus,' 1847, p. 592.

[9] Hunter, as quoted in Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530. Sir A.

Carlisle, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.

[10] Girou de Buzareignues, 'De la Generation,' p. 282.

[11] 'Macmillan's Magazine,' July and August, 1865.

[12] The works which I have read and found most useful are Dr. Prosper

Lucas's great work, 'Traite de l'Heredite Naturelle,' 1847. Mr. W.

Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April and July,

1861, and April and July, 1863: Dr. Garrod on Gout is quoted in these

articles. Sir Henry Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit.,

1855. Piorry, 'De l'Heredite dans les Maladies,' 1840. Adams, 'A

Philosophical Treatise on Hereditary Peculiarities,' 2nd edit., 1815. Essay

on 'Hereditary Diseases,' by Dr. J. Steinan, 1843. _See_ Paget, in 'Medical

Times,' 1857, p. 192, on the Inheritance of Cancer; Dr. Gould, in 'Proc. of

American Acad. of Sciences,' Nov. 8, 1853, gives a curious case of

hereditary bleeding in four generations. Harlan, 'Medical Researches,' p.

593.

[13] Marshall, quoted by Youatt in his work on Cattle, p. 284.

[14] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.

[15] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., p. 33.

[16] This affection, as I hear from Mr. Bowman, has been ably described and

spoken of as hereditary by Dr. Dondera, of Utrecht, whose work was

published in English by the Sydenham Society in 1864.

[17] Quoted by Mr. Herbert Spencer, 'Principles of Biology,' vol. i. p.

244.

[18] 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review, 'April, 1861, p. 482-6;

'l'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. pp. 391-408.

[19] Dr. Osborne, Pres. of Royal College of Phys. in Ireland, published

this case in the 'Dublin Medical Journal' for 1835.

[20] These various statements are taken from the following works and

papers:--Youatt on 'The Horse,' pp. 35, 220. Lawrence, 'The Horse,' p. 30.

Karkeek, in an excellent paper in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1853, p. 92. Mr.

Burke, in 'Journal of R. Agricul. Soc. of England,' vol. v. p. 511.

'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 279. Girou de Buzareignues, 'Philosoph.

Phys.,' p. 215. _See_ following papers in 'The Veterinary:' Roberts, in

vol. ii. p. 144; M. Marrimpoey, vol. ii. p. 387; Mr. Karkeek, vol. iv. p.

5; Youatt on Goitre in Dogs, vol. v. p. 483; Youatt, in vol. vi. pp. 66,

348, 412; M. Bernard, vol. xi. p. 539; Dr. Samesreuther, on Cattle, in vol.

xii. p. 181; Percivall, in vol. xiii. p. 47. With respect to blindness in

horses, _see_ also a whole row of authorities in Dr. P. Lucas's great work,

tom. i. p. 399. Mr. Baker, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 721, gives a

strong case of hereditary imperfect vision and of jibbing.

[21] Knight on 'The Culture of the Apple and Pear,' p. 31. Lindley's

'Horticulture,' p. 180.

[22] These statements are taken from the following works in order:--Youatt

on 'The Horse,' p. 48; Mr. Darvill, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. viii. p. 50.

With respect to Robson, _see_ 'The Veterinary,' vol. iii. p. 580; Mr.

Lawrence on 'The Horse,' 1829, p. 9; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, 1851; Baron

Cameronn, quoted in 'The Veterinary,' vol x. p. 500.

[23] 'Recreations in Agriculture and Nat. Hist.,' vol. i. p. 68.

[24] 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 107.

[25] Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' band ii. s. 132.

[26] Vrolik has discussed this point at full length in a work published in

Dutch, from which Mr. Paget has kindly translated for me passages. _See_,

also, Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i.

p. 684.

[27] 'Edinburgh New Phil. Journal,' July, 1863.

