Nat. Hist., 2nd series, vol. i., 1848, p. 456. For wild and tame ducks,
Macgillivray, 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 37; and 'Die Enten,' s. 87. For
wild geese, L. Lloyd, 'Scandinavian Adventures,' vol. ii. 1854, p. 413; and
for tame geese, 'Ornamental Poultry,' by Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 139. On the
breeding of pigeons, Pistor, 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1831, s. 46; and
Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 158. With respect to peacocks,
according to Temminck ('Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. ii.
p. 41), the hen lays in India even as many as twenty eggs; but according to
Jerdon and another writer (quoted in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, pp.
280, 282), she there lays only from four to nine or ten eggs: in England
she is said, in the 'Poultry Book,' to lay five or six, but another writer
says from eight to twelve eggs.
[245] 'The Art of Improving the Breed, &c.,' 1809, p. 16.
[246] For Andrew Knight, _see_ A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 227.
Sir J. Sebright's Treatise has just been quoted.
[247] 'Cattle,' p. 199.
[248] Nathusius, 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 71: _see_ also
'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. Many analogous cases are given in a
pamphlet recently published by Mr. C. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 'On the
True Principles of Breeding;' Melbourne, Australia, 1865.
[249] Mr. Willoughby Wood, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1855, p. 411; and
1860, p. 270. _See_ the very clear tables and pedigrees given in Nathusius'
'Rindvieh,' s. 72-77.
[250] Mr. Wright, 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1846, p.
204.
[251] Youatt on Cattle, p. 202.
[252] Report British Assoc., Zoolog. Sect., 1838.
[253] Azara, 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. pp. 354, 368.
[254] For the case of the Messrs. Brown, _see_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p.
26. For the Foscote flock, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 416. For the Naz flock,
'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1860, p. 477.
[255] Nathusius, 'Rindvieh,' s. 65; Youatt on Sheep, p. 495.
[256] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 631.
[257] Lord Somerville, 'Facts on Sheep and Husbandry,' p. 6. Mr. Spooner,
in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii. _See_
also an excellent paper on the same subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p.
321, by Mr. Charles Howard.
[258] 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn P. Shirley, 1867.
[259] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' &c., p. 13. With respect to Scotch
deer-hounds, _see_ Scrope's 'Art of Deer Stalking,' pp. 350-353.
[260] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1861, p. 327.
[261] Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 30; p. 33, quotation
from Mr. Druce; p. 29, on Lord Western's case.
[262] 'Journal, Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205.
[263] 'Ueber Rindvieh,' &c., s. 78.
[264] Sidney on the Pig, p. 36. _See_ also note, p. 34. Also Richardson on
the Pig, 1847, p. 26.
[265] Dr. Dally has published an excellent article (translated in the
'Anthropolog. Review,' May, 1864, p. 65), criticising all writers who have
maintained that evil follows from consanguineous marriages. No doubt on
this side of the question many advocates have injured their cause by
inaccuracies: thus it has been stated (Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages,'
&c., 1862, p. 141) that the marriages of cousins have been prohibited by
the legislature of Ohio; but I have been assured, in answer to inquiries
made in the United States, that this statement is a mere fable.
[266] _See_ his most interesting work on the 'Early History of Man,' 1865,
chap. x.
[267] On Consanguinity in Marriage, in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1865, p.
710; Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c.
[268] Sir G. Grey's 'Journal of Expeditions into Australia,' vol. ii. p.
243; and Dobrizhoffer, 'On the Abipones of South America.'
[269] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' p. 13.
[270] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.
[271] 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205; _see_ also
Ferguson on the Fowl, pp. 83, 317; _see_ also 'The Poultry Book,' by
Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 135, with respect to the extent to which cock-fighters
found that they could venture to breed in-and-in, viz., occasionally a hen
with her own son; "but they were cautious not to repeat the in-and-in
breeding."
[272] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.
[273] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, vol. i. p. 43.
[274] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.
[275] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i. p. 89.
[276] 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 210.
[277] Ibid, 1866, p. 167; and 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p. 15.
[278] 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' by J. M. Eaton, p. 56.
[279] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.
[280] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 18.
[281] 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 35.
[282] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Aug. 6th, 1860, p. 126.
[283] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, pp. 39, 77, 158; and 1864, p. 206.
[284] 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 366.
[285] 'Amaryllidaceae,' p. 371.
[286] 'De la Fecondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 79.
[287] 'Memoire sur les Cucurbitacees,' pp. 36, 28, 30.
[288] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 52.
[289] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 25.
[290] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. vi. p. 189.
[291] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1799, p. 200.
[292] 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' 1828, s. 32, 33. For Mr. Chaundy's
case, _see_ Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. vii., 1831, p. 696.
[293] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1846, p. 601.
[294] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1799, p. 201.
[295] Quoted in 'Bull. Bot. Soc. France,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 327.
[296] Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 259, 518, 526 _et seq._
[297] 'Fortsetzung,' 1763, s. 29; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 44, 96; 'Act.
Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1782, part ii., p. 251; 'Nova Acta,' 1793, pp. 391,
394; 'Nova Acta,' 1795, pp. 316, 323.
[298] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 31, 41, 42.
[299] Max Wichura fully accepts this view ('Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 43), as
does the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' Jan. 1866, p. 70.
[300] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 394, 526, 528.
[301] Koelreuter,' Nova Acta,' 1795, p. 316.
[302] Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 430.
[303] 'Botanische Zeitung,' Jan. 1864, s. 3.
[304] 'Monatsbericht Akad. Wissen,' Berlin, 1866, s. 372.
[305] International Hort. Congress, London, 1866.
[306] 'Proc. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh,' May, 1863: these observations are
given in abstract, and others are added, in the 'Journal of Proc. of Linn.
Soc.,' vol. viii. Bot., 1864, p. 162.
[307] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fecondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 76.
[308] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64, 357.
[309] Idem, s. 357.
[310] 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10; 'Dritte Fort.,' s. 40.
[311] Duvernoy, quoted by Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 334.
[312] 'Gardner's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 183.
[313] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1830, p. 95.
[314] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fecondation,' 1845, p. 70; Gaertner,
'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64.
[315] 'Gardener's Chron.' 1866, p. 1068.
[316] 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 168.
[317] 'Amaryllidaceae,' 1837, p. 371; 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii.,
1847, p. 19.
[318] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. xi., 1835, p. 260.
[319] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 470.
[320] 'Journal Hort. Soc., vol. v. p. 135. The seedlings thus raised were
given to the Hort. Soc.; but I find, on inquiry, that they unfortunately
died the following winter.
[321] Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, p. 453. Lecoq, however
('De la Fecond.,' 1862, p. 369), states that this hybrid is descended from
_G. psittacinus_ and _cardinalis_; but this is opposed to Herbert's
experience, who found that the former species could not be crossed.
[322] This is the conclusion of Prof. Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages
Consang.,' 1862, p. 97. Virchow quotes, in the 'Deutsche Jahrbuecher,'
1863, s. 354, some curious evidence on half the cases of a peculiar form of
blindness occurring in the offspring from near relations.
[323] For England, _see_ below. For Germany, _see_ Metzger,
'Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 63. For France, Loiseleur-Deslongchamps ('Consid.
sur les Cereales,' 1843, p. 200) gives numerous references on this subject.
For Southern France, _see_ Godron, 'Florula Juvenalis,' 1854, p. 28.
[324] 'A general Treatise of Husbandry,' vol. iii. p. 58.
[325] 'Gardener's Chronicle and Agricult. Gazette,' 1858, p. 247; and for
the second statement, idem, 1850, p. 702. On this same subject, _see_ also
Rev. D. Walker's 'Prize Essay of Highland Agricult. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 200.
Also Marshall's 'Minutes of Agriculture,' November, 1775.
[326] Oberlin's 'Memoirs,' Eng. translat., p. 73. For Lancashire, _see_
Marshall's 'Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 295.
[327] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 186. For Mr. Robson's subsequent
statements, _see_ 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 18, 1866, p. 121. For Mr.
Abbey's remarks on grafting, &c., idem, July 18, 1865, p. 44.
[328] 'Mem. de l'Acad. des Sciences,' 1790, p. 209.
[329] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 52.
[330] Mr. Spencer has fully and ably discussed this whole subject in his
'Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. ii. ch. x. In the first edition of my
'Origin of Species,' 1859, p. 267, I spoke of the good effects from slight
changes in the conditions of life and from cross-breeding, and of the evil
effects from great changes in the conditions and from crossing widely
distinct forms, as a series of facts "connected together by some common but
unknown bond, which is essentially related to the principle of life."
[331] 'Essais de Zoologie Generale,' 1841, p. 256.
[332] Du Rut, 'Annales du Museum,' 1807, tom. ix. p. 120.
[333] 'Saeugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 49, 106, 118, 124, 201, 208,
249, 265, 327.
[334] 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' 1863, vol. i. pp. 99, 193; vol. ii.
p. 113.
[335] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 534.
[336] 'Journal,' vol. i. p. 213.