[28] Some great anatomists, as Cuvier and Meckel, believe that the tubercle

one side of the hinder foot of the tailless Batrachians represents a sixth

digit. Certainly, when the hinder foot of a toad, as soon as it first

sprouts from the tadpole, is dissected, the partially ossified cartilage of

this tubercle resembles under the microscope, in a remarkable manner, a

digit. But the highest authority on such subjects, Gegenbaur (Untersuchung.

zur vergleich. anat. der Wirbelthiere: Carpus et Tarsus, 1864, s. 63),

concludes that this resemblance is not real, only superficial.

[29] For these several statements, _see_ Dr. Struthers, in work cited,

especially on intermissions in the line of descent. Prof. Huxley, 'Lectures

on our Knowledge of Organic Nature,' 1863, p. 97. With respect to

inheritance, _see_ Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'L'Heredite Nat.,' tom. i. p. 325.

Isid. Geoffroy, 'Anom.,' tom. i. p. 701. Sir A. Carlisle, in 'Phil.

Transact.,' 1814, p. 94. A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 140, gives

a case of five generations; as does Mr. Sedgwick, in 'Brit. and Foreign

Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, p. 462. On the inheritance of other

anomalies in the extremities, _see_ Dr. H. Dobell, in vol. xlvi. of

'Medico-Chirurg. Transactions,' 1863; also Mr. Sedgwick, in op. cit.,

April, 1863, p. 460. With respect to additional digits in the negro, _see_

Prichard, 'Physical History of Mankind.' Dr. Dieffenbach ('Journ. Royal

Geograph. Soc.,' 1841, p. 208) says this anomaly is not uncommon with the

Polynesians of the Chatham Islands.

[30] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, p. 559.

[31] The statements in this paragraph are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St.

Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. pp. 688-693.

[32] As quoted by Carpenter, 'Princ. of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 480.

[33] Mueller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. i. 1838, p. 407. A thrush,

however, was exhibited before the British Association at Hull, in 1853,

which had lost its tarsus, and this member, it was asserted, had been

thrice reproduced: I presume it was lost each time by disease.

[34] 'Monthly Journal of Medical Science,' Edinburgh, 1848, new series,

vol. ii. p. 890.

[35] 'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' trans. by Dr. Maty, 1769, p. 79.

[36] Bonnet, 'Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 4to. edit., 1781,

pp. 343, 350, 353.

[37] So with insects, the larvae reproduce lost limbs, but, except in one

order, the mature insect has no such power. But the Myriapoda, which

apparently represent the larvae of true insects, have, as Newport has

shown, this power until their last moult. _See_ an excellent discussion on

this whole subject by Dr. Carpenter in his 'Princ. Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p.

479.

[38] Dr. Guenther, in Owen's 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. i., 1866, p.

567. Spallanzani has made similar observations.

[39] 'On the Anatomy of Vertebrates,' 1866, p. 170: with respect to the

pectoral fins of fishes, pp. 166-168.

[40] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 1839, pp. 24, 34. _See_, also, Dr. P.

Lucas, 'l'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 33.

[41] 'Du Danger des Mariages Consanguins,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 103.

[42] 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1863, pp. 183,

189.

[43] Verlot, 'La Production des Varietes,' 1865, p. 32.

[44] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 368.

[45] Verlot, 'La Product. des Varietes,' 1865, p. 94.

[46] Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 121.

[47] Rev. W. A. Leighton, 'Flora of Shropshire,' p. 497; and Charlesworth's

'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i, 1837, p. 30.

[48] Verlot, op. cit., p. 93.

[49] For these several statements, _see_ Loudon's 'Gard. Magazine,' vol.

x., 1834, pp. 408, 180; and vol. ix., 1833, p. 597.

[50] These statements are taken from Alph. De Candolle, 'Bot. Geograph.,'

p. 1083.

[51] Verlot, op. cit., p. 38.

[52] Op. cit., p. 59.

[53] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 1082.

[54] _See_ 'Cottage Gardener,' April 10, 1860, p. 18, and Sept. 10, 1861,

p. 456; 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 102.

[55] Darwin, in 'Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot.,' 1862, p. 94.

[56] Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 10.

[57] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. iv. s. 462. Mr. Brent, a

great breeder of canaries, informs me that he believes that these

statements are correct.

[58] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.

[59] 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1861, pp. 200-204.

Mr. Sedgwick has given such full details on this subject, with ample

references, that I need refer to no other authorities.

[60] 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 299.

[61] 'Philosoph. Magazine,' vol. iv., 1799, p. 5.

[62] This last case is quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'British and Foreign

Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 484. For Blumenbach, _see_

above-cited paper. _See_, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'Traite de l'Hered. Nat.,'

tom. ii. p. 492. Also 'Transact. Lin. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 323. Some curious

cases are given by Mr. Baker in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 723.

Another curious case is given in the 'Annales des Scienc. Nat.,' 1st

series, tom. xi. p. 324.

[63] 'Proc. Royal Soc.,' vol. x. p. 297.

[64] Mr. Sproule, in 'British Medical Journal,' April 18, 1863.

[65] Downing, 'Fruits of America,' p. 5; Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' pp. 43, 72.

[66] Youatt on Sheep, pp. 20, 234. The same fact of loose horns

occasionally appearing in hornless breeds has been observed in Germany:

Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 362.

[67] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 155, 174.

[68] Youatt on Sheep, 1838, pp. 17, 145.

[69] I have been informed of this fact through the Rev. W. D. Fox, on the

excellent authority of Mr. Wilmot: _see_, also, remarks on this subject in

an original article in the 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 395.

[70] Youatt, pp. 19, 234.

[71] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 231.

[72] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. x., 1834, p. 396: a nurseryman, with much

experience on this subject, has likewise assured me that this sometimes

occurs.

[73] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 777.

[74] Ibid., 1862, p. 721.

[75] _See_ some excellent remarks on this subject by Mr. Wallace, 'Journal

Proc. Linn. Soc.,' 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.

[76] Dureau de la Malle, in 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 807. From

the statements above given, the author concludes that the wild pigs of

Louisiana are not descended from the European _Sus scrofa_.

[77] Capt. W. Allen, in his 'Expedition to the Niger,' states that fowls

have run wild on the island of Annobon, and have become modified in form

and voice. The account is so meagre and vague that it did not appear to me

worth copying; but I now find that Dureau de la Malle ('Comptes Rendus,'

tom. xli., 1855, p. 690) advances this as a good instance of reversion to

the primitive stock, and as confirmatory of a still more vague statement in

classical times by Varro.

[78] 'Flora of Australia,' 1859, Introduct., p. ix.

[79] 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. pp. 54, 58, 60.

[80] Mr. Sedgwick gives many instances in the 'British and Foreign

Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1863, pp. 448, 188.

[81] In his edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 27.

[82] Dr. P. Lucas, 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 314, 892: _see_ a good

practical article on this subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 620. I

could add a vast number of references, but they would be superfluous.

[83] Koelreuter gives cases in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' 1766, s. 53, 59;

and in his well-known 'Memoirs on Lavatera and Jalapa.' Gaertner,

'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 437, 441, &c. Naudin, in his 'Recherches sur

l'Hybridite, Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 25.

[84] Quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 485.

Dr. H. Dobell, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Transactions,' vol. xlvi., gives an

analogous case, in which, in a large family, fingers with thickened joints

were transmitted to several members during five generations; but when the

blemish once disappeared it never reappeared.

[85] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 63.

[86] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 25. Alex. Braun (in his

'Rejuvenescence,' Ray Soc., 1853, p. 315) apparently holds a similar

opinion.

[87] Mr. Teebay, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 72.

[88] Quoted by Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 98.

[89] 'Essais Hist. Nat. du Paraguay,' tom. ii. 1801, p. 372.

[90] These facts are given on the high authority of Mr. Hewitt, in 'The

Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 248.

[91] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 97.

[92] 'Gardener's Chron. and Agricultural Gazette,' 1866, p. 528.

[93] Ibid., 1860, p. 343.

[94] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163.