[337] 'Saeugethiere,' s. 327.
[338] On the Breeding of the larger Felidae, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861, p.
140.
[339] Sleeman's 'Rambles in India,' vol. ii. p. 10.
[340] Wiegmann's 'Archif fuer Naturgesch.,' 1837, s. 162.
[341] Rengger, 'Saeugethiere,' &c., s. 276. On the parentage of the
guinea-pig, _see_ also Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.'
[342] Although the existence of the _Leporides_, as described by Dr. Broca
('Journal de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 370), is now positively denied, yet Dr.
Pigeaux ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1867, p. 75) affirms
that the hare and rabbit have produced hybrids.
[343] 'Quadrupeds of North America,' by Audubon and Bachman, 1846, p. 268.
[344] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 571; Audubon and
Bachman's 'Quadrupeds of North America,' p. 221.
[345] Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' &c., 1845, p. 88.
[346] _See_ 'Annual Reports Zoolog. Soc.,' 1855, 1858, 1863, 1864; 'Times'
newspaper, Aug. 10th, 1847; Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' p. 85.
[347] 'Saeugethiere,' &c., s. 34, 49.
[348] Art. Brazil, 'Penny Cyclop.,' p. 363.
[349] 'The Naturalist on the River Amazon,' vol. i. p. 99.
[350] 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 691.
[351] According to Sir A. Burnes ('Cabool,' &c., p. 51), eight species are
used for hawking in Scinde.
[352] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. vi., 1833, p. 110.
[353] F. Cuvier, 'Annal. du Museum,' tom. ix. p. 128.
[354] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2648.
[355] Knox, 'Ornithological Rambles in Sussex,' p. 91.
[356] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2566; vol. ix.-x.,
1851-2, p. 3207.
[357] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. der Stubenvoegel,' 1840, s. 20.
[358] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. v. p. 517.
[359] A case is recorded in 'The Zoologist,' vol. i.-ii., 1843-45, p. 453.
For the siskin breeding, vol. iii.-iv., 1845-46, p. 1075. Bechstein,
'Stubenvoegel,' s. 139, speaks of bullfinches making nests, but rarely
producing young.
[360] Yarrell's 'Hist. British Birds,' 1839, vol. i. p. 412.
[361] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 347.
[362] 'Memoires du Museum d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. x. p. 314: five cases of
parrots breeding in France are here recorded. _See_, also, 'Report Brit.
Assoc. Zoolog.,' 1843.
[363] 'Stubenvoegel,' s. 105, 83.
[364] Dr. Hancock remarks ('Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ii.,
1838, p. 492), "it is singular that, amongst the numerous useful birds that
are indigenous to Guiana, none are found to propagate among the Indians;
yet the common fowl is reared in abundance throughout the country."
[365] 'A Week at Port Royal,' 1855, p. 7.
[366] Audubon, 'American Ornithology,' vol. v. pp. 552, 557.
[367] Moubray on Poultry, 7th edit., p. 133.
[368] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. iii. pp.
288, 382; 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xii., 1843, p. 453. Other
species of partridge have occasionally bred; as the red-legged (_P.
rubra_), when kept in a large court in France (_see_ 'Journal de Physique,'
tom. xxv. p. 294), and in the Zoological Gardens in 1856.
[369] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'The Dovecote,' 1851, pp. 243-252.
[370] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons,' &c., tom. ii. pp. 456, 458;
tom. iii. pp. 2, 13, 47.
[371] Bates, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' vol. i. p. 193; vol. ii. p.
112.
[372] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' &c., tom. iii. p. 125. For _Tetrao
urogallus_, _see_ L. Lloyd, 'Field Sports of North of Europe,' vol. i. pp.
287, 314; and 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 600. For
_T. Scoticus_, Thompson, 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' vol. ii., 1850, p. 49.
For _T. cupido_, 'Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.,' vol. iii. p. 199.
[373] Marcel de Serres, 'Annales des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom.
xiii. p. 175.
[374] Dr. Hancock, in 'Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol. ii., 1838,
p. 491; R. Hill, 'A Week at Port Royal,' p. 8; 'Guide to the Zoological
Gardens,' by P. L. Sclater, 1859, pp. 11, 12; 'The Knowsley Menagerie,' by
Dr. Gray, 1846, pl. xiv.; E. Blyth, 'Report Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' May,
1855.
[375] Prof. Newton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1860, p. 336.
[376] 'The Dovecote and Aviary,' p. 428.
[377] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. iii. p. 9.
[378] 'Geograph. Journal,' vol. xiii., 1844, p. 32.
[379] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 153.
[380] 'Zoologist,' vols. v.-vi., 1847-48, p. 1660.
[381] 'Transact. Entomolog. Soc.,' vol. iv., 1845, p. 60.
[382] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. vii. p. 40.
[383] _See_ an interesting paper by Mr. Newman, in the 'Zoologist,' 1857,
p. 5764; and Dr. Wallace, in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' June 4th, 1860, p.
119.
[384] Yarrell's 'British Birds,' vol. i. p. 506; Bechstein, 'Stubenvoegel,'
s. 185; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1772, p. 271. Bronn ('Geschichte der
Natur,' Band ii. s. 96) has collected a number of cases. For the case of
the deer, _see_ 'Penny Cyclop.,' vol. viii. p. 350.
[385] 'Journal de Physiologie,' tom. ii. p. 347.
[386] For additional evidence on this subject, _see_ F. Cuvier, in 'Annales
du Museum,' tom. xii. p. 119.
[387] Numerous instances could be given. Thus Livingstone ('Travels,' p.
217) states that the King of the Barotse, an inland tribe which never had
any communication with white men, was extremely fond of taming animals, and
every young antelope was brought to him. Mr. Galton informs me that the
Damaras are likewise fond of keeping pets. The Indians of South America
follow the same habit. Capt. Wilkes states that the Polynesians of the
Samoan Islands tamed pigeons; and the New Zealanders, as Mr. Mantell
informs me, kept various kinds of birds.
[388] For analogous cases with the fowl, _see_ Reaumur, 'Art de faire
Eclorre,' &c., 1749, p. 243; and Col. Sykes, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1832,
&c. With respect to the fowl not breeding in northern regions, _see_
Latham's 'Hist. of Birds,' vol. viii., 1823, p. 169.
[389] 'Mem. par divers Savans, Acad. des Sciences,' tom. vi., 1835, p. 347.
[390] Youatt on Sheep, p. 181.
[391] J. Mills, 'Treatise on Cattle,' 1776, p. 72.
[392] Bechstein, 'Stubenvoegel,' s. 242.
[393] Crawfurd's 'Descriptive Dict. of the Indian Islands,' 1856, p. 145.
[394] 'Bull. de la Soc. Acclimat., tom. ix., 1862, pp. 380, 384.
[395] For pigeons, _see_ Dr. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p.
66.
[396] 'Swedish Acts,' vol. i., 1739, p. 3. Pallas makes the same remark in
his Travels (Eng. translat.), vol. i. p. 292.
[397] A. Kerner, 'Die Cultur der Alpenflanzen,' 1864, s. 139; Watson's
'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. p. 131; Mr. D. Cameron, also, has written on
the culture of Alpine plants in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, pp. 253, 268, and
mentions a few which seed.
[398] 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 333.
[399] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1793, p. 391.
[400] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 44, 109.
[401] Dr. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceae,' p. 176.
[402] Gaertner, 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 560, 564.
[403] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 215; 1850, p. 470.
[404] 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 252, 333.
[405] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. 1847, p. 83.
[406] 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 117 _et seq._; Koelreuter, 'Zweite
Fortsetzung,' s. 10, 121; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 57. Herbert,
'Amaryllidaceae,' p. 355. Wiegmann, 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' s. 27.
[407] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 356.
[408] 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 84; 'Traite du Citrus,' 1811,
p. 67.
[409] Mr. C. W. Crocker, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1092.
[410] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 80.
[411] Verlot, idem, p. 88.
[412] Prof. Allman, Brit. Assoc., quoted in the 'Phytologist,' vol. ii. p.
483. Prof. Harvey, on the authority of Mr. Andrews, who discovered the
plant, informed me that this monstrosity could be propagated by seed. With
respect to the poppy, _see_ Prof. Goeppert, as quoted in 'Journal of
Horticulture,' July 1st, 1863, p. 171.
[413] 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 19th, 1864, p. 1039.
[414] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 681.
[415] 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.
[416] Mr. Fairweather, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. p. 406; Bosse,
quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 77. On the effects of
the removal of the anthers, _see_ Mr. Leitner, in Silliman's 'North
American Journ. of Science,' vol. xxiii. p. 47; and Verlot, 'Des Varietes,'
1865, p. 84.
[417] Lindley's 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.
[418] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1865, p. 626; 1866, pp. 290, 730; and Verlot,
'Des Varietes,' p. 75.
[419] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 628. In this article I suggested the
following theory on the doubleness of flowers.
[420] Quoted by Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 567.
[421] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 901.