[95] 'History of the Horse,' p. 212.

[96] 'Mem. presentes par divers Savans a l'Acad. Royale,' tom. vi. 1835, p.

338.

[97] 'Letters from Alabama,' 1859, p. 280.

[98] 'Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes,' 1820, tom. i.

[99] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1821, p. 20.

[100] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163: this species is the

Ghor-Khur of N.W. India, and has often been called the Hemionus of Pallas.

_See_, also, Mr. Blyth's excellent paper in 'Journ. of Asiatic Soc. of

Bengal,' vol. xxviii., 1860, p. 229.

[101] Another species of wild ass, the true _A. hemionus_ or _Kiang_, which

ordinarily has no shoulder-stripes, is said occasionally to have them; and

these, as with the horse and ass, are sometimes double: _see_ Mr. Blyth, in

the paper just quoted, and in 'Indian Sporting Review,' 1856, p. 320; and

Col. Hamilton Smith, in 'Nat. Library, Horses,' p. 318; and 'Dict. Class.

d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. iii. p. 563.

[102] Figured in the 'Gleanings from the Knowsley Menageries,' by Dr. J. E.

Gray.

[103] Cases of both Spanish and Polish hens sitting are given in the

'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 477.

[104] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 119, 163. The

author, who remarks on the two negatives ('Journ. of Hort.,' 1862, p. 325),

states that two broods were raised from a Spanish cock and Silver-pencilled

Hamburgh hen, neither of which are incubators, and no less than seven out

of eight hens in these two broods "showed a perfect obstinacy in sitting."

The Rev. E. S. Dixon ('Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 200) says that

chickens reared from a cross between Golden and Black Polish fowls, are

"good and steady birds to sit." Mr. B. P. Brent informs me that he raised

some good sitting hens by crossing Pencilled Hamburgh and Polish breeds. A

cross-bred bird from a Spanish non-incubating cock and Cochin incubating

hen is mentioned in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii. p. 13, as an

"exemplary mother." On the other hand, an exceptional case is given in the

'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 388, of a hen raised from a Spanish cock and

black Polish hen which did not incubate.

[105] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165, 167.

[106] 'Natural History Review,' 1863, April, p. 277.

[107] 'Essays on Natural History,' p. 197.

[108] As stated by Mr. Orton, in his 'Physiology of Breeding,' p. 12.

[109] M. E. de Selys-Longchamps refers ('Bulletin Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles,'

tom. xii. No. 10) to more than seven of these hybrids shot in Switzerland

and France. M. Deby asserts ('Zoologist,' vol. v., 1845-46, p. 1254) that

several have been shot in various parts of Belgium and Northern France.

Audubon ('Ornitholog. Biography,' vol. iii. p. 168), speaking of these

hybrids, says that, in North America, they "now and then wander off and

become quite wild."

[110] 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 71.

[111] 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, pp. 25, 150.

[112] Dr. P. Broca, on 'Hybridity in the Genus Homo,' Eng. translat., 1864,

p. 39.

[113] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 151.

[114] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 582, 438, &c.

[115] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung ... der Weiden,' 1865, s. 23. For Gaertner's

remarks on this head, _see_ 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 474, 582.

[116] Yarrell, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1827, p. 268; Dr. Hamilton, in 'Proc.

Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 23.

[117] 'Archiv. Skand. Beitraege zur Naturgesch.,' viii. s. 397-413.

[118] In his 'Essays on Nat. Hist.,' 1838. Mr. Hewitt gives analogous cases

with hen-pheasants in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 12, 1864, p. 37.

Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in his 'Essais de Zoolog. Gen.' (suites a

Buffon, 1842, pp. 496-513), has collected such cases in ten different kinds

of birds. It appears that Aristotle was well aware of the change in mental

disposition in old hens. The case of the female deer acquiring horns is

given at p. 513.

[119] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 379.

[120] 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, tom. ii. p. 8.

[121] Sir H. Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p.

31.