[422] Lindley, 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 175-179; Godron, 'De l'Espece,'
tom. i. p. 106: Pickering, 'Races of Man;' Gallesio, 'Teoria della
Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 101-110. Meyen ('Reise um Erde,' Th. ii. s. 214)
states that at Manilla one variety of the banana is full of seeds; and
Chamisso (Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 310) describes a variety of the
bread-fruit in the Mariana Islands with small fruit, containing seeds which
are frequently perfect. Burnes, in his 'Travels in Bokhara,' remarks on the
pomegranate seeding in Mazenderan, as a remarkable peculiarity.
[423] Ingledew, in 'Transact. of Agricult. and Hort. Soc. of India,' vol.
ii.
[424] 'De la Fecondation,' 1862, p. 308.
[425] Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 99; Gallesio, 'Teoria della
Riproduzione,' p. 110.
[426] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xvii. p. 563.
[427] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 106; Herbert on Crocus, in
'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 1846, p. 254.--Dr. Wight, from what he
has seen in India, believes in this view; 'Madras Journal of Lit. and
Science,' vol. iv., 1836, p. 61.
[428] Wahlenberg specifies eight species in this state on the Lapland Alps:
_see_ Appendix to Linnaeus' 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E.
Smith, vol. ii. pp. 274-280.
[429] 'Travels in North America,' Eng. translat., vol. iii. p. 175.
[430] With respect to the ivy and Acorus, _see_ Dr. Bromfield in the
'Phytologist,' vol. iii. p. 376. _See_ also Lindley and Vaucher on the
Acorus.
[431] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Zool., tom. iv. p. 280. Prof.
Decaisne refers also to analogous cases with mosses and lichens near Paris.
[432] Mr. Tuckerman, in Silliman's 'American Journal of Science,' vol. xlv.
p. 41.
[433] Sir J. E. Smith, 'English Flora,' vol. i. p. 339.
[434] G. Planchon, 'Flora de Montpellier,' 1864, p. 20.
[435] On the non-production of seeds in England _see_ Mr. Crocker, in
'Gardener's Weekly Magazine,' 1852, p. 70; Vaucher, 'Hist. Phys. Plantes
d'Europe,' tom. i. p. 33; Lecoq, 'Geograph. Bot. de l'Europe,' tom. iv. p.
466; Dr. D. Clos, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xvii.,
1852, p. 129: this latter author refers to other analogous cases. On the
non-production of pollen by this Ranunculus _see_ Chatin, in 'Comptes
Rendus,' June 11th, 1866.
[436] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 565. Koelreuter ('Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 73,
87, 119) also shows that when two species, one single and the other double,
are crossed, the hybrids are apt to be extremely double.
[437] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 73.
[438] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 573.
[439] Ibid., s. 527.
[440] 'Transactions Phil. Soc.,' 1799, p. 202. For Koelreuter, _see_ 'Mem.
de l'Acad. de St. Petersbourg,' tom. iii., 1809 (published 1811), p. 197.
In reading C. K. Sprengel's remarkable work, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss,'
&c., 1793, it is curious to observe how often this wonderfully acute
observer failed to understand the full meaning of the structure of the
flowers which he has so well described, from not always having before his
mind the key to the problem, namely, the good derived from the crossing of
distinct individual plants.
[441] This abstract was published in the fourth edition (1866) of my
'Origin of Species;' but as this edition will be in the hands of but few
persons, and as my original observations on this point have not as yet been
published in detail, I have ventured here to reprint the abstract.
[442] The term _unconscious selection_ has been objected to as a
contradiction: but _see_ some excellent observations on this head by Prof.
Huxley ('Nat. Hist. Review,' Oct. 1864, p. 578), who remarks that when the
wind heaps up sand-dunes it sifts and _unconsciously selects_ from the
gravel on the beach grains of sand of equal size.
[443] Sheep, 1838, p. 60.
[444] Mr. J. Wright on Shorthorn Cattle, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult.
Soc.,' vol. vii. pp. 208, 209.
[445] H. D. Richardson on Pigs, 1817, p. 44.
[446] 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 24.
[447] Sheep, pp. 520, 319.
[448] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. viii., 1835, p. 618.
[449] 'A Treatise on the Art of Breeding the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 9.
[450] 'Recreations in Agriculture,' vol. ii. p. 409.
[451] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 191, 227.
[452] Ferguson, 'Prize Poultry,' 1854, p. 208.
[453] Wilson, in 'Transact. Highland Agricult. Soc.,' quoted in 'Gard.
Chronicle,' 1844, p. 29.
[454] Simmonds, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 637. And for the
second quotation, _see_ Youatt on Sheep, p. 171.
[455] Robinet, 'Vers a Soie,' 1848, p. 271.
[456] Quatrefages, 'Les Maladies du Ver a Soie,' 1859, p. 101.
[457] M. Simon, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. ix., 1862, p. 221.
[458] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i., 1854, p. 607.
[459] J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' 1852, p. xiv., and 'A
Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 11.
[460] 'Journal Royal Agricultural Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 22.
[461] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 596.
[462] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 254.
[463] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.
[464] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 152.
[465] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 369.
[466] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 381.
[467] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 285.
[468] Rev. W. Bromehead, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 550.
[469] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 721.
[470] Dr. Anderson, in 'The Bee,' vol. vi. p. 96; Mr. Barnes, in 'Gard.
Chronicle,' 1844, p. 476.
[471] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 69; 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854,
p. 258.
[472] On Sheep, p. 18.
[473] Volz, 'Beitraege zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 47.
[474] Mitford's 'History of Greece,' vol. i. p. 73.
[475] Dr. Dally, translated in 'Anthropological Review,' May 1864, p. 101.
[476] Volz, 'Beitraege,' &c., 1852, s. 80.
[477] 'History of the World,' ch. 45.
[478] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1848, p. 323.
[479] Reynier, 'De l'Economie des Celtes,' 1818, pp. 487, 503.
[480] Le Couteur on Wheat, p. 15.
[481] Michel, 'Des Haras,' 1861, p. 84.
[482] Sir W. Wilde, an 'Essay on Unmanufactured Animal Remains,' &c., 1860,
p. 11.
[483] Col. Hamilton Smith, 'Nat. Library,' vol. xii., Horses, pp. 135, 140.
[484] Michel, 'Des Haras,' p. 90.
[485] Mr. Baker, 'History of the Horse,' Veterinary, vol. xiii. p. 423.
[486] M. l'Abbe Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' vol. xxiv., 1784, p.
181: this memoir contains much information on the ancient selection of
sheep; and is my authority for rams not being killed young in England.
[487] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 389.
[488] Communications to Board of Agriculture, quoted in Dr. Darwin's
'Phytologia,' 1800, p. 451.
[489] 'Memoire sur les Chinois,' 1786, tom. xi. p. 55; tom. v. p. 507.
[490] 'Recherches sur l'Agriculture des Chinois,' par L.
D'Hervey-Saint-Denys, 1850, p. 229. With respect to Khang-hi, _see_ Huc's
'Chinese Empire,' p. 311.
[491] Anderson, in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xii. p. 253.
[492] 'Mem. de l'Acad.' (divers savans), tom. vi., 1835, p. 333.
[493] 'Des Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 333, 371.
[494] 'The Great Sahara,' by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, 1860, p. 238.
[495] Pallas, 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1777, p. 249; Moorcroft and
Trebeck, 'Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,' 1841.
[496] Quoted from Raffles, in the 'Indian Field,' 1859, p. 196; for Varro,
_see_ Pallas, _ut supra_.
[497] Erman's 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 453.
[498] _See_ also 'Journal of R. Geograph. Soc.,' vol. xiii. part i. p. 65.
[499] Livingstone's 'First Travels,' pp. 191, 439, 565; _see_ also
'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, p. 465, for an analogous case respecting
a good breed of goats.
[500] Andersson's 'Travels in South Africa,' pp. 232, 318, 319.
[501] Dr. Vavasseur, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861,
p. 136.
[502] 'The Natural History of Dee Side,' 1855, p. 476.
[503] 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 457.
[504] 'Cattle,' p. 48.
[505] Livingstone's Travels, p. 576; Andersson, 'Lake Ngami,' 1856, p. 222.
With respect to the sale in Kaffraria, _see_ 'Quarterly Review,' 1860, p.
139.
[506] 'Memoire sur les Chinois' (by the Jesuits), 1786, tom. xi. p. 57.
[507] F. Michel, 'Des Haras,' pp. 47, 50.
[508] Col. Hamilton Smith, Dogs, in 'Nat. Lib.,' vol. x. p. 103.
[509] Azara, 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 324.
[510] Sidney's edit. of Youatt, 1860, pp. 24, 25.
[511] 'Rural Economy of Yorkshire,' vol. ii. p. 182.
[512] Moll et Gayot, 'Du Boeuf,' 1860, p. 547.
[513] 'The India Sporting Review,' vol. ii. p. 181; 'The Stud Farm,' by
Cecil, p. 58.
[514] 'The Horse,' p. 22.