[122] Prof. Thomson on Steenstrup's Views on the Obliquity of Flounders:

'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' May, 1865, p. 361.

[123] Dr. E. von Martens, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March, 1866,

p. 209.

[124] Darwin, 'Balanidae,' Ray Soc., 1854, p. 499: _see_ also the appended

remarks on the apparently capricious development of the thoracic limbs on

the right and left sides in the higher crustaceans.

[125] Mormodes ignea: Darwin, 'Fertilization of Orchids,' 1862, p. 251.

[126] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July, 1864, p. 38. I have had the

opportunity of examining these remarkable feathers through the kindness of

Mr. Tegetmeier.

[127] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 241.

[128] Carl Vogt, 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 411.

[129] On Cattle, p. 174.

[130] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 353. With

respect to the mammae in women, _see_ tom. i. p. 710.

[131] 'Natural Hist. Review,' April, 1863, p. 258. _See_ also his Lecture,

Royal Institution, March 16, 1860. On same subject, _see_ Moquin-Tandon,

'Elements de Teratologie,' 1841, pp. 184, 352.

[132] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 89; Naudin, 'Nouvelles Archives du

Museum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[133] In his discussion on some curious peloric calceolarias, quoted in

'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.

[134] For other cases of six divisions in peloric flowers of the Labiatae

and Scrophulariaceae, _see_ Moquin-Tandon, 'Teratologie,' p. 192.

[135] Moquin-Tandon, 'Teratologie,' p. 186.

[136] _See_ Youatt on Cattle, pp. 92, 69, 78, 88, 163: also Youatt on

Sheep, p. 325. Also Dr. Lucas, 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 310.

[137] 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 112-120.

[138] Sir H. Holland, 'Chapters on Mental Physiology,' 1852, p. 234.

[139] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270.

[140] Mr. N. H. Smith, Observations on Breeding, quoted in 'Encyclop. of

Rural Sports,' p. 278.

[141] Quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170. _See_ Sturm,

'Ueber Racen,' 1825, s. 104-107. For the niata cattle, _see_ my 'Journal of

Researches,' 1845, p. 146.

[142] Lucas, 'l'Heredite Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 112.

[143] Mr. Orton, 'Physiology of Breeding,' 1855, p. 9.

[144] Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 224.

[145] 'Les Pigeons, pp. 168, 198.

[146] 'Das Ganze,' &c., 1837, s. 39.

[147] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.

[148] 'Physiology of Breeding,' p.22; Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by

Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 224.

[149] Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 226.

[150] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 256, 290, &c. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du

Museum,' tom. i. p. 149) gives a striking instance of prepotency in _Datura

stramonium_ when crossed with two other species.

[151] Flourens, 'Longevite Humaine,' p. 144, on crossed jackals. With

respect to the difference between the mule and the hinny, I am aware that

this has generally been attributed to the sire and dam transmitting their

characters differently; but Colin, who has given in his 'Traite Phys.

Comp.,' tom. ii. pp. 537-539, the fullest description which I have met with

of these reciprocal hybrids, is strongly of opinion that the ass

preponderates in both crosses, but in an unequal degree. This is likewise

the conclusion of Flourens, and of Bechstein in his 'Naturgeschichte

Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 294. The tail of the hinny is much more like that

of the horse than is the tail of the mule, and this is generally accounted

for by the males of both species transmitting with greater power this part

of their structure; but a compound hybrid which I saw in the Zoological

Gardens, from a mare by a hybrid ass-zebra, closely resembled its mother in

its tail.

[152] Mr. Hewitt, who has had such great experience in raising these

hybrids, says ('Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165-167) that

in all, the head was destitute of wattles, comb, and ear-lappets; and all

closely resembled the pheasant in the shape of the tail and general contour

of the body. These hybrids were raised from hens of several breeds by a

cock-pheasant; but another hybrid, described by Mr. Hewitt, was raised from

a hen-pheasant by a silver-laced Bantam cock, and this possessed a

rudimental comb and wattles.

[153] 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. book ii. ch. i.

[154] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 264-266. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du

Museum,' tom. i. p. 148) has arrived at a similar conclusion.

[155] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 101, 137.

[156] _See_ some remarks on this head with respect to sheep by Mr. Wilson,

in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 15.

[157] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 66.

[158] Moquin-Tandon, 'Teratologie,' p. 191.

[159] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[160] 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 137-165. _See_, also, Mr. Sedgwick's

four memoirs, immediately to be referred to.

[161] On Sexual Limitation in Hereditary Diseases, 'Brit. and For.

Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 477; July, p. 198; April, 1863, p.

44; and July, p. 159.

[162] W. Scrope, 'Art of Deer Stalking,' p. 354.

[163] Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 173; Dr. F. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon

Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 87.

[164] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 349.

[165] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320. The third generation

is described by Capt. Yule in his 'Narrative of the Mission to the Court of

Ava,' 1855, p. 94.

[166] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 21, tab. i., fig. 4; s. 24,

tab. iv., fig. 2.

[167] Kidd's 'Treatise on the Canary,' p. 18.

[168] Charlesworth, 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 167.

[169] Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 713.

[170] 'L'Hered. dans les Maladies,' 1840, p. 135. For Hunter, _see_

Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530.

[171] 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 850.

[172] Sedgwick, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April 1861, p. 485.

I have seen three accounts, all taken from the same original authority

(which I have not been able to consult), and all differ in the details! but

as they agree in the main facts, I have ventured to quote this case.

[173] Prosper Lucas, 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 400.

[174] Sedgwick, idem, July, 1861, p. 202.

[175] Piorry, p. 109; Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 759.

[176] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 748.

[177] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. pp. 678, 700, 702; Sedgwick, idem, April,

1863, p. 449, and July, 1863, p. 162; Dr. J. Steinan, 'Essay on Hereditary

Disease,' 1843, pp. 27, 34.

[178] These cases are given by Mr. Sedgwick, on the authority of Dr. H.

Stewart, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, pp. 449, 477.

[179] 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 852.

[180] Communications to the Board of Agriculture, vol. i. p. 367.

[181] 'Review of Reports, North of England,' 1808, p. 200.

[182] 'Saeugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 212.

[183] Rengger, 'Saeugethiere,' &c., s. 154.

[184] White, 'Regular Gradation in Man,' p. 146.

[185] Dr. W. F. Edwards, in his 'Characteres Physiolog. des Races

Humaines,' p. 23, first called attention to this subject, and ably

discussed it.

[186] Rev. D. Tyerman, and Bennett, 'Journal of Voyages,' 1821-1829, vol.

i. p. 300.

[187] Mr. S. J. Salter, 'Journal Linn. Soc.,' vol. vi., 1862, p. 71.

[188] Sturm, 'Ueber Racen, &c.,' 1825, s. 107. Bronn, 'Geschichte der

Natur.,' b. ii. s. 170, gives a table of the proportions of blood after

successive crosses. Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Heredite Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 308.

[189] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 463, 470.

[190] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1794, p. 393: _see_ also previous volume.

[191] As quoted in the 'True Principles of Breeding,' by C. H. Macknight

and Dr. H. Madden, 1865, p. 11.

[192] With respect to plants, an admirable essay on this subject (Die

Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen: 1867) has lately been published

by Dr. Hildebrand, who arrives at the same general conclusions as I have

done.

[193] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetal,' 1816, p. 12.

[194] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 72.

[195] Duval-Jouve, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. de France,' tom. x., 1863, p. 194.

[196] Extract of a letter from Sir R. Heron, 1838, given me by Mr. Yarrell.

With respect to mice, _see_ 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 180; and I

have heard of other similar cases. For turtle-doves, Boitard and Corbie,

'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 238. For the Game fowl, 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p.