[515] 'History of England,' vol. i. p. 316.
[516] 'Uber Bestaendigkeit der Arten.'
[517] Youatt on Sheep, p. 315.
[518] 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.
[519] Low, 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 363.
[520] 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 392.
[521] H. von Nathusius, 'Vorstudien ... Schweineschaedel,' 1864, s. 140.
[522] _See_ also Dr. Christ, in 'Ruetimeyer's Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 226.
[523] The passage is given 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1858, p. 11.
[524] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 394.
[525] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 85.
[526] _See_ Mr. Wildman's address to the Floricult. Soc., in 'Gardener's
Chronicle,' 1843, p. 86.
[527] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Oct. 24th, 1865, p. 239.
[528] Prescott's 'Hist. of Mexico,' vol. ii. p. 61.
[529] Sageret, 'Pomologie Physiologique,' 1830, p. 47; Gallesio, 'Teoria
della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 88; Godron, 'De l'Espece,' 1859, tom. ii. pp.
63, 67, 70. In my tenth and eleventh chapters I have given details on the
potato; and I can confirm similar remarks with respect to the onion. I have
also shown how far Naudin concurs in regard to the varieties of the melon.
[530] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 27.
[531] 'The Anthropological Treatises of Blumenbach,' 1865, p. 292.
[532] Mr. J. J. Murphy in his opening address to the Belfast Nat. Hist.
Soc., as given in the Belfast Northern Whig, Nov. 19, 1866. Mr. Murphy here
follows the line of argument against my views previously and more
cautiously given by the Rev. C. Pritchard, Pres. Royal Astronomical Soc.,
in his sermon (Appendix, p. 33) preached before the British Association at
Nottingham, 1866.
[533] On the Vision of Fishes and Amphibia, translated in 'Annals and Mag.
of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xviii., 1866, p. 469.
[534] Fourth edition, 1866, p. 215.
[535] Quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. _See_ also Youatt on Cattle, pp.
62, 69.
[536] MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. Acclimat.,' tom.
viii., 1861, p. 311.
[537] 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 123.
[538] Youatt on Sheep, p. 312.
[539] 'Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 33.
[540] Dr. Heusinger, 'Wochenschrift fuer die Heilkunde,' Berlin, 1846, s.
279.
[541] Youatt on the Dog, p. 232.
[542] 'The Fruit-trees of America,' 1845, p. 270: for peaches, p. 466.
[543] 'Proc. Royal Soc. of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius,' 1852, p. cxxxv.
[544] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 379.
[545] Quatrefages, 'Maladies Actuelles du Ver a Soie,' 1859, pp. 12, 214.
[546] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 595.
[547] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 476.
[548] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, pp. 435, 691.
[549] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' 1801, B. i. s. 310.
[550] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 224.
[551] G. Lewis's 'Journal of Residence in West Indies,' 'Home and Col.
Library,' p. 100.
[552] Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, p.24.
[553] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, pp. 476, 498; 1865, p. 460. With
respect to the heartsease, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 628.
[554] 'Des Jacinthes, de leur Culture,' 1768, p. 53: on wheat, 'Gardener's
Chronicle,' 1846, p. 653.
[555] W. B. Tegetmeier, 'The Field,' Feb. 25, 1865. With respect to black
fowls, _see_ a quotation in Thompson's 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' 1849, vol.
i. p. 22.
[556] 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii. 1860, p. 359.
[557] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. 2nd series, 1835, p. 275. For
raspberries, _see_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 154, and 1863, p. 245.
[558] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 806.
[559] Ibid., 1850, p. 732.
[560] Ibid., 1860, p. 956.
[561] J. De Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 120.
[562] Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' pp. 266, 501: in regard to
the cherry, p. 198.
[563] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 755.
[564] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Sept. 26th, 1865, p. 254; _see_ other
references given in chap. x.
[565] Mr. Selby, in 'Mag. of Zoology and Botany,' Edinburgh, vol. ii.,
1838, p. 393.
[566] The Reine Claude de Bavay, 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 27, 1864,
p. 511.
[567] Mr. Pusey, in 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc., vol. vi. p. 179. For
Swedish turnips, _see_ 'Gard. Chron.,' 1847, p. 91.
[568] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 98.
[569] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 732.
[570] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, pp. 820, 821.
[571] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 59.
[572] Mr. Hewitt and others, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1862, p. 773.
[573] 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 405.
[574] Col. Le Couteur, 'Journal Roy. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 43.
[575] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1845, p. 273.
[576] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 157.
[577] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 368.
[578] 'A Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 406.
[579] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 45.
[580] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 49. On
the Cochineal Insect, p. 46.
[581] Capt. Marryat, quoted by Blyth in 'Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,'
vol. xxviii. p. 229.
[582] Mr. Oxley, 'Journal of the Indian Archipelago,' vol. ii., 1848, p.
645.
[583] Mr. Abbey, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 1, 1863, p. 430.
[584] 'On Naval Timber,' 1831, p. 107.
[585] Mr. Baily, in 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 150. Also
vol. i. p. 342; vol. iii. p. 245.
[586] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1855, December, p. 171; 1856, January, pp. 248,
323.
[587] 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.
[588] 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 720. For the Glamorganshire cattle,
_see_ Youatt on Cattle, p. 51.
[589] J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' p. 82; Ferguson, on 'Rare
and Prize Poultry,' p. 162; Mr. Brent, in 'Cottage Gardener,' Oct. 1860. p.
13.
[590] 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 48.
[591] _See_ some good remarks on this head by M. de Quatrefages, 'Unite de
l'Espece Humaine,' 1861, p. 119.
[592] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 94.
[593] Mr. Patrick Sheriff, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.
[594] 'Pomologie Physiolog.,' 1830, p. 106.
[595] Youatt on Sheep, p. 521.
[596] 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' p. i.
[597] M. J. de Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1858, p. 173.
[598] Max. Mueller, 'Science of Language,' 1861, p. 223.
[599] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 116, 128.
[600] 'Domesticated Animals,' p. 188.
[601] Volz, 'Beitraege zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 99 _et passim_.
[602] Blaine, 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 213.
[603] 'Des Jacinthes,' &c., Amsterdam, 1768, p. 43; Verlot, 'Des Varietes,'
&c., p. 86. On the reindeer, _see_ Linnaeus, 'Tour in Lapland,' translated
by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. i. p. 314. The statement in regard to German
shepherds is given on the authority of Dr. Weinland.
[604] Mueller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translation, vol. ii. p. 1662. With
respect to the similarity of twins in constitution, Dr. William Ogle has
given me the following extract from Professor Trousseau's Lectures
('Clinique Medicale,' tom. i. p. 523), in which a curious case is
recorded:--"J'ai donne mes soins a deux freres jumeaux, tous deux si
extraordinairement ressemblants qu'il m'etait impossible de les
reconnaitre, a moins de les voir l'un a cote de l'autre. Cette ressemblance
physique s'etendait plus loin: ils avaient, permettez-moi l'expression, une
similitude pathologique plus remarquable encore. Ainsi l'un d'eux que je
voyais aux neothermes a Paris malade d'une ophthalmie rhumatismale me
disait, 'En ce moment mon frere doit avoir une ophthalmie comme la mienne;'
et comme je m'etais recrie, il me montrait quelques jours apres une lettre
qu'il venait de recevoir de ce frere alors a Vienne, et qui lui ecrivait en
effet--'J'ai mon ophthalmie, tu dois avoir la tienne.' Quelque singulier
que ceci puisse paraitre, le fait non est pas moins exact: on ne me l'a pas
raconte, je l'ai vu, et j'en ai vu d'autres analogues dans ma pratique. Ces
deux jumeaux etaient aussi tous deux asthmatiques, et asthmatiques a un
effroyable degre. Originaires de Marseille, ils n'ont jamais pu demeurer
dans cette ville, ou leurs interets les appelaient souvent, sans etre pris
de leurs acces; jamais ils n'en eprouvaient a Paris. Bien mieux, il leur
suffisait de gagner Toulon pour etre gueris de leurs attaques de
Marseilles. Voyageant sans cesse et dans tous pays pour leurs affaires, ils
avaient remarque que certaines localites leur etaient funestes, que dans
d'autres ils etaient exempts de tout phenomene d'oppression."
[605] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 352;
Moquin Tandon, 'Teratologie Vegetale,' 1841, p. 115.
[606] Metzger, 'Die Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 39.
[607] On the date-palm, _see_ Vogel, 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1854,
p. 460. On Indian varieties, Dr. F. Hamilton, 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol.
xiv. p. 296. On the varieties cultivated in Tahiti, _see_ Dr. Bennett, in
Loudon's 'Mag. of N. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 484. Also Ellis, 'Polynesian
Researches,' vol. i. pp. 375, 370. On twenty varieties of the Pandanus and
other trees in the Marianne Island, _see_ 'Hooker's Miscellany,' vol. i. p.
308. On the bamboo in China, _see_ Huc's 'Chinese Empire,' vol. ii. p. 307.
[608] 'Treatise on the Culture of the Apple,' &c., p. 3.
[609] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' p. 125.
[610] _See_ Dr. Hooker's Memoir on Arctic Plants in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol.
xxiii, part ii. Mr. Woodward, and a higher authority cannot be quoted,
speaks of the Arctic mollusca (in his 'Rudimentary Treatise,' 1856, p. 355)
as remarkably subject to variation.
[611] Bechstein, in his 'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvoegel,' 1840, s. 238,
has some good remarks on this subject. He states that his canary-birds
varied in colour, though kept on uniform food.
[612] 'The Plant,' by Schleiden, translated by Henfrey, 1848, p. 169. _See_
also Alex. Braun, in 'Bot. Memoirs,' Ray. Soc., 1853, p. 313.
[613] Messrs. Hardy and Son, of Maldon, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 458.
[614] 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 319.
[615] McClelland on Indian Cyprinidae, 'Asiatic Researches,' vol. xix. part
ii., 1839, pp. 266, 268, 313.
[616] Quoted by Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' 1830, p. 43.
[617] 'The Fruits of America,' 1845, p. 5.
[618] M. Cardan, in 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1848, quoted in 'Gard.
Chronicle,' 1849, p. 101.
[619] M. Alexis Jordan mentions four excellent pears found in woods in
France, and alludes to others ('Mem. Acad. de Lyon,' tom. ii. 1852, p.
159). Poiteau's remark is quoted in 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. iv., 1828, p.
385. _See_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 335, for another case of a new
variety of the pear found in a hedge in France. Also for another case,
_see_ Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 901. Mr. Rivers has given me
similar information.
[620] Duval, 'Hist. du Poirier,' 1849, p. 2.
[621] I infer that this is the fact from Van Mons' statement ('Arbres
Fruitiers,' 1835, tom. i. p. 446) that he finds in the woods seedlings
resembling all the chief cultivated races of both the pear and apple. Van
Mons, however, looked at these wild varieties as aboriginal species.
[622] Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' p. 422; Foley, in 'Transact.
Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 412.
[623] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1847, p. 244.
[624] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 383; 1850, p. 700; 1854, p. 650.
[625] 'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 66, 116, 117.
[626] Sabine, in 'Hort. Transact.,' vol. iii. p. 225; Bronn, 'Geschichte
der Natur,' b. ii. s. 119.
[627] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 112; on Zinnia, 'Gardener's
Chronicle,' 1860, p. 852.
[628] 'The Chrysanthemum, its History, &c.,' 1865, p. 3.
[629] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 54; 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 9,
1865, p. 363.
[630] Quoted by Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' &c., 1865, p. 28.
[631] 'Examination of the Characteristics of Genera and Species:'
Charleston, 1855, p. 14.
[632] Mr Hewitt, 'Journal of Hort.,' 1863, p. 39.
[633] Devay, 'Mariages Consanguins,' pp. 97, 125. In conversation I have
found two or three naturalists of the same opinion.
[634] Mueller has conclusively argued against this belief, 'Elements of
Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. ii., 1842, p. 1405.
[635] 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii. p. 84, &c.
[636] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249, 255, 295.
[637] 'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 378; 1795, pp. 307, 313, 316;
1787, p. 407.
[638] 'De la Fecondation,' 1862, p. 311.
[639] 'Amaryllidaceae,' 1837, p. 362.
[640] Abstracted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 1081.
[641] This was the opinion of the elder De Candolle, as quoted in 'Dic.
Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. viii. p. 405. Puvis, in his work, 'De la
Degeneration,' 1837, p. 37, has discussed this same point.
[642] 'Comptes Rendus,' Novembre 21, 1864, p. 838.
[643] 'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 391.
[644] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 507, 516, 572.
[645] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 24.
[646] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 452, 507.
[647] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 56.
[648] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 423.
[649] 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., 1766, s. 85.
[650] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 92; _see_ also the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley on the same subject, in 'Journal of Royal Hort. Soc.,' 1866, p.
80.
[651] Dr. P. Lucas has given a history of opinion on this subject: 'Hered.
Nat.,' 1847, tom. i. p. 175.
[652] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 499.
[653] Idem., tom. iii. pp. 392, 502.
[654] _See_ his interesting work, 'Metamorphoses de l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p.
129.
[655] 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., s. 123; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249.
[656] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 183.
[657] Mr. Wildman, 'Floricultural Soc.,' Feb. 7, 1843, reported in 'Gard.
Chron.,' 1843, p. 86.
[658] Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 13th, 1866, p. 122.
[659] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 24.
[660] Ibid., 1862, p. 83.
[661] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 660.
[662] Ibid., 1863, p. 628.
[663] 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, pp. 64, 309.
[664] 'Des Varietes,' &c., p. 76.
[665] Engel, 'Sur les Prop. Medicales des Plantes,' 1860, pp. 10, 25. On
changes in the odours of plants, _see_ Dalibert's Experiments, quoted by
Beckman, 'Inventions,' vol. ii. p. 344; and Nees, in Ferussac, 'Bull. des
Sc. Nat.,' 1824, tom. i. p. 60. With respect to the rhubarb, &c., _see_
also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 355; 1862, p. 1123.
[666] Hooker, 'Flora Indica,' p. 32.
[667] Naudin, 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot., tom. xi., 1859, p.
81. 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1859, p. 464.
[668] Moorcroft's 'Travels,' &c., vol. ii. p. 143.
[669] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1113.
[670] Royle, 'Productive Resources of India,' p. 59.
[671] 'Personal Narrative,' Eng. translat., vol. v. p. 101. This statement
has been confirmed by Karsten ('Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Rhynchoprion:'
Moscow, 1864. s. 39), and by others.
[672] 'Organic Chemistry,' Eng. translat., 1st edit., p. 369.
[673] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 155.
[674] Darwin, 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 434.
[675] These statements on disease are taken from Dr. Boudin's 'Geographie
et de Statistique Medicales,' 1857, tom. i. p. xliv. and lii.; tom. ii. p.
315.
[676] E. Desor, quoted in the 'Anthrop. Rev.,' 1863, p. 180. For much
confirmatory evidence, _see_ Quatrefages, 'Unite de l'Espece Humaine,'
1861, p. 131.
[677] 'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, vol. i., 1859, p. 89.
[678] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 52.
[679] 'Journal of Horticultural Soc.,' vol. vii., 1852, p. 117.
[680] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 160.
[681] _See_ Lecoq on the Villosity of Plants, 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. iii.
pp. 287, 291; Gaertner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 261; Mr. Musters, on the Opuntia,
in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1846, p. 444.
[682] 'Pom. Phys.,' p. 136.
[683] 'Ampelographie,' 1849, p. 19.
[684] Gaertner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 606, has collected nearly all recorded
facts. Andrew Knight (in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 160) goes so
far as to maintain that few varieties are absolutely permanent in character
when propagated by buds or grafts.
[685] Mr. Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1847, p.
391.
[686] 'Natural History Review,' 1862, p. 113.
[687] 'Journal of Roy. Geographical Soc.,' vol. ix., 1839, p. 275.
[688] 'Travels in Bokhara,' vol. iii. p. 151.
[689] _See_ also, on the influence of marshy pastures on the wool, Godron,
'L'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 22.
[690] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 438.
[691] Azara has made some good remarks on this subject, 'Quadrupedes du
Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 337. _See_ an account of a family of naked mice
produced in England, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1856, p. 38.
[692] 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 15.
[693] 'Schweinschaedel,' 1864, s. 99.
[694] 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 228.
[695] A. R. Wallace, 'Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro,' p. 294.
[696] 'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvoegel,' 1840, s. 262, 308.
[697] 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 402.
[698] 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 351.
[699] _See_ an account of Mr. Gregson's experiments on the _Abraxus
grossulariata_, 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Jan. 6th, 1862: these experiments
have been confirmed by Mr. Greening, in 'Proc. of the Northern Entomolog.
Soc.,' July 28th, 1862. For the effects of food on caterpillars, see a
curious account by M. Michely, in 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom.
viii. p. 563. For analogous facts from Dahlbom on Hymenoptera, _see_
Westwood's 'Modern Class. of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 98. _See_ also Dr. L.
Moeller, 'Die Abhaengigkeit der Insecten,' 1867, s. 70.
[700] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1866. The present chapters were
written before I had read Mr. Herbert Spencer's work, so that I have not
been able to make so much use of it as I should otherwise probably have
done.
[701] 'Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Jan. 28th, 1862.
[702] _See_ Mr. B. D. Walsh's excellent papers in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.
Philadelphia,' Dec. 1866, p. 284. With respect to the willow, _see_ idem,
1864, p. 546.
[703] _See_ his admirable Histoire des Galles, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.
Bot.,' 3rd series, tom. xix., 1853, p. 273.
[704] Kirby and Spence's 'Entomology,' 1818, vol. i. p. 450;
Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, p. 284.
[705] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' 1864, p. 558.
[706] Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, p. 633; and Dec. 1866, p. 275.