128. For crosses of tailless fowls, _see_ Bechstein, 'Naturges. Deutsch.'

b. iii. s. 403. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170, gives

analogous facts with horses. On the hairless condition of crossed South

American dogs, _see_ Rengger, 'Saeugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 152: but I

saw in the Zoological Gardens mongrels, from a similar cross, which were

hairless, quite hairy, or hairy in patches, that is, piebald with hair. For

crosses of Dorking and other fowls, _see_ 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p.

355. About the crossed pigs, extract of letter from Sir R. Heron to Mr.

Yarrell. For other cases, _see_ P. Lucas, 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 212.

[197] 'Internat. Hort. and Bot. Congress of London,' 1866.

[198] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 307. Koelreuter ('Dritte Fortsetszung,' s. 34,

39), however, obtained intermediate tints from similar crosses in the genus

Verbascum. With respect to the turnips, _see_ Herbert's 'Amaryllidaceae,'

1837, p. 370.

[199] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 100.

[200] Richardson, 'Pigs,' 1847, pp. 37, 42; S. Sidney's edition of 'Youatt

on the Pig,' 1860, p. 3.

[201] _See_ Mr. W. C. Spooner's excellent paper on Cross-Breeding, 'Journal

Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.: _see_ also an equally good

article by Mr. Ch. Howard, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 320.

[202] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, pp. 649, 652.

[203] 'Bulletin de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1862, tom. ix. p. 463. _See_ also,

for other cases, MM. Moll and Gayot, 'Du Boeuf,' 1860, p. xxxii.

[204] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 36.

[205] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 58.

[206] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, p. 765.

[207] Spooner, in 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.

[208] _See_ Colin's 'Traite de Phys. Comp. des Animaux Domestiques,' tom.

ii. p. 536, where this subject is well treated.

[209] 'Les Pigeons,' p. 37.

[210] Vol. i., 1854, p. 101.

[211] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 110.

[212] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 553.

[213] Dr. Pigeaux, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. iii., July 1866, as

quoted in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1867, vol. xx. p. 75.

[214] 'Journal de Physiolog.,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 385.

[215] Dec. 1863, p. 484.

[216] On the Varieties of Wheat, p. 66.

[217] Rengger, 'Saeugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 336.

[218] _See_ a memoir by MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc.

d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., July, 1861, p. 312.

[219] For the Norfolk sheep, _see_ Marshall's 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,'

vol. ii. p. 133. _See_ Rev. L. Landt's 'Description of Faroe,' p. 66. For

the ancon sheep, _see_ 'Phil. Transact.,' 1813, p. 90.

[220] White's 'Nat. Hist. of Selbourne,' edited by Bennett, p. 39. With

respect to the origin of the dark-coloured deer, _see_ 'Some Account of

English Deer Parks,' by E. P. Shirley, Esq.

[221] 'The Dovecote,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 155; Bechstein,

'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 17.

[222] 'Cattle,' p. 202.

[223] Mr. J. Wilkinson, in 'Remarks addressed to Sir J. Sebright,' 1820, p.

38.

[224] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.

[225] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 169. _See_ also the Table at the end of

volume.

[226] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 577.

[227] 'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 92, 181.

On raising the two varieties from seed _see_ s. 307.

[228] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 216.

[229] The following facts, given by Koelreuter in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,'

s. 34, 39, appear at first sight strongly to confirm Mr. Scott's and

Gaertner's statements; and to a certain limited extent they do so.

Koelreuter asserts, from innumerable observations, that insects incessantly

carry pollen from one species and variety of Verbascum to another; and I

can confirm this assertion; yet he found that the white and yellow

varieties of _Verbascum lychnitis_ often grew wild mingled together:

moreover, he cultivated these two varieties in considerable numbers during

four years in his garden, and they kept true by seed; but when he crossed

them, they produced flowers of an intermediate tint. Hence it might have

thought that both varieties must have a stronger elective affinity for the

pollen of their own variety than for that of the other; this elective

affinity, I may add, of each species for its own pollen (Koelreuter,

'Dritte Forts.,' s. 39, and Gaertner, 'Bastarderz.,' _passim_) being a

perfectly well-ascertained power. But the force of the foregoing facts is

much lessened by Gaertner's numerous experiments, for, differently from

Koelreuter, he never once got ('Bastarderz.,' s. 307) an intermediate tint

when he crossed the yellow and white flowered varieties of Verbascum. So

that the fact of the white and yellow varieties keeping true to their

colour by seed does not prove that they were not mutually fertilised by the

pollen carried by insects from one to the other.