[707] Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, 1864, p. 545, 411, 495; and Dec. 1866, p. 278.
_See_ also Lucaze-Duthiers.
[708] Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, pp. 325, 328.
[709] 'Linnaea,' vol. xvii., 1843; quoted by Dr. M. T. Masters, Royal
Institution, March 16th, 1860.
[710] Hewett C. Watson, 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i., 1847, p. 11.
[711] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 629.
[712] 'Memoire sur la Production Artificielle des Monstrosites,' 1862, pp.
8-12; 'Recherches sur les Conditions, &c., chez les Monstres,' 1863, p. 6.
An abstract is given of Geoffroy's Experiments by his son, in his 'Vie,
Travaux, &c.,' 1847, p. 290.
[713] Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 483.
[714] 'Researches upon the Venom of the Rattle-snake,' Jan. 1861, by Dr.
Mitchell, p. 67.
[715] Mr. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July
1863, p. 175.
[716] 'An Essay on Generation,' Eng. translat., p. 18; Paget, 'Lectures on
Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 209.
[717] 'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' Eng. translat., 1769, p. 79.
[718] Carpenter's 'Principles of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 479.
[719] Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 145.
[720] Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' vol. i. p. 239.
[721] Quoted by Carpenter, 'Comp. Phys.,' p. 479.
[722] Paget, 'Lectures,' &c., p. 257.
[723] These cases are given by Blumenbach in his 'Essay on Generation,' pp.
52, 54.
[724] 'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 27, 441.
[725] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, p. 357.
[726] Paget, idem, p. 150.
[727] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii., 1866, chap. 3-5.
[728] 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 71.
[729] 'Comptes Rendus,' Sept. 26th, 1864, p. 539.
[730] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 243.
[731] Idem, vol. ii. p. 269.
[732] Idem, vol. ii. p. 273.
[733] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. ii. p. 209.
[734] Mueller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., pp. 54, 791. Prof. Reed has given
('Physiological and Anat. Researches,' p. 10) a curious account of the
atrophy of the limbs of rabbits after the destruction of the nerve.
[735] Quoted by Lecoq, in 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. i., 1854, p. 182.
[736] 'Das Abaendern der Voegel,' 1833, s. 74.
[737] Nathusius, 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 53, 57; 'Vorstudien
... Schweineschaedel,' 1864, s. 103, 130, 133.
[738] 'Journal of Agriculture of Highland Soc.,' July, 1860, p. 321.
[739] 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 263.
[740] 'Natural History Review,' vol. iv., Oct. 1864, p. 617.
[741] 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 27.
[742] Andersson, 'Travels in South Africa,' p. 318. For analogous cases in
South America, _see_ Aug. St. Hilaire, 'Voyage dans le Province de Goyaz,'
tom. i. p. 71.
[743] Brickell's 'Nat. Hist. of North Carolina,' 1739, p. 53.
[744] Livingstone, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 142. Hodgson, in 'Journal
of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi., 1847, p. 1006, &c. &c.
[745] 'Naturalist Library,' Dogs, vol. ii. 1840, p. 104.
[746] 'De l'Espece,' tom. i., 1859, p. 367.
[747] 'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, 1859, vol. ii. p. 531.
[748] For the foregoing statements, _see_ Hunter's 'Essays and
Observations,' 1861, vol. ii. p. 329; Dr. Edmondston, as quoted in
Macgillivray's 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 550; Menetries, as quoted in
Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 110.
[749] These statements on the intestines are taken from Isidore Geoffroy
St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. pp. 427, 441.
[750] Gilbert White, 'Nat. Hist. Selbourne,' 1825, vol. ii. p. 121.
[751] Burdach, 'Traite de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 267, as quoted by Dr. P.
Lucas, 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 388.
[752] This and several other cases are given by Colin, 'Physiologie Comp.
des Animaux Dom.,' 1854, tom. i. p. 426.
[753] M. Michely de Cayenne, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861,
p. 563.
[754] Quatrefages, 'Unite de l'Espece Humaine,' 1861, p. 79.
[755] 'Flora,' 1835, B. ii. p. 504.
[756] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. ii. p. 1078.
[757] Royle, 'Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalaya,' p. 19.
[758] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, pp. 204, 219.
[759] Rev. R. Everest, 'Journal As. Soc. of Bengal,' vol. iii. p. 19.
[760] Youatt on Sheep, 1838, p. 491.
[761] Royle, 'Prod. Resources of India,' p. 153.
[762] Tegetmeier, 'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 102.
[763] Dr. R. Paterson, in a paper communicated to Bot. Soc. of Canada,
quoted in the 'Reader,' 1863. Nov. 13th.
[764] _See_ remarks by Editor in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, p. 5.
[765] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 938. Remarks by Editor and quotation from
Decaisne.
[766] J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 612.
[767] Ch. Martius, 'Voyage Bot. Cotes Sept. de la Norvege,' p. 26.
[768] 'Journal de l'Acad. Hort. de Gand,' quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1859,
p. 7.
[769] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1851, p. 396.
[770] Idem., 1862, p. 235.
[771] On the authority of Labat, quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1862, p. 235.
[772] MM. Edwards and Colin, 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Bot., tom.
v. p. 22.
[773] 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 337.
[774] 'Swedish Acts,' Eng. translat., 1739-40, vol. i. Kalm, in his
'Travels,' vol. ii. p. 166, gives an analogous case with cotton-plants
raised in New Jersey from Carolina seed.
[775] De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 339.
[776] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 235.
[777] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 125; and 'Traite
du Citrus,' 1811, p. 359.
[778] 'Essai sur l'Hist. des Orangers,' 1813, p. 20, &c.
[779] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 882.
[780] 'Ch. Darwin's Lehre von der Entstehung,' &c., 1862, s. 87.
[781] Decaisne, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1865, p. 271.
[782] For the magnolia, _see_ Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xiii., 1837, p.
21. For camellias and roses, _see_ 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 384. For the
yew, 'Journal of Hort.,' March 3rd, 1863, p. 174. For sweet potatoes, _see_
Col. von Siebold, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1855, p. 822.
[783] The Editor, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1861, p. 239.
[784] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 378.
[785] 'Gardeners Chron.,' 1865, p. 699.
[786] 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iii. p. 1376.
[787] Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 23.
[788] Dr. Bonavia, 'Report of the Agri.-Hort. Soc. of Oudh,' 1866.
[789] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, April, 24th, p. 57.
[790] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 291.
[791] Mr. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' March 20th, 1860, p. 377. Queen
Mab will also stand stove heat, _see_ 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1845, p. 226.
[792] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 439.
[793] Quoted by Asa Gray, in 'Am. Journ. of Sci.,' 2nd series, Jan. 1865,
p. 106.
[794] For China, _see_ 'Memoire sur les Chinois,' tom, xi., 1786, p. 60.
Columella is quoted by Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxiv. 1784.
[795] Messrs. Hardy and Son, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 589.
[796] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. des Anomalies,' 1836, tom.
ii. pp. 210, 223, 224, 395; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1775, p. 313.
[797] Pallas, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 25.
[798] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 174.
[799] 'Encyclop. Method.,' 1820, p. 483: _see_ p. 500, on the Indian zebu
casting its horns. Similar cases in European cattle were given in the third
chapter.
[800] Pallas, 'Travels,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 243.
[801] Mr. Beaton, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 21, 1861, p. 133.
[802] Lecoq, 'De la Fecondation,' 1862, p. 233.
[803] 'Annales du Museum,' tom. vi. p. 319.
[804] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 392. Prof. Huxley applies the
same principle in accounting for the remarkable, though normal, differences
in the arrangement of the nervous system in the Mollusca, in his great
paper on the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca, in 'Phil. Transact.,'
1853, p. 56.
[805] 'Elements de Teratologie Veg.,' 1841, p. 113.
[806] Prof. J. B. Simonds, on the Age of the Ox, Sheep, &c., quoted in
'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 588.
[807] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 674.
[808] Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy, idem, tom. i. p. 635.
[809] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 250.
[810] A. Walker on Intermarriage, 1838, p. 160.
[811] 'The Farrier and Naturalist,' vol. i., 1828, p. 456.
[812] Godron, 'Sur l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 217.
[813] 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 333.
[814] On Sheep, p. 142.
[815] 'Ueber Racen, Kreuzungen, &c.,' 1825, s. 24.
[816] Quoted from Conolly, in 'The Indian Field,' Feb. 1859, vol. ii. p.
266.
[817] 'Domesticated Animals of the British Islands,' pp. 307, 368.
[818] 'Proceedings Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 113.
[819] Sedgwick, 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p.
453.
[820] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 205.
[821] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320.
[822] 'Narrative of a Mission to the Court of Ava in 1855,' p. 94.
[823] Those statements are taken from Mr. Sedgwick, in the 'Medico-Chirurg.
Review,' July 1861, p. 198; April 1863, pp. 455 and 458. Liebreich is
quoted by Professor Devay, in his 'Mariages Consanguins,' 1862, p. 116.
[824] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1829, pp. 66, 178. _See_ also
Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 428, on the inheritance of
deafness in cats.
[825] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1847, tom. viii. p. 239.
[826] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1864, p. 1202.
[827] Verlot gives several other instances, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 72.
[828] 'Arbres Fruitiers,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 204, 226.
[829] 'Annales du Museum,' tom. xx. p. 188.
[830] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1843, p. 877.
[831] Ibid., 1845, p. 102.
[832] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 402. _See_ also M. Camille
Dareste, 'Recherches sur les Conditions,' &c., 1863, pp. 16, 48.
[833] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 111; Isidore
Geoffroy, 'Hist. Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 211.
[834] 'On the Breeding of Domestic Animals,' 1829, p. 6.
[835] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 283.
[836] Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. i. pp. 452,
468) takes a different view; and in one place remarks: "We have seen reason
to think that, as fast as essential faculties multiply, and as fast as the
number of organs that co-operate in any given function increases, indirect
equilibration through natural selection becomes less and less capable of
producing specific adaptations; and remains fully capable only of
maintaining the general fitness of constitution to conditions." This view
that natural selection can do little in modifying the higher animals
surprises me, seeing that man's selection has undoubtedly effected much
with our domesticated quadrupeds and birds.
[837] Dr. Prosper Lucas apparently disbelieves in any such connexion,
'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 88-94.
[838] 'British Medical Journal,' 1862, p. 433.
[839] Boudin, 'Geograph. Medicale,' tom. i. p. 406.
[840] This fact and the following cases, when not stated to the contrary,
are taken from a very curious paper by Prof. Heusinger, in 'Wochenschrift
fuer Heilkunde,' May 1846, s. 277.
[841] Mr. Mogford, in the 'Veterinarian,' quoted in 'The Field,' Jan. 22,
1861, p. 545.
[842] 'Edinburgh Veterinary Journal,' Oct. 1860, p. 347.
[843] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. pp. 22, 537-556; tom. iii. p.
462.
[844] 'Comptes Rendus,' 1855, pp. 855, 1029.
[845] Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 480; _see_ also Camille Dareste,
'Comptes Rendus,' March 20th, 1865, p. 562.
[846] 'Elements of Physiology,' Eng. translat, vol. i., 1838, p. 412. With
respect to Vrolik, _see_ Todd's 'Cyclop. of Anat. and Phys.,' vol. iv.,
1849-52, p. 973.
[847] 'Teratologie Veg.,' 1841, livre iii.
[848] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. pp. 4, 5, 6.
[849] 'Teratologie Veg.,' p. 156. _See_ also my paper on climbing plants in
'Journal of Linn. Soc. Bot.,' vol. ix., 1865, p. 114.
[850] 'Memoires du Museum,' &c., tom. viii. p. 178.
[851] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 829.
[852] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 324.
[853] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xix. p. 327.
[854] 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1864, p. 1039.
[855] Ueber Foetale Rachites, 'Wuerzburger Medicin. Zeitschrift,' 1860, B.
i. s. 265.
[856] 'Teratologie Veg.,' p. 192. Dr. M. Masters informs me that he doubts
the truth of this conclusion; but the facts to be given seem to be
sufficient to establish it.
[857] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 2nd, 1861, p. 253.
[858] It would be worth trial to fertilise with the same pollen the central
and lateral flowers of the pelargonium, and of some other highly cultivated
plants, protecting them of course from insects: then to sow the seed
separately, and observe whether the one or the other lot of seedlings
varied the most.
[859] Quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.
[860] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 612. For the Phalaenopsis, _see_
idem, 1867, p. 211.
[861] Memoires ... des Vegetaux,' 1837, tom. ii. p. 170.
[862] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 23, 1861, p. 311.
[863] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 137.
[864] Hugo von Mohl, 'The Vegetable Cell,' Eng. tr., 1852, p. 76.
[865] The Rev. H. H. Dombrain, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, June
4th, p. 174; and June 25th, p. 234; 1862, April 29th, p. 83.
[866] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiii., 1861, p. 360.
[867] 'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 208, 209.
[868] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.
[869] Quoted in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 74.
[870] 'Ueber den Begriff der Pflanzenart,' 1834, s. 14.
[871] 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 351.
[872] Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 31.
[873] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Oct. 1863, p. 213.
[874] Quoted by Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 159.
[875] Dr. Lachmann, also, observes ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' 2nd
series, vol. xix., 1857, p. 231) with respect to infusoria, that "fissation
and gemmation pass into each other almost imperceptibly." Again, Mr. W. C.
Minor ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xi. p. 328) shows
that with Annelids the distinction that has been made between fission and
budding is not a fundamental one. _See_ Bonnet, 'Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,'
tom. v., 1781, p. 339, for remarks on the budding-out of the amputated
limbs of Salamanders. _See_, also, Professor Clark's work 'Mind in Nature,'
New York, 1865, pp. 62, 94.
[876] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 158.
[877] Idem, pp. 152, 164.
[878] On the Asexual Reproduction of Cecydomyide Larvae, translated in
'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March 1866, pp. 167, 171.
[879] _See_ some excellent remarks on this head by Quatrefages, in 'Annales
des Sc. Nat.,' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1850, p. 138.
[880] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 2nd series, vol. xx., 1857, pp.
153-455.
[881] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, 1850, tom. xiii.
[882] 'Transact. Phil. Soc.,' 1851, pp. 196, 208, 210; 1853, p. 245, 247.
[883] 'Beitrage zur Kenntniss,' &c., 1844, s. 345.
[884] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 27.
[885] As quoted by Sir J. Lubbock in 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1862, p. 345.
[886] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiv., 1863, p. 62.
[887] 'Parthenogenesis,' 1849, pp. 25-26. Prof. Huxley has some excellent
remarks ('Medical Times,' 1856, p. 637) on this subject, in reference to
the development of star-fishes, and shows how curiously metamorphosis
graduates into gemmation or zoid-formation, which is in fact the same as
metagenesis.
[888] Prof. J. Reay Greene, in Guenther's 'Record of Zoolog. Lit.,' 1865,
p. 625.
[889] Fritz Mueller's 'Fuer Darwin,' 1864, s. 65, 71. The highest authority
on crustaceans, Prof. Milne Edwards, insists ('Annal. des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd
series, Zoolog., tom. iii. p. 322) on their metamorphoses differing even in
closely allied genera.
[890] Prof. Allman, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol.
xiii., 1864, p. 348; Dr. S. Wright, idem, vol. viii., 1861, p. 127. _See_
also p. 358 for analogous statements by Sars.
[891] 'Tissus Vivants,' 1866, p. 22.
[892] 'Cellular Pathology,' translat. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 14, 18, 83,
460.
[893] Paget, 'Surgical Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, pp. 12-14.
[894] Idem, p. 19.
[895] Mantegazza, quoted in 'Popular Science Review,' July 1865, p. 522.
[896] 'De la Production Artificielle des Os,' p. 8.
[897] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. ii. pp.
549, 560, 562; Virchow, idem, p. 484.
[898] For the most recent classification of cells, _see_ Ernst Haeckel's
'Generelle Morpholog.,' Band ii., 1866, s. 275.
[899] 'The Structure and Growth of Tissues,' 1865, p. 21, &c.
[900] Dr. W. Turner, 'The present Aspect of Cellular Pathology,' 'Edinburgh
Medical Journal,' April, 1863.
[901] This term is used by Dr. E. Montgomery ('On the Formation of
so-called Cells in Animal Bodies,' 1867, p. 42), who denies that cells are
derived from other cells by a process of growth, but believes that they
originate through certain chemical changes.
[902] Prof. Huxley has called my attention to the views of Buffon and
Bonnet. The former ('Hist. Nat. Gen.,' edit. of 1749, tom. ii. pp. 54, 62,
329, 333, 420, 425) supposes that organic molecules exist in the food
consumed by every living creature; and that these molecules are analogous
in nature with the various organs by which they are absorbed. When the
organs thus become fully developed, the molecules being no longer required
collect and form buds or the sexual elements. If Buffon had assumed that
his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the
body, his view and mine would have been closely similar.
Bonnet ('Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 1781, 4to edit., p. 334)
speaks of the limbs having germs adapted for the reparation of all possible
losses; but whether these germs are supposed to be the same with those
within the buds and sexual organs is not clear. His famous but now exploded
theory of _emboitement_ implies that perfect germs are included within
germs in endless succession, pre-formed and ready for all succeeding
generations. According to my view, the germs or gemmules of each separate
part were not originally pre-formed, but are continually produced at all
ages during each generation, with some handed down from preceding
generations.