[230] 'Amaryllidaceae,' 1837, p. 366. Gaertner has made a similar

observation.

[231] Koelreuter first observed this fact. 'Mem. de l'Acad. St.

Petersburg,' vol. iii. p. 197. _See_ also C. K. Sprengel, 'Das Entdeckte

Geheimniss,' s. 345.

[232] Namely, Barbarines, Pastissons, Giraumous: 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,'

tom. xxx., 1833, pp. 398 and 405.

[233] 'Memoire sur les Cucurbitaceae,' 1826, pp. 46, 55.

[234] 'Annales des Se. Nat.,' 4th series, tom. vi. M. Naudin considers

these forms as undoubtedly varieties of _Cucurbita pepo_.

[235] 'Mem. Cucurb.,' p. 8.

[236] 'Zweite Forts.,' s. 53, namely, Nicotiana major vulgaris; (2)

perennis; (3) Transylvanica; (4) a sub-var. of the last; (5) major latifol.

fl. alb.

[237] Koelreuter was so much struck with this fact that he suspected that a

little pollen of _N. glutinosa_ in one of his experiments might have

accidentally got mingled with that of _var. perennis_, and thus aided its

fertilising power. But we now know conclusively from Gaertner

('Bastarderz.,' s. 34, 431) that two kinds of pollen never act _conjointly_

on a third species; still less will the pollen of a distinct species,

mingled with a plant's own pollen, if the latter be present in sufficient

quantity, have any effect. The sole effect of mingling two kinds of pollen

is to produce in the same capsule seeds which yield plants, some taking

after the one and some after the other parent.

[238] Mr. Scott has made some observations on the absolute sterility of a

purple and white primrose (_Primula vulgaris_) when fertilised by pollen

from the primrose ('Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p.

98); but these observations require confirmation. I raised a number of

purple-flowered long-styled seedlings from seed kindly sent me by Mr.

Scott, and, though they were all some degree sterile, they were much more

fertile with pollen taken from the common primrose than with their own

pollen. Mr. Scott has likewise described a red equal-styled cowslip (_P.

veris_, idem, p. 106), which was found by him to be highly sterile when

crossed with the common cowslip; but this was not the case with several

equal-styled red seedlings raised by me from his plant. This variety of the

cowslip presents the remarkable peculiarity of combining male organs in

every respect like those of the short-styled form, with female organs

resembling in function and partly in structure those of the long-styled

form; so that we have the singular anomaly of the two forms combined in the

same flower. Hence it is not surprising that these flowers should be

spontaneously self-infertile in a high degree.

[239] 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii., pp. 84, 100.

[240] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxi. (1st series), p. 61.

[241] 'Bull. Bot. Soc. de France,' Dec. 27th, 1861, tom. viii. p. 612.

[242] Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Naturelle Generale,'

tom. iii. p. 476. Since this MS. has been sent to press a full discussion

on the present subject has appeared in Mr. Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of

Biology,' vol. ii. 1867, p. 457 _et seq._

[243] For cats and dogs, &c., _see_ Bellingeri, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,'

2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xii. p. 155. For ferrets, Bechstein,

'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band i., 1801, s. 786, 795. For rabbits,

ditto, s. 1123, 1131; and Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 99. For

mountain sheep, ditto, s. 102. For the fertility of the wild sow, _see_

Bechstein's 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' B. i., 1801, s. 534; for the

domestic pig, Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 62. With

respect to Lapland, _see_ Acerbi's 'Travels to the North Cape,' Eng.

translat., vol. ii. p. 222. About the Highland cows, _see_ Hogg on Sheep,

p. 263.