Prof. Owen remarks ('Parthenogenesis,' 1849, pp. 5-8), "Not all the progeny
of the primary impregnated germ-cell are required for the formation of the
body in all animals: certain of the derivative germ-cells may remain
unchanged and become included in that body which has been composed of their
metamorphosed and diversely combined or confluent brethren: so included,
any derivative germ-cell, or the nucleus of such, may commence and repeat
the same processes of growth by imbibition, and of propagation by
spontaneous fission, as those to which itself owed its origin;" &c. By the
agency of these germ-cells Prof. Owen accounts for parthenogenesis, for
propagation by self-division during successive generations, and for the
repairs of injuries. His view agrees with mine in the assumed transmission
and multiplication of his germ-cells, but differs fundamentally from mine
in the belief that the primary germ-cell was formed within the ovarium of
the female and was fertilised by the male. My gemmules are supposed to be
formed, quite independently of sexual concourse, by each separate cell or
unit throughout the body, and to be merely aggregated within the
reproductive organs.
Lastly, Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' vol. i., 1863-4,
chaps. iv. and viii.) has discussed at considerable length what he
designates as physiological units. These agree with my gemmules in being
supposed to multiply and to be transmitted from parent to child; the sexual
elements are supposed to serve merely as their vehicles; they are the
efficient agents in all the forms of reproduction and in the repairs of
injuries; they account for inheritance, but they are not brought to bear on
reversion or atavism, and this is unintelligible to me; they are supposed
to possess polarity, or, as I call it, affinity; and apparently they are
believed to be derived from each separate part of the whole body. But
gemmules differ from Mr. Spencer's physiological units, inasmuch as a
certain number, or mass of them, are, as we shall see, requisite for the
development of each cell or part. Nevertheless I should have concluded that
Mr. Spencer's views were fundamentally the same with mine, had it not been
for several passages which, as far as I understand them, indicate something
quite different. I will quote some of these passages from pp. 254-256. "In
the fertilised germ we have two groups of physiological units, slightly
different in their structures."... "It is not obvious that change in the
form of the part, caused by changed action, involves such change in the
physiological units throughout the organism, that these, when groups of
them are thrown off in the shape of reproductive centres, will unfold into
organisms that have this part similarly changed in form. Indeed, when
treating of Adaptation, we saw that an organ modified by increase or
decrease of function can but slowly so react on the system at large as to
bring about those correlative changes required to produce a new
equilibrium; and yet only when such new equilibrium has been established,
can we expect it to be _fully_ expressed in the modified physiological
units of which the organism is built--only then can we count on a complete
transfer of the modification to descendants."... "That the change in the
offspring must, other things equal, be in the same direction as the change
in the parent, we may dimly see is implied by the fact, that the change
propagated throughout the parental system is a change towards a new state
of equilibrium--a change tending to bring the actions of all organs,
reproductive included, into harmony with these new actions."
[903] M. Philipeaux ('Comptes Rendus,' Oct. 1, 1866, p. 576, and June,
1867) has lately shown that when the entire fore-limb, including the
scapula, is extirpated, the power of regrowth is lost. From this he
concludes that it is necessary for regrowth that a small portion of the
limb should be left. But as in the lower animals the whole body may be
bisected and both halves be reproduced, this belief does not seem probable.
May not the early closing of a deep wound, as in the case of the
extirpation of the scapula, prevent the formation or protrusion of the
nascent limb?
[904] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xiv., 1850, p. 244.
[905] _See_ some very interesting papers on this subject by Prof. Lionel
Beale, in 'Medical Times and Gazette,' Sept. 9th, 1865, pp. 273, 330.
[906] Third Report of the R. Comm. on the Cattle Plague, as quoted in
'Gard. Chronicle,' 1866, p. 446.
[907] In a cod-fish, weighing 20 lb., Mr. F. Buckland ('Land and Water,'
1867, p. 57) calculated the above number of eggs. In another instance,
Harmer ('Phil. Transact.,' 1767, p. 280) found 3,681,760 eggs. For the
Ascaris, _see_ Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 590. Mr. J. Scott, of
the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, calculated, in the same manner as I
have done for some British orchids ('Fertilisation of Orchids,' p. 344),
the number of seeds in a capsule of an Acropera, and found the number to be
371,250. Now this plant produces several flowers on a raceme and many
racemes during a season. In an allied genus, Gongora, Mr. Scott has seen
twenty capsules produced on a single raceme: ten such racemes on the
Acropera would yield above seventy-four millions of seed. I may add that
Fritz Mueller informs me that he found in a capsule of a Maxillaria, in
South Brazil, that the seed weighed 42-1/2 grains: he then arranged half a
grain of seed in a narrow line, and by counting a measured length found the
number in the half-grain to be 20,667, so that in the capsule there must
have been 1,756,440 seeds! The same plant sometimes produces half-a-dozen
capsules.
[908] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. viii., 1861, p.
490.
[909] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' p. 27; Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,'
translat. by Dr. Chance, pp. 123, 126, 294; Claude Bernard, 'Des Tissus
Vivants,' pp. 177, 210, 337; Mueller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translat., p.
290.
[910] Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 60,
162, 245, 441, 454.
[911] Idem, pp. 412-426.
[912] _See_ Rev. J. M. Berkeley, in 'Gard. Chron.,' April 28th, 1866, on a
bud developed on the petal of the Clarkia. _See_ also H. Schacht, 'Lehrbuch
der Anat.,' &c., 1859, Theile ii. s. 12, on adventitious buds.
[913] Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 430) has
fully discussed the antagonism between growth and reproduction.
[914] The male salmon is known to breed at a very early age. The Triton and
Siredon, whilst retaining their larval branchiae, according to Filippi and
Dumeril ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, 1866, p. 157), are
capable of reproduction. Ernst Haeckel has recently ('Monatsbericht Akad.
Wiss. Berlin,' Feb. 2nd, 1865) observed the surprising case of a medusa,
with its reproductive organs active, which produces by budding a widely
different form of medusa; and this latter also has the power of sexual
reproduction. Krohn has shown ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series,
vol. xix., 1862, p. 6) that certain other medusae, whilst sexually mature,
propagate by gemmae.
[915] _See_ his excellent discussion on this subject in 'Nouvelles Archives
du Museum,' tom. i. p. 151.
[916] Various physiologists have insisted on this distinction between
growth and development. Prof. Marshall ('Phil. Transact.,' 1864, p. 544)
gives a good instance in microcephalous idiots, in which the brain
continues to grow after having been arrested in its development.
[917] 'Compte Rendu,' Nov. 14, 1864, p. 800.
[918] As previously remarked by Quatrefages, in his 'Metamorphoses de
l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p. 129.
[919] Guenther's 'Zoological Record,' 1864, p. 279.
[920] Sedgwick, in 'Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p. 454.
[921] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i., 1832, pp.
435, 657; and tom. ii. p. 560.
[922] Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' 1860, p. 66.
[923] Moquin-Tandon, 'Teratologie Veg.,' 1841, pp. 218, 220, 353. For the
case of the pea, _see_ 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 897.
[924] Mueller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 407.
[925] _See_ some remarks to this effect by Sir H. Holland in his 'Medical
Notes,' 1839, p. 32.
[926] This is the view taken by Prof. Haeckel, in his 'Generelle
Morphologie' (B. ii. s. 171), who says: "Lediglich die partielle Identitaet
der specifischconstituirten Materie im elterlichen und im kindlichen
Organismus, die Theilung dieser Materie bei der Fortpflanzung, ist die
Ursache der Erblichkeit."
[927] In these remarks I, in fact, follow Naudin, who speaks of the
elements or essences of the two species which are crossed. See his
excellent memoir in the 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 151.
[928] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 44, &c.
[929] Journal Proc. Linn. Soc., 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.
[930] 'The Quarterly Journal of Science,' Oct. 1867, p. 486.
[931] M. Rufz de Lavison, in 'Bull. Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' Dec. 1862, p.
1009.
[932] 'Races of Man,' 1850, p. 315.
[933] 'Travels in Peru,' Eng. translat., p. 177.
[934] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p 200: on Pigs; _see_ 'Gard. Chronicle,'
1854, p. 410.
[935] 'Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,' 1865.
[936] Morlot, 'Soc. Vaud. des Scien. Nat,' Mars 1860, p. 298.
[937] Ruetimeyer, 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 30.
[938] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. i., 1859, p. 368.
[939] 'Geographie Botan.,' 1855, p. 989.
[940] Pickering, 'Races of Man,' 1850, p. 318.
[941] 'Journal of a Horticultural Tour,' by a Deputation of the Caledonian
Hist. Soc., 1823, p. 293.
* * * * *
Corrections made to printed original.
p. iii. "APPEARANCE WITH ADVANCING AGE": 'ARPEARANCE' in original.
p. vi. "SLIGHT CHANGES SUFFICIENT": 'SUFFICENT' in original.
p. 61. "bearing in mind what has been said": 'bearnig' in original.
p. 78. "not attached to any particular period": 'particuliar' in original.
p. 243. "it permits innumerable individuals to be born": 'permitts' in
original.
p. 294. "liable to complete absorption": 'absortion' in original.
p. 297. "found that when the animal was compelled ...": 'found than ...' in
original.
p. 318. "branches in a rudimentary condition": 'rudimentry' in original.
p. 384. "force themselves into a minute orifice": 'into' was printed on
next line in original, after 'must'.